成庄无烟煤大分子结构模型及其分子模拟

利用晋城矿区成庄矿煤的工业分析、元素分析、¹³C-NMR、XPS等实验结果,构建了其大分子结构模型.模型中,芳香碳以2、3、4环结构为主,最大环数达五个;脂肪碳以甲、乙基侧链及环烷烃的形式存在.九个氧原子分别以七个羰基(主要为醌基)、一个羟基及一个醚氧的型式存在;两个氮原子以吡咯的形式存在.硫原子含量很低,在模型构建中没有体现.采用分子力学(MM)和分子动力学(MD)方法,对成庄煤结构模型进行能量最小化模拟.结果表明,分子内及分子间芳香层片之间的π-π相互作用,使其以近似平行的方式排列;高煤级煤结构中,短程有序的原因主要是分子间芳香层片的定向排列.分子间的氢键能及范德华能使结构达到最稳构型.     

柳林3#镜煤吡啶残煤大分子结构模型及分子模拟

对柳林3^#镜煤吡啶抽提残煤(LLR)进行了¹³C CP/MAS NMR和XPS分析,结合元素分析和工业分析,构建了其大分子模型。LLR结构中芳香部分以蒽为主,脂肪结构主要以脂肪侧链的形式存在,氧原子分别以醚键、羟基和羰基形式存在,氮原子以吡咯和吡啶的形式存在。运用¹³C NMR预测软件ACD/CNMR predictor计算了大分子结构模型的¹³C化学位移。与实验¹³C NMR谱图相比较,对LLR的大分子结构模型进行了修正,获得了¹³C NMR计算谱能和实验谱图吻合较好的大分子结构模型。采用分子模拟对LLR化学结构模型进行能量优化,结果表明,大分子结构的能量按其大小排序主要为范德华能、键扭转能、键角能与键伸缩能。芳环之间的平行排列在该结构模型中占有很小的比例。最后通过添加周期性边界条件得到该煤的密度为1.22 g/cm³。量子化学半经验方法(PM 3)模拟结构表明,脂肪侧链中的C-C键较长,因而活性较高;边缘碳原子带有较多的负电荷,易于发生氧化反应;芳香碳原子所带电荷较少,稳定性很高。     

煤液化沥青分析表征及结构模型

对从煤液化残渣中萃取出的沥青类物质进行了固体13C-CP/MAS NMR分析、元素分析、红外光谱分析(FT-IR)和光电子能谱(XPS)分析,得到煤液化沥青的芳香结构单元信息及相关结构参数信息。结果表明,煤液化沥青芳香桥碳与周碳之比为0.115,芳香碳原子的存在形式以苯结构为主;脂肪结构多以甲基和环状亚甲基形式存在;氧主要以羰基、酯基的形式存在;氮主要以吡咯的形式存在。利用结构参数和分析表征结果构建了煤液化沥青的大分子结构模型,并运用13C-NMR预测软件ACD/CNMR Predictor计算了煤精制沥青大分子结构模型的13C化学位移。根据计算结果对大分子结构模型进行了修正,获得了与实验谱图吻合较好的大分子结构模型。     

内蒙五牧场矿区11号煤层原煤大分子结构特征及其形成机制

在对内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市伊敏盆地五牧场区11号煤层原煤工业分析、元素分析、¹³C-NMR、FT-IR、XPS等分析基础上,获得了煤大分子结构中碳骨架信息、脂肪结构以及含氧官能团类型及比例、氮原子的存在形式和比例等结构信息。以此为基础,构建了煤的大分子结构模型,并应用 ¹³C-NMR预测软件ACD/CNMR predictor 对其进行了修正, 获得与实验核磁共振谱图吻合较好的大分子结构模型。大分子结构的芳香结构单元以苯、萘、蒽、菲为芳香结构单元,数量分别是1、2、2、1,醚键、氢化芳环以及邻位亚甲基作为连接芳香结构的主要桥键;氧原子以酚羟基、羰基、羧基的形式存在,数量分别是7、3、2;氮原子分别以吡啶和吡咯的形式存在,甲基和脂肪短链分布在芳香单元的边缘。与相邻矿区的褐煤及相近变质程度的神东长焰煤的比较发现,其形成机制主要是在高温低压环境下,热演化过程中快速失去各种含氧官能团,导致短链脂肪类物质的形成,而低压环境则有利于热演化过程中形成的各种小分子物质逸散导致自由基的缩聚,形成较大的芳香结构单元,但是直链脂肪类物质的存在具有位阻效应,不利于芳香结构单元的定向排列,导致所谓的"化学成分成熟超前于其结构成熟"现象。     

东胜长焰煤热解含氧官能团结构演化的13C-NMR和FT-IR分析

以东胜煤田色拉一号井田2号煤层长焰煤为研究对象,利用浮沉离心法富集其镜质组。基于工业分析、元素分析、¹³C-NMR、FT-IR、谱图分峰拟合技术和化学分析测试,求取镜煤及一系列热解煤含氧官能团结构与含量参数,从不同角度研究了含氧官能团的分布规律与演化特点。镜煤中羧基、羰基含量分别为8.91~10.90 mol/kg、1.61~1.79 mol/kg,随热解温度升高羧基显著减少。热解作用促使以端基形式连接在脂肪链或脂肪环结构氧上的甲基和亚甲基首先脱去,且在温度高于350 ℃后基本稳定。氧在热解过程赋存状态的变化是芳香体系与脂肪体系相互竞争的结果,510 ℃热解煤中芳香类氧和脂肪类氧的含量分别为7.49、3.45 mol/kg。羟基的演化过程与热解过程中氧的赋存状态密切相关。随着热解过程的进行,在热解温度低于440 ℃时,各种羟基含量均减少,热解过程对于大分子网络的破坏干扰了各种氢键作用,而羟基π作用则暂时增强,至510 ℃时各种氢键含量均降为最低。东胜长焰煤中含氧官能团化学活性顺序为:[COOH]>[R-O]>[Ar-O-Ar,Ar-O-C,C-O-C]>[C=O]。镜煤非活性醚键含量为0.68 mol/kg,活性醚键为0.48 mol/kg,主要为非活性醚键。     

煤显微组分分子结构模型的量子化学研究

采用分子力学和半经验量子化学方法，研究了神木煤显微组分的分子结构模型，比较了镜质组和惰质组分子模型的能量构成、不同类型键的键长和键裂解能。研究结果表明，扭转能和范德华能是分子中的主要作用力，取代基对体系能量有明显影响，烷基取代基使体系能量增加，而苯基取代基使体系能量降低；脂肪C—C键长比芳香C—C键长长，说明脂肪C—C在受热过程中比芳香C—C更容易断裂分解。对各键裂解能的计算结果表明，Car—Cal键的裂解能高于Cal—Cal，Car—O醚键的裂解能高于Cal—O醚键。而惰质组结构模型中除C—O醚键外，各键的裂解能均高于镜质组，说明惰质组结构模型比镜质组有较高的热稳定性。     

弥勒褐煤结构特征及其分子模型构建

以云南弥勒褐煤为研究对象,采用元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱、¹³C固体核磁共振波谱以及X射线光电子能谱等现代分析技术,获取了弥勒褐煤的结构参数信息。其中,芳香度为38.79%,芳香环取代基数量为3。芳香碳结构主要为苯和萘,脂肪碳结构以甲基、亚甲基为主;氧主要存在于醚氧、羧基和羰基中;氮主要以吡咯氮和吡啶氮的形式存在;硫主要为硫酚或硫醇。根据分析结果,构建出弥勒褐煤的分子结构模型,分子式为C₁₄₇H₁₄₈O₃₆N₂S。采用半经验法PM3基组和密度泛函理论M06-2X泛函对分子构型进行优化,优化后的模型立体构型显著,且芳香层片在空间上呈现不规则排列,各芳香环之间主要通过甲基、亚甲基、甲氧基以及脂肪环连接。模拟FT-IR光谱和模拟¹³C NMR波谱均与实验谱图吻合良好,证明了弥勒褐煤分子模型的准确性和合理性。     

固体核磁碳结构参数的修正及其在煤结构分析中的应用

为消除~(13)C CP/M AS/TOSS NM R测试中碳核NOE效应,获得相对准确的碳结构参数,考察了不同模型化合物的碳核NOE效应强度。结果表明,不同模型化合物碳谱分峰拟合的测试值与样品碳结构参数的理论值之间存在明显误差,其中,脂肪碳在25%-125%、芳香碳为4%-50%,NOE效应在固体核磁碳谱测试中影响显著。为此,将模型化合物脂肪碳和芳香碳的实测值和理论值进行回归分析,得到非线性回归方程。用该方程对9,10-二甲基蒽进行碳结构修正,发现修正后脂肪碳实测值与理论值之间误差由不修正时的119.60%减小至7.84%,芳香碳误差为由不修正时的-17.10%到1.11%,修正后误差均在10%以内;同时用该回归方程修正了不同煤的碳结构参数,发现不同煤未修正的H/C原子比与其元素分析H/C原子比误差在45%-53%,修正后误差只有4%-13%,与元素分析结果具有一致性,表明非线性回归方程能够方便、准确地消除固体核磁NOE效应,为煤中碳结构分析提供新的技术支撑。     

极性转换概念引入有机化学教学中的尝试

一、问题的提出有机合成反应的一个中心问题是要构成碳—碳键。在构成碳—碳键的反应中,除游离基反应和协同反应外,大部分属于极性反应,亦称路易斯酸碱反应,即带正电荷的碳原子与带负电荷的碳原子相互作用而生成碳—碳键。有机化合物中碳原子所带电荷是由其相连或相邻近的杂原子所决定的。以羰基化合物醛、酮为例,羰基碳原子是带正电荷的,而α-碳原子上     

山西高阳焦煤碳结构研究与谱学表征

煤是由多种官能团、多种化学键组成的复杂有机结构大分子物质,有机质碳是煤结构的骨架,是构成煤中有机质及形成焦炭的主要元素。研究炼焦煤中的碳结构,对构建炼焦煤大分子结构模型,认知炼焦煤结构及反应性具有重要意义。分别利用Peakfit V4和XPS Peak4.1软件对~(13)C CP/MAS-NMR、FTIR和XPS谱图进行拟合解析,对比研究不同测试方法的解析结果,探索炼焦煤中碳结构的主要特征,获取芳碳率、芳氢率、芳核平均结构尺寸等煤结构单元基本参数。山西高阳焦煤芳碳率的~(13)C CP/MAS-NMR、FTIR和XPS分析结果基本一致,分别是0.81、0.83和0.81。FTIR分析结果表明,芳香结构主要包括苯环二取代、苯环四取代和苯环五取代,占比分别是39.63%、32.24%和28.13%。脂肪结构主要以亚甲基形式存在,含量达到77.43%,甲基、次甲基含量依次减少,脂肪烃碳链长度较短为0.11。因此,山西高阳焦煤中存在较多的烷基侧链。根据~(13)C CP/MAS-NMR拟合结果,获知甲基碳f_(al)~*_、亚甲基碳/次甲基碳f_(al)~H_、氧接脂碳f_(al)~O、羰基碳/羧基碳f_a~C、芳烃碳f_a′、烷基取代芳碳f_a~S、芳香桥碳f_a~B、氧接芳碳f_a~P分别为0.06、0.06、0.04、0.05、0.76、0.10、0.28、0.03,计算得到芳碳率f_a、脂碳率f_(al)、质子化芳碳f_a~H、非质子化芳碳f_a~N和芳核平均结构尺寸X_b分别为0.81、0.19、0.35、0.41和0.37。XPS和~(13)C CP/MAS-NMR分析结果表明,山西高阳焦煤中羰基、醚氧键和酚羟基等碳氧官能团含量约占碳结构的5%。     

Construction of macromolecular model and analysis of oxygen absorption characteristics of Hongyang No. 2 coal mine

Understanding the molecular structure characteristics of coal from the molecular level is of great significance for realizing rational utilization and efficient transformation of coal. The molecular structure of coal samples from 1304 working face in No.13 coal seam of Hongyang No.2 Mine (HY) was studied by industrial analysis, elemental analysis, Nuclear magnetic resonance carbon spectroscopy (¹³C NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that the aromatic compounds in coal samples of HY are mainly naphthalene ring structures. The aliphatic structure mainly consists of methyl, ethyl side chains and cycloalkanes. The ratio of aromatic bridge carbon to weekly carbon in molecular structure is 0.17. Oxygen atoms exist in the form of carbonyl, hydroxyl, and ether bonds, nitrogen atoms exist in the form of pyridine and pyrrole respectively, and sulfur atoms exist in the form of thiophene. Based on this, the planar structure model of coal macromolecule in HY is constructed, and its molecular formula is C₁₂₉H₈₈O₂₉N₂S, and its molecular weight is 2160. The structure optimization and annealing kinetics simulation of a single macromolecule model were carried out, and a stable three-dimensional coal model of HY was obtained. In addition, the oxygen absorption characteristics of coal samples in HY were studied by molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry. The results show that the adsorption capacity of the Wiser model is less than that of HY coal model. This is because, compared with the Wiser model, the content of oxygenated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the molecular structure of HY coal is higher, and the condensation degree of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is lower. Due to the stronger physical adsorption capacity of hydroxyl, ether bond, and carbonyl on O₂, HY Mine has stronger physical adsorption capacity on O_2.     

Synthesis and Structure of Borane Complexes with 3-Hydroxyflavone

Conclusions have been made regarding the structure of the complexes formed between flavonol and boranes of different structures on the basis of the analysis of their ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹¹B NMR spectra, IR and electronic spectra, and also from the results of quantum-chemical calculations. In all of the complexes, independently of the structure and acceptor properties of the boranes, it was found that the donor acceptor bond is formed between the boron atoms and the oxygen of the carbonyl group in the flavonol. Despite the lowered electron-donor ability of the carbonyl group oxygen atom after the formation of the bond to the boron atom it is likely that the hydrogen bond between the carbonyl and the 3-hydroxy group of the flavonol is retained. It was found that the carbonyl group of the flavonol has a lower electron-donor ability than the analogous group of aliphatic and aromatic ketones.     

Selective Activation of Aromatic Aldehydes Promoted by Dispersion Interactions: Steric and Electronic Factors of a π-Pocket within Cage-Shaped Borates for Molecular Recognition

Selective bond formations are one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. In the Lewis acid mediated electrophile reactions of carbonyls, the selective formation of a carbonyl–acid complex plays a critical role in determining selectivity, which is based on the difference in the coordinative interaction between the carbonyl and Lewis acid center. Although this strategy has attained progress in selective bond formations, the discrimination between similarly sized aromatic and aliphatic carbonyls that have no functional anchors to strongly interact with the metal center still remains a challenging issue. Herein, this work focuses on molecular recognition driven by dispersion interactions within some aromatic moieties. A Lewis acid catalyst with a π-space cavity, which is referred to as a π-pocket, as the recognition site for aromatic carbonyls is designed. Cage-shaped borates 1 B with various π-pockets demonstrated significant chemoselectivity for aromatic aldehydes 3 b – f over that of aliphatic 3 a in competitive hetero-Diels–Alder reactions. The effectiveness of our catalysts was also evidenced by intramolecular recognition of the aromatic carbonyl within a dicarbonyl substrate. Mechanistic and theoretical studies demonstrated that the selective activation of aromatic substrates was driven by the preorganization step with a larger dispersion interaction, rather than the rate-determining step of the C−C bond formation, and this was likely to contribute to the preferred activation of aromatic substrates over that of aliphatic ones.     

13C NMR spectra and structure of bungeidiol and its transformation products

The results are given of a study of the¹³C NMR spectra of the new terpenoid coumarin bungeidiol (I) and of the products of its transformation (II) and (III) and some model compounds (IV–VII). On the basis of the results obtained from these¹³C NMR spectra and with the use of additive contributions depending on the nature and positions of various substituents (hydroxy and methoxy groups) in the aromatic ring, the structure (I) has been confirmed and a complete assignment of the signals of all the carbon atoms both in the coumarin ring and in the aliphatic part of the molecule of (I) has been made.     

The effects of steric aliphatic–aliphatic interactions in the coordination polymer of bis(N,N-diethylglycinato)copper(II): Experimental evidence and theoretical modeling

New coordination polymer catena-poly[(N,N-diethylglycinato-κO,κN)copper(II)-μ-[N,N-diethylglycinato-κO¹,κN:O²]] has been obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The copper(II) was surrounded with two amino N and two carboxyl O atoms in trans position in the coordination plane. Discrete polymeric chains were produced by axial coordinative bonding between copper(II) and carbonyl oxygen atom from adjacent asymmetric unit. Molecular mechanics (MM) force field developed to study the properties of copper(II) amino acid complexes reproduced well intermolecular aliphatic–aliphatic interactions between ethyl chains and C–H?O hydrogen bonding. The relative unit cell volume reproduction was 0.3%. Theoretical conformational analysis showed that experimentally obtained conformer was not the most stable in vacuo. The calculations of the unit cell packings and intermolecular interactions for a series of conformers elucidated the reasons that governed the experimentally obtained conformer to appear in the real crystal structure. MM results suggest that intermolecular aliphatic–aliphatic interactions between ethyl groups affected a conformational change concurrent with the change in the copper(II) coordination sphere upon crystallization.