Mathematical principle and characteristics of polarization transform

The precise definition of polarization transform is proposed from the viewpoint of polarization domain transform for the first time. The mathematical principle, characteristics and physical meanings of polarization transform are analyzed. Two typical kinds of polarization transforms which are called unitary matrix polarization transform (UMPT) and diagonal matrix polarization transform (DMPT) are put forward. The gain property and the change property of polarization state distance are presented in detail. Thereby, the concept of serial polarization transform is proposed. A general polarization transform can be realized by two steps: changing the location of polarization states in polarization domain by UMPT; and expanding or compressing the density of polarization states by DMPT. The result is meaningful to many applications including polarization filtering, detection, enhancement, anti-jamming, discrimination and so on. Supported in part by the National Excellent PhD Dissertations Fund of China (Grant No. 08100101), the New Century Excellent Talents Fund of China (Grant No. NCET-04-0997), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 60672033) and the Excellent PhD Fund of National University of Defense Technology (Grant No. B070401)     

偏振度作为反馈信号进行偏振模色散补偿的研究

对40Gb／s光纤通信中归零码和非归零码光脉冲的偏振度随二阶偏振模色散的变化规律进行了数值模拟,结果表明由于二阶偏振模色散的影响,偏振度的变化趋势呈现出震荡性,二阶偏振模色散对归零码的偏振度要比非归零码的偏振度影响明显;同时搭建了偏振模色散补偿系统,对系统进行数值模拟和实验所得到的结果都表明,以偏振度作为反馈信号,采用粒子群优化算法作搜索算法能够有效地对归零码和非归零码系统的一阶及高阶偏振模色散进行自适应补偿。     

Modeling and simulation of polarization errors in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor

Sagnac fiber optic current sensor (S-FOCS) is a kind of optical interferometer based on Sagnac structure, optical polarization states of sensing light wave in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor are limited. However, several factors induce optical polarization error, and non-ideal polarized light waves cause the interference signal crosstalk in sensor, including polarizer, quarter-wave retarder, splice angular, birefringence and so on. With these errors, linearly polarized light wave in PM fiber and circularly polarized light wave in sensing fiber become elliptically polarized light wave, then, nonreciprocal phase shift induced by magnetic field of the current is interrupted by wrong polarization state. To clarify characteristics of optical polarization error in fiber optic current sensor, we analyze the evolution process of random optical polarization state, linear optical polarization state and circular optical polarization state in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor by using Poincare sphere, then, build optical polarization error models by using Jones matrix. Based on models of polarization state in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor, we investigate the influence of several main error factors on optical polarization error characteristics theoretically, including extinction ratio in polarizer, phase delay in quarter-wave retarder, splice angular between quarter-wave retarder and polarization maintaining fiber. Finally, we simulate and quantify nonreciprocal phase shift to be detected in fiber optic current sensor related with optical polarization errors. In the end, we demonstrate S-FOCS in test. The results show that transfer matrix errors are induced by inaccurate polarization properties during polarization state conversion, then, the stability and accuracy of the S-FOCS are affected, and it is important to control the polarization properties at each step of the polarization state conversion precisely.     

基于可调偏振度源的PSIM偏振光谱仪线偏振度测量结果定标校正

提出了一种基于可调偏振度源的偏振定标方法,利用方法完成了基于偏振光谱强度调制(PSIM)技术偏振光谱仪的线偏振光偏振度测量结果定标校正。以可调偏振度源输出的不同偏振度的线偏振光作为待测光源,用PSIM偏振光谱仪测量待测光源输出得到原始数据。将原始数据解析处理得到的偏振度谱与待测光源输出的理论偏振度谱进行线性拟合,得到校正系数。利用该校正系数对PSIM偏振光谱仪的测量处理结果进行定标校正。结果表明:在有效测量波段内(500~650nm),定标校正后PSIM偏振光谱仪的线偏振度测量解析精度明显提高,与待测光源输出的标准偏振度值间的最大误差由0.017减小到约为0.003,基于可调偏振度源的偏振定标校正方法具有可行性。     

基于互补型偏振控制板的多光束叠加特性研究

为满足惯性约束聚变对靶面光场辐照特性的要求,提出利用互补型偏振控制板改变光束内部偏振态,实现多光束消偏振叠加,进而改善聚焦光场均匀性的方案.建立了光束通过互补型偏振控制板进行变换的物理模型,理论分析了互补型偏振控制板影响聚焦光斑偏振特性的原因,比较了互补型偏振控制板与非互补型偏振控制板对聚焦光斑偏振特性及均匀性的影响,并进一步讨论了偏振控制板单元数的选取问题.结果表明:多光束通过互补型偏振控制板后,聚焦光场不再是单一偏振光,而是各类部分偏振光的随机混合;与其他类型双块偏振控制板相比,互补型偏振控制板能实现聚焦光斑的消偏振叠加且效果最佳,使光斑偏振度下降至0.2以下,并能有效地改善光斑的强度均匀性.采用互补型偏振控制板时,单元数对聚焦光斑偏振特性影响不大,但对强度均匀性则存在一定程度的影响,因而在实际工作中应根据应用需求合理选取单元数.     

伪装目标与背景的偏振对比特性

为解决传统光强探测手段难以有效探测和识别伪装目标这一难题,基于偏振探测技术搭建了光谱偏振探测成像系统,利用该系统在位于442.0,545.5,670.5,850.5 nm的窄波段对典型草地、土壤背景下的某型深绿色和土黄色伪装涂层进行了光谱偏振探测实验研究。并通过编制的图像处理软件对测试结果进行处理分析以提取其中的偏振信息,获得了目标与背景偏振度和偏振对比度随探测波长和探测角的变化规律。研究结果表明,合理地选择偏振成像探测条件可以使伪装涂层与背景之间存在较大的偏振对比度,可以实现对传统伪装涂层涂覆的目标的有效探测和识别。     

双环掺铒光纤激光器混沌偏振控制方法研究

提出双环掺铒光纤激光器激光混沌的偏振耦合控制以及部分偏振控制方法,偏振耦合控制能控制耦合相互作用以控制激光混沌,部分偏振控制是控制部分偏振耦合效应以控制激光混沌.数值模拟了偏振耦合控制混沌和某一个环的部分偏振控制混沌,它们都能实现把双环掺铒光纤激光器激光混沌控制到稳定态和周期态上;通过实时调控光的偏振方向,这两种混沌控制方法都能实时地、动态地、有效地控制激光混沌进入到稳定态和周期态上.     

基于Stokes矢量的实时偏振差分水下成像研究

偏振差分水下成像能够有效地克服光散射效应造成的图像退化问题, 在水下物体探测与识别领域具有重要应用价值. 传统的偏振差分方法靠光学检偏器的无规则机械转动来实现对散射背景的共模抑制, 限制了其在水下成像过程中的实时探测性能. 本文通过分析偏振差分探测原理来建立偏振差分成像模型, 从理论上提出了基于Stokes矢量的计算偏振差分水下实时成像系统, 并进行了实验验证. 研究结果表明, 基于Stokes矢量的计算偏振差分成像不仅与传统的偏振差分方法具有相同的水下探测效果, 更重要的是可以实现快速成像过程. 该方法可以应用到目前的偏振成像仪器系统, 实现无需人-机互动的自动化实时偏振差分水下成像, 进一步提高水下物体探测与识别的效率.     

光的偏振对热光关联成像的影响

根据完全偏振光的不同偏振态和部分偏振光的不同偏振度对二阶关联函数的影响,利用统计光学理论研究了光的不同偏振性质对关联成像的可见度和信噪比的影响.研究表明,光的偏振对热光关联成像的影响体现在部分偏振光的不同偏振度上,关联成像的可见度是偏振度的二次函数,由二阶关联函数方法得到的信噪比随着偏振度增大而提高,而利用减去背景项的二阶关联函数以及二阶相干度方法得到的信噪比均与偏振度无关. 关键词： 关联成像 偏振 可见度 信噪比     

偏振对飞秒激光辐照LiF晶体的影响

飞秒激光聚焦到LiF晶体内部, 晶体的加工形貌随偏振改变. 实验表明, 偏振方向平行于<110> 晶向时, 加工起点到表面的距离是<100>偏振下的1.08 倍; 而<110>偏振下加工终点到表面的距离是<100> 偏振下的1.01 倍. 为了解释加工形貌的偏振依赖, 建立了逆韧致辐射、雪崩电离和无辐射跃迁的模型, 首先, 价带电子通过强场电离和雪崩电离, 从激光中吸收能量跃迁到导带, 该过程用电子密度演化方程和傍轴非线性薛定谔方程描述, 求解方程得到导带电子密度; 其次, 导带电子通过无辐射跃迁过程释放能量给晶格, 由能量守恒计算出晶格温度沿激光传播方向的分布; 最后, 晶格温度超过熔点以上的区域被加工. 模拟结果显示, <110>偏振下加工起点到表面的距离是<100> 偏振下的1.03倍, 而<110>偏振下加工终点到表面的距离是<100>偏振下的0.981 倍, 与实验结果基本一致. 虽然Z扫描技术测量的非线性折射率随偏振方向变化, 但是非线性折射率的变化趋势与实验结果相反. 模拟和实验证明逆韧致辐射导致加工形貌随偏振变化.     

The impact of signal–noise ratio on degree of linear polarization measurement

The radiometric measurement is the basics of polarimetric measurement. This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the degree of linear polarization errors caused by the radiometric measurement uncertainty. According to the measurement principle of polarization CCD camera, we deduce the relation of the degree of linear polarization error to the signal–noise ratio and the polarization state (polarization angle or degree of linear polarization) of the incident light. It clearly shows that polarimetric accuracy of polarization CCD camera could deteriorate due to the low signal–noise ratio; The degree of linear polarization error has also been influenced by the polarization state of the incident light except the signal–noise ratio, and the large degree of linear polarization of the incident beams often contribute to the bigger measured degree of linear polarization errors for a fixed signal–noise ratio.     

低轨空间目标地基偏振成像系统偏振定标方法

针对地基大口径望远镜的机上自适应光学系统构建的低轨空间目标偏振成像系统,提出一种基于非偏振标准星和机上起偏装置的宽带偏振定标方法。该方法以非偏振标准星作为光源,并在望远镜系统的一次像面处加入起偏装置对入射光的偏振态进行调制,再结合基于非线性最小二乘拟合的偏振定标方法分两步对整个偏振成像系统进行宽带偏振定标。为验证该偏振定标方法的效果,利用Matlab软件基于相干矩阵和偏振追迹构建了相应的模型进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明该偏振定标方法可以有效减小望远镜系统偏振效应对偏振探测准确性的影响,并且偏振定标元件的初始角度误差在±5°范围内时对偏振定标准确性的影响极小。     

径向偏振调制对聚焦光斑匀滑及偏振特性的影响

基于标量衍射理论建立了光谱色散平滑(SSD)、随机相位板(RPP)和偏振匀滑(PS)联用的光束匀滑方案数值仿真模型。以斑纹对比度和偏振度为主要评价参量,利用该模型研究了径向偏振调制的匀滑及消偏振特性。研究表明,径向偏振调制可以有效降低聚焦光斑斑纹对比度和偏振度。使用半波片拼接方式产生近似径向偏振光时,拼接单元数对匀滑及偏振特性影响较小,8片拼接的匀滑效果已与理想径向偏振光几乎一致。对比分析了径向偏振调制、正交偏振调制和双折射楔三种PS方式,结果表明,由于三种PS方式本质上的一致性,光束的匀滑及偏振特性差别较小。     

一种高精度偏振遥感探测方式的精度分析

检偏器的角度误差是影响偏振遥感探测精度的重要因素之一,是许多高精度定量化偏振遥感需要考虑的一个问题。在检偏器(0°,60°,120°)放置的测量系统中,当入射光偏振角接近于0°或180°时偏振测量易产生最大误差值,而偏振角接近30°,90°和150°时,偏振度的测量具有很高的精度;在检偏器(0°,45°,90°)放置方式中,偏振角接近45°的光束测量易具有最大误差值,而偏振角接近于0°,90°和135°时,角度误差对偏振度测量精度的影响很小。除了个别偏振角外,对高偏振度入射光束的偏振测量通常具有较大的偏振测量误差。因此,引进线偏振光的平均偏振度测量精度描述偏振测量装置的优劣,结果表明检偏器(0°,60°,120°)放置方式优于检偏器(0°,45°,90°)放置方式。     

水下物体激光圆偏振成象实验及与线偏振成象的比较

采用波长532nm激光作光源,面阵CCD作探测器,利用圆偏振技术进行水下物体成象实验研究,对实验结果进行了分析并与线偏振成象技术进行了比较。结果表明无论是采用圆偏振技术还是线偏振技术都可提高水下物体成象的衬比（度）和成象距离;水体较清时圆偏振成象清晰度远远大于线偏振成象清晰度;当水体较混时,圆偏振成象清晰度大大下降和线偏振成象效果相接近。     

General demonstration of principal states of polarization and real-time monitoring of polarization mode dispersion in optical fibres

We investigated the general properties of polarization effects in optical fibres and demonstrated the existence of socalled principal states of polarization (PSP), which mean the fixed points in mathematics, in different polarization effects,such as birefringence and polarization mode dispersion, by using fixed point theory. Furthermore, a time evolution vector is defined to describe the time evolution of polarization state in optical fibres, which is used to investigate the time evolution of polarization mode dispersion vector (PDV), including differential group delay and PSP. The experimental results of real-time monitoring of PDV by using this method are reported. To our knowledge, this is the first report on monitoring PSP evolution in optical fibres.     

Manifestation of anisotropic collisional generation of higher polarization moments in polarization of quadrupole emission

Direct observability of polarization moments of a higher order—octupole orientation of atomic angular momenta (κ=3) and their hexadecapole alignment (κ=4)—from polarization of quadrupole radiation is discussed. The case when atoms are excited through dipole absorption of light producing orientation or alignment of angular momenta with κ=1 or 2 and higher polarization moments are induced by collisions with a beam of particles is considered. It is shown that differences in the laws of transformation of polarization moments of various ranks κ in rotations of coordinate axes allow us to select the pure contribution of the higher polarization moment under study from the signal of polarization of quadrupole emission by excluding the contribution of orientation or alignment with κ=1 or 2. Optimum systems of coordinate axes for the observation of octupole orientation from circular polarization of light and for the observation of hexadecapole alignment from linear polarization of light, in which the pure contribution of the higher polarization moment under study to polarization of quadrupole emission reaches its maximum, are calculated.     

光源参数及大气湍流对电磁光束传输偏振特性的影响

根据光束扩展理论,以部分相干的电磁高斯-谢尔光束为研究对象,分析了电磁光束传输时其偏振特性的变化机理.结果表明,光源参数和大气湍流对电磁光束分量扩展的影响是导致传输过程中电磁光束偏振特性变化的原因.在真空中传输时,电磁光束两分量的相干性存在差异,导致传输时电磁光束两分量扩展快慢不同,从而引起传输路径上光束谱偏振度的变化.在大气湍流中,电磁光束两分量扩展的快慢与光源参数和大气湍流强度均有关,当传输路径较短时,电磁光束偏振变化主要与光源参数有关,变化特性与在真空中传输时的情况类似,而传输距离较远时,电磁光束偏振变化受大气湍流的影响明显,变化特性与在真空中传输时的情形存在不同.     

偏分复用系统中偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用一体化方案

本文建立了偏分复用系统中偏振模色散与信号偏振态变化引起信道串扰的数学模型, 分析了偏振模色散对偏分复用信道射频功率的影响, 并提出了适用于偏分复用系统的光域偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用同时进行的方案: 用信道的射频功率作为反馈控制信号, 监测链路中偏振模色散和偏振态变化引起的信道串扰的大小, 用改进的粒子群优化算法对偏振控制器进行自适应控制, 同时完成偏振模色散补偿与偏分解复用. 在112 Gb/s偏分复用-差分正交相移键控(PDM-DQPSK)传输系统中仿真验证了该方案的有效性. 结果表明该方案可以使112 Gb/s-PDM-DQPSK传输系统完成自适应偏分解复用的同时, 在1 dB的光信噪比代价下, 使系统对偏振模色散的容忍度提高20 ps. 关键词： 偏分复用系统 信道串扰 偏振模色散 偏分解复用     

光学元件残余偏振测量方法与装置

光学镜头的残余偏振是影响偏振遥感探测、偏振军事目标识别和精密光学测量仪器测量准确度的一个关键参数。针对大口径可见光波段光学镜头偏振度准确测量的问题,研制了一台光学镜头残余偏振度测量装置。该装置利用表面镀金属膜的大口径离轴抛物面反射镜作为准直光源,通过控制入射光的入射角、降低入射光源的残余偏振度等技术,在水平、垂直、45°、135°的方向获得了一致性很高的斯托克斯参量。为了验证该装置的性能,对可见光波段口径小于160 mm的光学镜头残余偏振进行了实际测量,测量结果表明,该测量装置的残余偏振度低于0.2%,可满足高精度光学镜头残余偏振的测量需要。