A note about stabilization in Aℝ(𝔻)

It is shown that for A_?(??) functions f₁ and f₂ with and f₁ being positive on real zeros of f₂ then there exists A_?(??) functions g₂ and g₁, g₁^–1 with and This result is connected to the computation of the stable rank of the algebra A_?(??) and to Control Theory (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Homotopy stability of orthogonal spaces in commutative banach algebras

We study the concept of real stable rank for a complex commutative Banach algebra A (rsr A). It is shown that this invariant has a behaviour completely analogous to the classical Bass stable rank; in particular, we establish a precise relation between both invariants.Further, we use this machinery to show that the connected components of the orthogonal spaces of A, O _k ⁿ (A)={ A ^k×n:^t=id_k×k}, stabilize when k and n increase in a way that depends on rsr A Finally, we prove an analogous stabilization result for the homotopy classes of maps from the j-sphere into O _k ⁿ (A), where j is an arbitrary positive integer.Research supported by a grant of the CONICET, Argentina.     

Unitary stable ranks and norm-one ranks

In the context of commutative C*-algebras, we solve a problem related to a question of M. Rieffel by showing that the all-units rank and the norm-one rank coincide with the topological stable rank. We also introduce the notion of unitary M-stable rank for an arbitrary commutative unital ring and compare it with the Bass stable rank. In case of uniform algebras, a su?cient condition for norm-one reducibility is given.     

Topological stable rank of H ∞(Ω) for circular domains Ω

Let Ω be a circular domain, that is, an open disk with finitely many closed disjoint disks removed. Denote by H ^∞(Ω) the Banach algebra of all bounded holomorphic functions on Ω, with pointwise operations and the supremum norm. We show that the topological stable rank of H ^∞(Ω) is equal to 2. The proof is based on Suárez’s theorem that the topological stable rank of H ^∞( $ \mathbb{D} $ ) is equal to 2, where $ \mathbb{D} $ is the unit disk. We also show that for circular domains symmetric to the real axis, the Bass and topological stable ranks of the real-symmetric algebra H _? ^∞ (Ω) are 2.     

Absolute stable rank and quadratic forms over noncommutative rings

Given an associative ring A, let asr(A) denote the absolute stable range of A, as defined in [5]. We prove that asr(A) 1 + Kdim A if A is a right Noetherian ring, and that asr(A) 1 + cl-Kdim A if A is an affine PI algebra. Combined with results from [5], this provides a cancellation theorem ('Witt cancellation') for quadratic spaces defined over such a ring A.     

Ideal Structure and Stable Rank of $${\mathbb {C} e+ \ell^2(I)}$$ with the Hadamard Product

Let I be any index set. We consider the Banach algebra \mathbb C e+ l²(I){\mathbb {C} e+ \ell^2(I)} with the Hadamard product, and prove that its Bass and topological stable ranks are both equal to 1. We also characterize divisors, maximal ideals, closed ideals and closed principal ideals. For I=\mathbb N{I=\mathbb {N}} we also characterize all prime z-ideals in this Banach algebra.     

Twisted Smash Products and L-R Smash Products for Biquasimodule Hopf Quasigroups

We consider two new algebras from an H-biquasimodule algebra A and a Hopf quasigroup H: twisted smash product A ? H and L-R smash product A?H, and find necessary and sufficient conditions for making them Hopf quasigroups. We generalize the main results in Brzeziński and Jiao [5] and Klim and Majid [9]. Moreover, if H is a cocommutative Hopf quasigroup, we prove that A ? H is isomorphic to A?H as Hopf quasigroups.     

On the rank spread of graphs

For a simple graph G?=?(𝒱, ?) with vertex-set 𝒱?=?{1,?…?,?n}, let 𝒮(G) be the set of all real symmetric n-by-n matrices whose graph is G. We present terminology linking established as well as new results related to the minimum rank problem, with spectral properties in graph theory. The minimum rank mr(G) of G is the smallest possible rank over all matrices in 𝒮(G). The rank spread r _v (G) of G at a vertex v, defined as mr(G)???mr(G???v), can take values ??∈?{0,?1,?2}. In general, distinct vertices in a graph may assume any of the three values. For ??=?0 or 1, there exist graphs with uniform r _v (G) (equal to the same integer at each vertex v). We show that only for ??=?0, will a single matrix A in 𝒮(G) determine when a graph has uniform rank spread. Moreover, a graph G, with vertices of rank spread zero or one only, is a λ-core graph for a λ-optimal matrix A in 𝒮(G). We also develop sufficient conditions for a vertex of rank spread zero or two and a necessary condition for a vertex of rank spread two.     

On absolute valued algebras with involution

Let A be an absolute valued algebra with involution, in the sense of Urbanik [K. Urbanik, Absolute valued algebras with an involution, Fund. Math. 49 (1961) 247-258]. We prove that A is finite-dimensional if and only if the algebra obtained by symmetrizing the product of A is simple, if and only if eA_s = A_s, where e denotes the unique nonzero self-adjoint idempotent of A, and A_s stands for the set of all skew elements of A. We determine the idempotents of A, and show that A is the linear hull of the set of its idempotents if and only if A is equal to either McClay’s algebra [A.A. Albert, A note of correction, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949) 1191], the para-quaternion algebra, or the para-octonion algebra. We also prove that, if A is infinite-dimensional, then it can be enlarged to an absolute valued algebra with involution having a nonzero idempotent different from the unique nonzero self-adjoint idempotent.     

Sur l'interpolation des opérateurs maximaux monotones

On the Interpolation of Maximal Monotone Operators. We study here one way to extend to the maximal monotone case the results of linear interpolation, exposed bybalakrishnan in [2]. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition of convergence for sequences(A ⁿ ) _n of maximal monotone operators on a real Hilbert spaceH.     

Euler-Bernoulli beams from a symmetry standpoint-characterization of equivalent equations

We completely solve the equivalence problem for Euler-Bernoulli equation using Lie symmetry analysis. We show that the quotient of the symmetry Lie algebra of the Bernoulli equation by the infinite-dimensional Lie algebra spanned by solution symmetries is a representation of one of the following Lie algebras: 2A₁, A₁⊕A₂, 3A₁, or A3,3⊕A₁. Each quotient symmetry Lie algebra determines an equivalence class of Euler-Bernoulli equations. Save for the generic case corresponding to arbitrary lineal mass density and flexural rigidity, we characterize the elements of each class by giving a determined set of differential equations satisfied by physical parameters (lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). For each class, we provide a simple representative and we explicitly construct transformations that maps a class member to its representative. The maximally symmetric class described by the four-dimensional quotient symmetry Lie algebra A3,3⊕A₁ corresponds to Euler-Bernoulli equations homeomorphic to the uniform one (constant lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). We rigorously derive some non-trivial and non-uniform Euler-Bernoulli equations reducible to the uniform unit beam. Our models extend and emphasize the symmetry flavor of Gottlieb's iso-spectral beams [H.P.W. Gottlieb, Isospectral Euler-Bernoulli beam with continuous density and rigidity functions, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 413 (1987) 235-250].     

The topological center of the spectrum of some distal algebras

The topological center of the spectrum of the Weyl algebra W, i.e. the norm closure of the algebra generated by the set of functions , is characterized in a recent paper by Jabbari and Namioka (Ellis group and the topological center of the flow generated by the map , to appear in Milan J. Math.). By the techniques essentially used in the cited paper, the topological center of the spectrum of the subalgebra W _k , the norm closure of the algebra generated by the set of functions , will be characterized, for all k∈ℕ. Also an example of a non-minimal dynamical system, with the enveloping semigroup Σ, for which the set of all continuous elements of Σ is not equal to the topological center of Σ, is given.     

Walsh equiconvergence and (l,p) distinguished points

Here we study some simple properties of (l, p) distinguished points for functions in the classA _p (p>1) in the context of Walsh equiconvergence. We give a condition which is necessary and sufficient for a set Z of points in C to be an (l, p) distinguished set. This condition seems to complement the one given earlier in [2].     

An Operator Theoretical Approach to Enveloping ϕ* – and C* – Algebras of Melrose Algebras of Totally Characteristic Pseudodifferential Operators

Let X be a compact manifold with boundary. It will be shown (Theorem 3.4) that the small Melrose algebra A? ?_b,cl (χ,^bΩ^1/2) (cf. [22], [23]) of classical, totally characteristic pseudodifferential operators carries no topology such that it is a topological algebra with an open group of invertible elements, in particular, the algebra A cannot be spectrally invariant in any C* – algebra. On the other hand, the symbolic structure of A can be extended continuously to the C* – algebra B generated by A as a subalgebra of ζ(σ^bL²(χ, ^bΩ^1/2)) by a generalization of a method of Gohberg and Krupnik. Furthermore, A is densely embedded in a Fréchet algebra A ? B which is a ?* – algebra in the sense of Gramsch [9, Definition 5.1], reflecting also smooth properties of the original algebra A.     

Best Constants for Moser-Trudinger Inequalities, Fundamental Solutions and One-Parameter Representation Formulas on Groups of Heisenberg Type

We derive the explicit fundamental solutions for a class of degenerate (or singular) one-parameter subelliptic differential operators on groups of Heisenberg (H) type. This extends the results of Kaplan of the sub-Laplacian on H-type groups, which in turn generalizes Folland's result on the Heisenberg group. As an application, we obtain a one-parameter representation formula for Sobolev functions of compact support on H-type groups. By choosing the parameter equal to the homogeneous dimension Q and using the Moser-Trudinger inequality for the convolutional type operator on stratified groups obtained in [18], we get the following theorem which gives the best constant for the Moser-Trudinger inequality for Sobolev functions in H-type groups. Let ${\Bbb G}We derive the explicit fundamental solutions for a class of degenerate (or singular) one-parameter subelliptic differential operators on groups of Heisenberg (H) type. This extends the results of Kaplan of the sub-Laplacian on H-type groups, which in turn generalizes Folland's result on the Heisenberg group. As an application, we obtain a one-parameter representation formula for Sobolev functions of compact support on H-type groups. By choosing the parameter equal to the homogeneous dimension Q and using the Moser-Trudinger inequality for the convolutional type operator on stratified groups obtained in [18], we get the following theorem which gives the best constant for the Moser-Trudinger inequality for Sobolev functions in H-type groups. Let ? be any group of Heisenberg type whose Lie algebra is g enerated by m left invariant vector fields and with a q-dimensional center. Let and Then, with A _Q as the sharp constant, where ∇_? denotes the subellitpic gradient on ? This continues the research originated in our earlier study of the best constants in Moser-Trudinger inequalities and fundamental solutions for one-parameter subelliptic operators on the Heisenberg group [18]. Received March 15, 2001, Accepted September 21, 2001     

The equality S1 = D = R

The new result of this paper is that for θ( x ; a )‐stable (a weakening of “T is stable”) we have S1[θ( x ; a )] = D[θ( x ; a ), L, ∞]. S1 is Hrushovski's rank. This is an improvement of a result of Kim and Pillay, who for simple theories under the (strong) assumption that either of the ranks be finite obtained the same identity. Only the first equality is new, the second equality is a result of Shelah from the seventies. We derive it by studying localizations of several rank functions, we get the following Main Theorem. Suppose that μ is regular satisfying μ ≥ |T|⁺, p is a finite type, and Δ is a set of formulas closed under Boolean operations. If either (a) R[p, Δ, μ⁺] < ∞ or (b) p is Δ‐stable and μ satisfies “for every sequence {μ_i : i < |Δ| + ?₀} of cardinals μ_i < μ we have that holds”, then S[p, Δ, μ⁺] = D[p, Δ, μ⁺] = R[p, Δ, μ⁺]. The S rank above is a localized version of Hrushovski's S1 rank. This rank, as well as our systematic use of local stability, allows us to get a more conceptual proof of the equality of D and R, which is an old result of Shelah. A particular (asymptotic) case of the theorem offers a new sufficient condition for the equality of S1 and D[·, L, ∞]. We also manage, due to a more general approach, to avoid some combinatorial difficulties present in Shelah's original exposition.     

New asymptotics for the existence of plane curves with prescribed singularities

We study the classical problem of the existence of irreducible plane curves with given degree d and prescribed singularities of topological types S ₁,…,S _r- Our main results concern substantial improvements of the leading coefficients in the asymptotically optimal sufficient conditions for complex plane curves which were found in [GLS1]. We then transfer these results to real plane curves.     

Weyl Groups are Finite — and Other Finiteness Properties of Cartan Subalgebras

For each pair (??,??) consisting of a real Lie algebra ?? and a subalgebra a of some Cartan subalgebra ?? of ?? such that [??, ??]∪ [??, ??] we define a Weyl group W(??, ??) and show that it is finite. In particular, W(??, ??,) is finite for any Cartan subalgebra h. The proof involves the embedding of 0 into the Lie algebra of a complex algebraic linear Lie group to which the structure theory of Lie algebras and algebraic groups is applied. If G is a real connected Lie group with Lie algebra ??, the normalizer N(??, G) acts on the finite set Λ of roots of the complexification ??c with respect to hc, giving a representation π : N(??, G)→ S(Λ) into the symmetric group on the set Λ. We call the kernel of this map the Cartan subgroup C(??) of G with respect to h; the image is isomorphic to W(??, ??), and C(??)= {g G : Ad(g)(h)— h ε [h,h] for all h ε h }. All concepts introduced and discussed reduce in special situations to the familiar ones. The information on the finiteness of the Weyl groups is applied to show that under very general circumstance, for b ∪ ?? the set ??? ?(b) remains finite as ? ranges through the full group of inner automorphisms of ??.     

Some results on the cartan matrix of a frobenius algebra

Let F be a field and A a Frobenius algebra over F. The Jacobson radical of A is denoted by J = J(A) and the kth socle of A by S _k (A). Let [Abar]=A/J ^k or A/S _k (A). This article gives new interesting relations between the Cartan matrix of A and that of [Abar]. From these results we prove that the Cartan matrix of A is diagonal if A/Soc(A) is a symmetric algebra. Let G be a finite group. If A is a block of F|G] with the above condition, then the Cartan matrix of A is (n), where n is the order of the defect group of A and the least integer such that Jⁿ (A)=0.