苔藓结皮影响干旱半干旱植被指数的稳定性

植被指数是表征大尺度下陆地生态系统的最常用的,也是最前要的参数,所以得到准确的植被指数就显得至关重要.苔鲜结皮在干旱半干旱区、极地和亚极地Ⅸ分布广泛,且干、湿苔鲜结皮光谱差异较大,这种差异在十湿交替频繁的干旱与半干旱区是否对区域植被指数产乍影响?能产生多大的影响?国内外未见研究报道.该文以最常用的植被指数NDVI为例,重点分析了苔藓结皮干、湿变化能在多大程度上影响区域NDVI值.研究得出,100%盖度的湿苔藓结皮NDVI值(0.657)较于苔鲜结皮NDVI值(0.320)提高0.337,比干苔藓结皮高1倍多,干、湿苔藓结皮NDVI值达到0.000水平差异显著;研究区苔藓结皮的平均盖度为12.25%,线性混合光谱模型分析得出,湿苔藓结皮较干苔鲜结皮可以使研究区区域NDVI提高0.04(14·3%);由于苔鲜结皮的存在和干旱半干旱区降雨的不稳定性,必然造成该区域短时间内NDVI变化的不稳定.     

Macroscopic entanglement by entanglement swapping

We present a scheme for entangling two micromechanical oscillators. The scheme exploits the quantum effects of radiation pressure and it is based on a novel application of entanglement swapping, where standard optical measurements are used to generate purely mechanical entanglement. The scheme is presented by first solving the general problem of entanglement swapping between arbitrary bipartite Gaussian states, for which simple input-output formulas are provided.     

A primitive-variable Riemann method for solution of the shallow water equations with wetting and drying

A Riemann flux that uses primitive variables rather than conserved variables is developed for the shallow water equations with nonuniform bathymetry. This primitive-variable flux is both conservative and well behaved at zero depth. The unstructured finite-volume discretization used is suitable for highly nonuniform grids that provide resolution of complex geometries and localized flow structures. A source-term discretization is derived for nonuniform bottom that balances the discrete flux integral both for still water and in dry regions. This primitive-variable formulation is uniformly valid in wet and dry regions with embedded wetting and drying fronts. A fully nonlinear implicit scheme and both nonlinear and time-linearized explicit schemes are developed for the time integration. The implicit scheme is solved by a parallel Newton-iterative algorithm with numerically computed flux Jacobians. A concise treatment of characteristic-variable boundary conditions with source terms is also given. Computed results obtained for the one-dimensional dam break on wet and dry beds and for normal-mode oscillations in a circular parabolic basin are in very close agreement with the analytical solutions. Other results for a forced breaking wave with friction interacting with a sloped bottom demonstrate a complex wave motion with wetting, drying and multiple interacting wave fronts. Finally, a highly nonuniform, coastline-conforming unstructured grid is used to demonstrate an unsteady simulation that models an artificial coastal flooding due to a forced wave entering the Gulf of Mexico.     

中国近1000年旱涝的持续性特征研究

应用中国近531年旱涝指数和近1041年干湿指数,定义干旱(湿润)等级,滑动计算原指数序列各干旱(湿润)等级的出现次数,发现各等级出现的次数与其窗口长度之间均遵循指数分布P_i(x)=Ae^-γx.结合指数分布的数理意义,定义指数特征值γ的倒数λ为描述旱(涝)持续性的尺度因子并对华北和江淮流域旱(涝)发生的持续性特征进行研究.结果表明：旱尺度因子的空间分布表现为由北向南呈带状式波动分布,我国北方地区干旱的持续性相对长江流域要长一些,由北向南三个区的旱尺度因子的均值分别为187,162,182.旱涝指数序列中旱或偏旱(涝或偏涝)相对集中的时段对旱(涝)持续性影响较显著,12世纪末期、13世纪早期、17世纪早期和20世纪末期华北和江淮流域发生时间上同步、空间上尺度较大的极端干旱事件的概率较高,这也从侧面验证了旱涝指数序列中群发现象的存在;华北地区1260—1280年(对应的气候背景为中世纪暖期的末期)的旱涝指数对旱尺度因子的影响较1980—2000年(对应的气候背景为20世纪全球增暖)的情况更显著;1260—1280年这一时段旱或偏旱年数较1980—2000年也要多一些.因此,在气候较暖的时期可能易发生强度大、范围广的同步干旱事件,而近30年的中国北方干旱化可能是自然变率起主导作用下人为变率和自然变率共同作用的结果. 关键词： 旱(涝)尺度因子 持续性 群发性 指数分布     

高精度高分辨率迎风格式应用于不同速度范围内粘性流动

提出了一种适合于不同速度范围的高精度高分辨率的迎风有限差分格式，并基于此数植模型发展了适应于速度范围极宽的非定常粘性流动通用软件，不仅适用于超音速下捕捉强间断面，跨音速及高亚音速下捕捉弱间断面和滑移面，还可以精确地模拟低速情况下的粘性流动。此软件可分别用于研究内流和外流的流动特性以及预估其粘性损失。     

Elaboration of high purity iron (RRR>4000) by horizontal zone melting—attempts for chemical characterization

High purity iron bars were prepared by horizontal zone melting in a water cooled copper boat. The bar is zone melted five times under helium and five times under dry hydrogen. In order to characterize the metal, RRR measurements were performed on cold rolled and annealed samples in dry and wet hydrogen. The RRR measurements vary with the water content of hydrogen: 2734 after dry annealing, 4287 after wet annealing. The RRR variation cannot be related to titanium, chromium, copper or manganese internal oxidation, but to that of aluminium and silicon. After chemical polishing, RRR measurements increase by about 2000 points. If we want to adopt the RRR measurement as a purity criterion of the samples, the surface treatments and the annealing conditions have to be stated. We tried to connect the RRR to the chemical purity of the material. Considering the present analysis capabilities and the high purity metal degree involved, it seems difficult to directly connect the RRR measurements to the variation of the chemical impurities contents.     

黄土高原中部秋季干湿的年际和年代际环流异常特征及与海温的多尺度相关性研究

黄土高原地区作为气候敏感区和生态脆弱区地表干 湿状况的年际和年代际变化特征十分明显. 但以往主要是针对夏季进行分析, 而对黄土高原秋季干湿变化规律及大气环流机理的认识非常有限. 本文基于中国589站最近50 a (1961–2010年)月降水和气温月平均资料、NCEP/NCAR提供的再分析资料以及NOAA提供的海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST) 资料, 运用带通/低通滤波、小波分析、EOF/REOF和回归分析等方法, 在对中国秋季干湿时空演化分类的基础上, 通过研究秋季黄土高原中部干湿演变周期、大气环流特征及与海温的多尺度相关关系, 以揭示影响黄土高原中部秋季干湿变化的物理机理, 并确定影响该区域干湿状况的前兆信号. 小波功率谱分析表明, 黄土高原中部秋季干湿指数存在准4 a和准8 a的周期, 1970–1990年准8 a尺度周期振荡尤为明显. 年际(周期≤ 8 a) 尺度上偏湿年的大气环流特征是, 欧亚大陆中高纬呈“双阻型”, 200 hPa西风急流显著北移, 日本海-鄂霍茨克海受反气旋控制, 其底部的偏东水汽输送带将水汽输入研究区. 年代际(周期 > 8 a)尺度上偏湿年的大气环流特征是, 东亚大陆为一致的低值系统; 200 hPa东亚副热带西风急流减弱北移, 研究区主要水汽来源由经孟加拉湾在中南半岛转向的南风水汽输送及中纬度的西风水汽输送组成. 整个序列上, Nino3区SST指数(Nino3I)超前5个月与秋季干湿指数已呈显著的负相关关系, 而孟加拉湾–中国南海SST指数(BayI)则超前3个月与干湿指数呈现显著的负相关关系. 年际尺度上, 秋季Nino3I, BayI均与秋季干湿指数存在显著相关(准4 a, 4–6 a), 而年代际尺度上, 只有BayI与秋季干湿指数存在显著相关性(准10 a). 黄土高原中部秋季干湿的年际和年代际周期的确定、大气环流异常特征的认识及与海温的多尺度相关关系的建立, 不仅揭示了影响该区域干湿变化的物理机理, 也为干旱气候预测提供了重要的前兆信号. 关键词： 黄土高原中部 干湿特征 海表温度 小波分析     

Synthesis and characterization of magnetite-maghemite nanoparticles obtained by the high-energy ball milling method

We present the process of synthesis and characterization of magnetite-maghemite nanoparticles by the ball milling method. The particles were synthesized in a planetary ball mill equipped with vials and balls of tempered steel, employing dry and wet conditions. For dry milling, we employed microstructured analytical-grade hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), while for wet milling, we mixed hematite and deionized water. Milling products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, room temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The Mössbauer spectrum of the dry milling product was well fitted with two sextets of hematite, while the spectrum of the wet milling product was well fitted with three sextets of spinel phase. X-ray measurements confirmed the phases identified by Mössbauer spectroscopy in both milling conditions and a reduction in the crystallinity of the dry milling product. TEM measurements showed that the products of dry milling for 100 h and wet milling for 24 h consist of aggregates of nanoparticles distributed in size, with mean particle size of 10 and 15 nm, respectively. Magnetization measurements of the wet milling product showed little coercivity and a saturation magnetization around 69 emu g^?1, characteristic of a nano-spinel system. Atomic absorption measurements showed that the chromium contamination in the wet milling product is approximately two orders of magnitude greater than that found in the dry milling product for 24 h, indicating that the material of the milling bodies, liberated more widely in wet conditions, plays an important role in the conversion hematite-spinel phase.     

ICP-AES法测定丹参中的镉和铅

建立了利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定丹参中重金属元素Cd和Pb的方法,比较了干灰化法和湿化法两种样品处理方法对分析结果的影响,并测定了山东一些地区丹参中的Cd和Pb含量。结果表明：采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法检测丹参中的Cd和Pb,最低检出限(DL)分别为1.92和1.07 ng·mL-1;相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为3.14%和1.83%;回收率分别为103.05%和96.24%。利用湿法消解样品,精密度好,回收率高,优于干灰化法。干灰化法适合测定丹参中Pb,但不适合测定Cd,其回收率仅为0.1%。用湿法消解样品,测定不同产地丹参的Cd和Pb含量,结果表明：所测地区丹参的Cd, Pb含量大大低于《中华人民共和国药典》(2005)规定的中药材重金属含量标准,符合GAP生产的要求。     

一维喷管中存在自发凝结的跨音速湿蒸汽两相流动数值模拟

本文结合液滴成核、生长理论及Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程组,在无滑移假设下,导出了描述存在自发凝结的湿蒸汽两相流动控制方程组。对汽液两相流动控制方程组采用ＴＶＤ格式离散、时间推进法求解。对准一维喷管中的湿蒸汽两相流动进行了数值模拟,得到了满意的计算结果。     

On-board wet road surface identification using tyre/road noise and Support Vector Machines

Changes in weather have a major influence on driving safety. On wet pavement, tyre grip is reduced and drivers must adapt their driving style accordingly. The correct operation of this adaptation mechanism depends on the perception the driver has of the asphalt status. Due to certain effects, this perception does not always correspond with reality. To improve this perception, it is essential to inform the driver about the asphalt status, efficiently and as quickly as possible. This could be achieved by installing an asphalt status detection system on the vehicle itself. The system could display asphalt status information in the vehicle’s console, allowing drivers to adapt their driving style accordingly.In this paper we propose an asphalt status classification system based on real-time acoustic analysis of tyre/road noise. The proposed system uses a practical approach that allows it to be integrated into a real vehicle. We present the system architecture used to measure the noise and the signal processing algorithms used for the classification of the asphalt state. A practical implementation of the proposed system has been developed and tested. For this preliminary prototype, only wet and dry asphalt states have been covered. Obtained wet/dry classification results have been reported, showing very high success rates.     

机械研磨影响高岭石结构的光谱研究

将高岭石矿物分别用干法和湿法连续研磨，通过不同研磨时间各粉样的傅立叶变换红外光谱（ＦＴＩＲ）及Ｘ射线衍射光谱（ＸＲＤ）的实测和比较，发现干法研磨１２ｈ高岭石的结构开始改变，经４２ｈ其层状结构完全破坏。但在湿法条件下即使研磨５４ｈ，高岭石的结构也无明显变化。由此可见，湿汉研磨比干法好。文中还初步探讨了研磨影响粘土结构的原因。     

A note on the acoustic sensitivity of microphone windscreens

Measurements have been made of the changes in the sensitivity of an outdoor microphone system when it is mounted with a B and K windscreen, type U A 0082. The measurements were made using both dry and wet windscreens in order to determine the magnitude of the change in system sensitivity for measurement conditions consistent with dry and wet weather, respectively.It is concluded that the standard practice of neglecting the effect of the windscreen on the system sensitivity will not appreciably affect the accuracy of traffic-noise measurement.     

Molecular dynamics simulations on the wet/dry self-latching and electric fields triggered wet/dry transitions between nanosheets: A non-volatile memory nanostructure

We design a nanostructure composing of two nanoscale graphene sheets parallelly immersed in water.Using molecular dynamics simulations,we demonstrate that the wet/dry state between the graphene sheets can be self-latched;moreover,the wet→dry/dry→wet transition takes place when applying an external electric field perpendicular/parallel to the graphene sheets(E;/E;).This structure works like a flash memory device(a non-volatile memory):the stored information(wet and dry states)of the system can be kept spontaneously,and can also be rewritten by external electric fields.On the one hand,when the distance between the two nanosheets is close to a certain distance,the free energy barriers for the transitions dry→wet and wet→dry can be quite large.As a result,the wet and dry states are self-latched.On the other hand,an E;and an E;will respectively increase and decrease the free energy of the water located in-between the two nanosheets.Consequently,the wet→dry and dry→wet transitions are observed.Our results may be useful for designing novel information memory devices.     

An unconditionally stable rotational velocity-correction scheme for incompressible flows

We present an unconditionally stable splitting scheme for incompressible Navier–Stokes equations based on the rotational velocity-correction formulation. The main advantages of the scheme are: (i) it allows the use of time step sizes considerably larger than the widely-used semi-implicit type schemes: the time step size is only constrained by accuracy; (ii) it does not require the velocity and pressure approximation spaces to satisfy the usual inf–sup condition: in particular, the equal-order finite element/spectral element approximation spaces can be used; (iii) it only requires solving a pressure Poisson equation and a linear convection–diffusion equation at each time step. Numerical tests indicate that the computational cost of the new scheme for each time step, under identical time step sizes, is even less expensive than the semi-implicit scheme with low element orders. Therefore, the total computational cost of the new scheme can be significantly less than the usual semi-implicit scheme.     

A high-order incompressible flow solver with WENO

A numerical method for solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with a 5th-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme is presented. The method is not based on artificial compressibility and is free of tunable parameters such as the artificial compressibility parameter. The method makes use of the fractional-step method in conjunction with the low-dissipation and low-dispersion Runge–Kutta (LDDRK) scheme to improve temporal accuracy of the scheme. The use of a WENO scheme makes it possible to obtain stable solutions for discontinuous initial data and resolve difficult applications with strong shear such as Kelvin–Helmholtz instability or turbulence. Good convergence rate is established for the velocity variables and numerical solutions of the present method compare well with exact solutions and other numerical results.     

Monte Carlo solution of the Boltzmann equation via a discrete velocity model

A new discrete velocity scheme for solving the Boltzmann equation is described. Directly solving the Boltzmann equation is computationally expensive because, in addition to working in physical space, the nonlinear collision integral must also be evaluated in a velocity space. Collisions between each point in velocity space with all other points in velocity space must be considered in order to compute the collision integral most accurately, but this is expensive. The computational costs in the present method are reduced by randomly sampling a set of collision partners for each point in velocity space analogous to the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The present method has been applied to a traveling 1D shock wave. The jump conditions across the shock wave match the Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions. The internal shock wave structure was compared to DSMC solutions, and good agreement was found for Mach numbers ranging from 1.2 to 10. Since a coarse velocity discretization is required for efficient calculation, the effects of different velocity grid resolutions are examined. Additionally, the new scheme’s performance is compared to DSMC and it was found that upstream of the shock wave the new scheme performed nearly an order of magnitude faster than DSMC for the same upstream noise. The noise levels are comparable for the same computational effort downstream of the shock wave.     

任意四边形网格上解辐射输运方程的一种数值方法

解二维辐射输运问题时,对于矩形网格,用Sn菱形(diamond)格式处理十分简单有效,但该格式不能直接用于非矩形网格,而辐射流体力学计算往往要求在非矩形网格上进行.本文讨论任意四边形网格的辐射输运数值方法,给出一种全正的子网格平衡计算格式,并进行数值计算,与矩形网格Sn菱形格式结果比较,得出本方法可行性结论.     

用TVD格式求解一维滑坡问题

本文用二阶精度显式TVD格式计算了一维滑坡问题,得到了和实际值基本一致的结果。     

反常吸收与高质量的远红外光谱

在水汽含量恒定但相对湿度较大的情况下,远红外光谱仪得不到理想的100%线。这表明过高的水汽含量将会导致反常吸收现象。反常吸收的出现将严重影响远红外光谱的质量。研究了光谱仪内部空气相对湿度和光谱分辨率对反常吸收的影响,发现降低水汽含量和采用适当光谱分辨率可以有效抑制反常吸收现象,对获得高质量的远红外光谱很有益处。在无反常吸收现象发生的实验条件下,采用"湿度中和法"在空气湿度波动的情况下也可以得到理想的100%线,这为快速获得高质量的远红外光谱提供了新测量方法。