C-Glycosylidene derivatives (exo-glycals): their synthesis by reaction of protected sugar lactones with tributylphosphonium ylids, conformational analysis and stereoselective reduction

Stabilised tributylphosphonium ylids Bu₃PCHCH(EWG), where EWG is CO₂Me, CO₂^tBu or CN, react with protected sugar lactones under mild conditions to give high yields of glycosylidene derivatives (4 and 5) with good Z/E selectivity. X-Ray crystallography shows that in the solid state the tetra-O-benzyl protected (Z)-glucosylideneacetonitrile (Z)-4c adopts a conformation intermediate between a boat and a twist-boat, whereas the isomeric galactose derivative (Z)-5c exists as a distorted chair. NMR data suggest that in solution chair-like conformations are again more favoured for galactosylidene derivatives than for their glucosylidene analogues. Solution phase NMR studies and molecular modelling show that the (E)-double bond geometry disfavours the chair-like geometry of the ring, even in the galactose series; this is consistent with the avoidance of allylic 1,3-strain. Reduction of the glycosylidene double bond to give stereoselective formation of β-C-glycoside derivatives may be achieved by using Et₃SiH-CF₃CO₂H or Et₃SiH-BF₃·Et₂O.     

Short synthesis of functionalized pentalongin derivatives using pyridinium ylid chemistry

3-Substituted pentalongin derivatives possessing an acetal function at C-1 were synthesized by cyclization of acylmethylnaphthoquinones. The latter naphthoquinones were prepared starting from 2-dioxolanylnaphthoquinone by means of both a stoichiometric and a catalytic method deploying various pyridinium ylids.     

A facile synthesis of polyfoluoroalkyl-lactonization

2(-Benzoxazolyl substituted cyclopropane derivatives were synthesized in the yield of 73-89% from the reaction of telluronium ylides with chalcones.     

A Facile Synthesis of Pechmann Dyes

A facile synthesis of Pechmann dyes has been accomplished by the reaction of substituted N‐phenacyl‐4‐dimethylaminopyridinium halides with dimethyl maleate in the presence of DBU. Based on a related 4‐DMAP elimination product and an isolated monolactone intermediate a reaction mechanism has been proposed. The scope of this synthetic method is determined by the availability of α‐haloaroyl or heteroaroyl derivatives. DBU=1,8‐diazabicycloundec‐7‐ene, DMAP=4‐dimethylaminopyridine.     

A Facile Synthesis of Benzoxazolyl Cyclopropanes

2′-Benzoxazolyl substituted cyclopropane derivatives were synthesized in the yield of 73-89% from the reaction of telluronium ylides with chalcones.     

ZUR DARSTELLUNG VON BENZODITHIET-DERIVATEN DURCH THERMOLYSE 1,2-DITHIO-SUBSTITUIERTER BENZOLE

Abstract

The thermal fragmentation of various 1,2-dithio-benzene derivatives R₄C₆S₂(X) with R = H, CH₃, F in order to split off favorable leaving molecules × = Cl₂, CO or H₂C[dbnd]CH₂ and to generate the corresponding benzene-1,2-dithiete products (R₄C₆S₂), is investigated in a gas-flow reactor using real-time PE spectroscopic analysis. Results observed are: 1,2-bis(chloromercapto) benzene H₄C₆(SCl)₂ yields 1,2-benzodithiete H₄C₆S₂; none of the tetramethylated precursors fragments to the elusive tetramethyl derivative (H₃C)₄C₆S₂, but decarbonylation of tetrafluoro 1,2-benzodithio-2-on F₄C₆S₂(CO) leads to rather reactive tetrafluoro 1,2-benzodithiete F₄C₆S₂. Characteristic ionisation patterns are assigned by radical cation state comparison and by Koopmans' correlations based on MNDO eigenvalues.

Die thermische Fragmentierung verschiedenartiger 1,2-Dithiobenzol-Derivative R₄C₆S₂(X) mit R = H, CH₃, F, die unter Abspaltung günstiger Abgangsmoleküle × = Cl₂, CO oder H₂C[dbnd]CH₂ die entsprechenden Benzo-1,2-dithiet-Produkte (R₄C₆S₂) liefern konnte, wird in einem Gasdurchfluβ-Reaktor mit PE-spektroskopischer Echtzeit-Analytik untersucht. Beobachtet wird: 1,2-Bis(chloro-mercapto)benzol H₄C₆(SCl)₂ liefert 1,2-Benzodithiet; keine der tetramethylierten Ausgangsverbin-dungen fragmentiert zum vermutlich instabilen Tetramethyl-Derivat (H₃C)₄C₆S₂, aber Decar-bonylierung von Tetrafluor-1,2-benzodithio-2-co F₄C₆S₂(CO) führt zum reaktiven Tetrafluor-1,2-benzodithiet. Die charakteristischen lonisienmgsmuster werden durch Radikalkationenzustands-Vergleiche sowie durch Koopmans'-Korrelation mit MNDO-Eigenwerten zugeordnet.     

Synthesis,antimicrobial and anticancer activities of some new N-methylsulphonyl and N-benzenesulphonyl-3-indolyl heterocycles: 1st Cancer Update

A series of 1-(N-methyl 2a–c and N-benzenesulphonyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-3-aryl-prop-2-ene-1-ones 3a–c were prepared and allowed to react with urea, thiourea or guanidine and gave the pyrimidine derivatives 4a–c to 9a–c. Base catalyzed reaction of 2a–c or 3a–c with ethyl acetoacetate gave cyclohexanone derivatives 10a–c and 11a–c, respectively. Reaction of the latter compounds with hydrazine hydrate afforded indazole derivatives 12a–c and 13a–c, respectively. On the other hand, condensation of 2c or 3c with some hydrazine derivatives namely, hydrazine hydrate, acetyl hydrazine, phenyl hydrazine and benzyl hydrazine hydrochloride gave pyrazole derivatives 14a,b-17a,b, respectively. Moreover, reaction of 2c or 3c with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride gave isoxazole derivatives 18a,b. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity and showed that, compounds 14a, 14b, 15a and 15b were found to be the most active ones of all the tested compounds toward Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14,028) compared to the reference drug chloramphenicol. Eighteen new compounds namely, pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones 4a–c and 5a–c, pyrimidin-2(1H)-thiones 6a–c and 7a–c and pyrimidin-2-amines 8a–c and 9a–c were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against human liver carcinoma (HEPG2), human breast cancer (MCF7) and human colon cancer (HCT-116) cell lines and showed that, compounds 4c, 5c, 6c, 8c and 9c were found to be the highly active compounds compared to the reference drug doxorubicin.     

Supramolecular polymers from coronene multicarboxylates and multipyridiniums in water stabilized by ion-pair attraction and aromatic stacking

Coronene tatracarboxylate CTC and octacarboxylate COC have been utilized to interact with dipyridinium DP and tetrapyridinium TP to assemble new supramolecular polymers in water. It was revealed that CTC interacted with DP and TP in 1:2 and 1:1 stoichiometry, whereas the binding between COC and DP and TP occurred in 1:4 and 1:2 stoichiometry. For all complexations, DP and TP behaved as a uni- or siamesed tweezers to clamp CTC or COC driven by ion-pair attraction and hydrophobically driven stacking of the pyridinium and coronene units. Apparent association constants were determined to be 33400 (CTC/DP), 9400 (COC/DP), 151000 (CTC/TP), and 89000 (COC/TP) M^?1, respectively, for the single clamping binding motif of the four complexes. Dynamic light scattering and isothermal titration calorimetric experiments supported that the mixtures of CTC and COC with TP formed linear and cross-linked supramolecular polymers.     

Chemoenzymatic syntheses of naturally occurring β-glucosides

Enzymatic glycosidation of the various kinds of primary alcohols 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 and 4-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside 4 using β-glucosidase from almonds gave stereoselectively β-d-glucosides 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 including the naturally occurring β-glucosides in moderate yield. Among them, the β-glucosides 6, 8 and 10 were converted to the cyanoglycosides, rhodiocyanoside A 20a, osmaronin 24a and sutherlandin 29, respectively.     

Sesterterpenes and phenolic alkenes from the Thai sponge Hyrtios erectus

Sesterterpene, erectusolide A (1), six phenolic alkenes, erectuseneols A?F (2–7) and nine known compounds, luffalactone (8), luffariolide E (9), (6E)- and (6Z)-neomanoalide 24,25-diacetates (10 and 11), 6,6-dimethylundecane-2,5,10-trione (12), threo- and erythro-cavernosines (13 and 14), (4E,6E)-dehydromanoalide (15), echinoclerodane A (16), were isolated from the marine sponge Hyrtios erectus. Compound 13 was isolated for the first time from a natural source. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. The phenolic alkenes 3 and 7, the sesterterpenes 8–11 and 15, and compounds 12–14 were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against six cancer cell lines, MOLT-3, HepG2, HeLa, HuCCA-1, A549, and MDA-MB-231.     

Catalytic decomposition of branched α'-phenoxy-α-iazo ketones affording 2, 8h-cyclohepta[b]furan-3-one and 2h-cyclohepta[b]furan-3a(3ah)methyl-3-one

The decomposition induced by bis(hexafluoroacetoacetonato)Cu II on branched α-diazo ketones 1 bearing a phenoxy group at the α'-carbon has been investigated. The course of the reactions has been shown to be dependent upon substitution. Mixtures of furanones 2 and chromanones 4 were obtained from α-unsubstituted substrates 1b–d, as in the case of 1a. Instead, among the α-mono substituted substrates 1f and 1g selectively gave cycloneptatrienes 3f and 3g, respectively, while 1e and 1h gave mixtures of the corresponding 3 and 4. Cycloheptatrienes 3 easily rearranged to chromanones 4. The intermediacy of norcaradienes 5 has been tentatively proposed in the catalytic decomposition of 1, and in rearrangement of 3e–h to 4e–h.     

Synthesis, photophysical properties and sugar-dependent in vitro photocytotoxicity of pyrrolidine-fused chlorins bearing S-glycosides

Eight S-glycosylated 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(tetrafluorophenyl)porphyrins (1a′, 1b′, 1a and 1b (a: S-glucosylated, b: S-galactosylated)) and their 1,3-dipolar cycloadducts, i.e. chlorins 2a′, 2b′, 2a and 2b were prepared by nucleophilic substitution of the pentafluorophenyl groups with S-glycoside. These photosensitizers were characterized by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The photocytotoxicity of the S-glycosylated photosensitizers and the parent porphyrin (1) and chlorin (2) was examined in HeLa cells. Photosensitizers 1, 2, 1a′, 1b′, 2a′ and 2b′ showed no significant photocytotoxicity at the concentration of 0.5 μM, while the deprotected photosensitizers 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b were photocytotoxic. The strong inhibition by sodium azide of the photocytotoxicity of these photosensitizers suggested that ¹O₂ is the main mediator. The S-glucosylated photosensitizers 1a and 2a showed higher photocytotoxicity than S-galactosylated 1b and 2b, respectively. The cellular uptake of 1a and 2a increased up to 24 h, while that of 1b and 2b was saturated by 12 h.     

The synthesis of annulated pyridazines by cycloaddition of azodicarboxylates to vinyl heterocycles

Reaction between 2-vinyl pyridine and azodicarboxylates 2 or 5 gives N,N'-disubstituted tetrahydropyrido[3,2-c]pyridazines 3 and 6, and dihydro-3H-pyrido[1,2-c]triazines 4 and 7; 2-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-pyridine 8 gives hydropyridopyridazines 10 and 11 but 2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)pyridine 9 gives mainly the ‘ene’ addition product 12. From 4-vinyl-pyridine and esters 2 or 5 diesters of tetrahydropyrido[3,4-c]pyridazine-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, 25 and 26 are obtained, and from 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine both possible cyclisation products, the tetrahydro-pyrido[2,3-c]pyridazines 33 and 36, and -pyrido[4,3-c]pyridazines 34 and 37. The di-t-butyl esters 6, 11, 26, and 37 are quantitatively decarbalkoxylated in TFA, giving tetrahydropyridopyridazines 16, 18, 27, and 41; of these, the first three were oxidized to give pyrido[2,3-c]-pyridazine 15, its 3-methyl derivative 19, and pyrido[3,4-c]pyridazine 28 respectively. A dihydropyrido[4,3-c]-pyridazine 42 was obtained from compound 41. Thieno[2,3-c]-pyridazine 48 has been similarly prepared from 2-vinylthiophen, but 2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)thiophen gave an ene addition compound 51 and a dihydrothienopyridazine 50. Reactions with other vinylpyridines, and with vinylfurans, were unsuccessful.     

Some electrophilic reactivity studies of di-(2-indolyl)dibenzofurans and di-(2-indolyl)carbazoles

3,6-Bis-(2-indolyl)dibenzofurans 1,2, and carbazoles 3–6 underwent a range of electrophilic substitution reactions to produce formyl indoles 7–12, biindolyls 24–28 and 33–34, glyoxylamides 40–42, and amides 48.     

Solvent-dependent reactivities of acyclic nitrones with β-diketones: catalyst-free syntheses of endiones and enones

Reactions of the nitrones ^?O⁺N(Me)C(H)Ar 1 (Ar=phenyl 1a, 4-methylphenyl 1b, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl 1c, and anthracen-9-yl 1d) with the cyclic β-diketones 1,3-indandione 2 or barbituric acid 3 in CH₂Cl₂, afford the corresponding endiones 2′a–2′d or 3′a–3′d. In contrast, dimedone 4 reacts with 1a or 1b to give the endione 4′a or 4′b and the bis-adduct 4″a or 4″b. Nevertheless, reaction of 4 with 1c or 1d in CH₂Cl₂ furnishes only the endione adducts 4′c or 4′d. However, the reaction of 4 with 1a or 1b in methanol gives only 4″a or 4″b, respectively. Among acyclic β-diketones only malonic acid 7 reacts with 1a–1c. Reaction of 7 with 1a in CH₂Cl₂ forms cinnamic acid 7″a, whereas in the case of 1b, the endione 7′b and (E)-3-p-tolylacrylic acid 7″b are obtained. The nitrone 1c reacts with 7 in CH₂Cl₂ to afford the endione 7′c or with acetone yielding (E)-4-mesitylbut-3-en-2-one 8. X-ray analyses are reported for 4′c, 5, and 7″b. In addition, the calculated acidity of the hydrogen at the α-C atom is shown to correlate with the reactivity of the β-diketones with nitrones.     

Functionalized enamines—XV: Reactivity patterns of carbene addition to morpholine enamine of 1-β-acetoxy-6-oxo-8a-methyl-Δ-octalin

Carbenes3a-e add to the α-side of the first double bond of dienamine2 (title compound) to give 1 : 1 adducts4a-e, Chlorofluorocarbene3e gives, in addition, ketone7, corresponding to β-addition at the second double bond of2, and a 2 : 1 adduct8. The reaction of2 with dichlorocarbene3a yields, besides4a, novel ring-expansion products5 and6 corresponding to addition of two moles of3a. Ethoxycarbonylcarbene3f reacts with the dienamine (2) to give isomeric esters9 and10a,b. The structure assignments and the mechanism of formation of the reaction products are discussed.     

Studies on organophosphorus compounds: Thiation of 3,1-benzoxathian-4-ones. New routes to 1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-thiones and 3H-1,2-benzodithiol-3-imines

3,1-Benzoxathian-4-ones, 2, when heated with 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2, 4-disulfide, 1, or with P₄S₁₀ give one or more of the following products 3,1-benzoxathian-4-thione, 3, 1,3-benzodithian-4-one, 4, 1,3-benzodithian-4-thione, 5, and 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-thione, 6. Compounds 2, when heated with primary and secondary amines and with hydrazines, give 2-mercaptobenzamides, 7, and 2-mercaptobenzohydrazides, 8, or their corresponding disulfides, 7' and 8'. 3H-1, 2-Benzodithiol-3-immes, which are in equilibrium with 1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-thiones, (9A ? 9B), are prepared by two new routes (a) by allowing 3 or 5 to react with primary amines or hydrazines, (b) by allowing 7, 8, 7' or 8' to react with 1.     

Structural elucidation,antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of chemical composition from Jinsi Huangju (Chrysanthemum morifolium) flowers

Six new compounds (huangjusus A-F), including three caffeic acid glycosides (1–3), one quinic acid derivative (4), one dihydroflavone glycoside (11) and one monoterpene (31), together with thirty-eight known compounds (5–10, 12–30, 32–44), were obtained from “Jinsi Huangju” (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) flowers. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of the data obtained from different spectroscopic techniques. Among these compounds, five new (1–4 and 11) and ten known (5–9, 12, 13, 17, 40, and 42) compounds demonstrated significant 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging effects with IC₅₀ values of 4.22–19.90 μM. Furthermore, three new compounds (1, 11, and 31) and seven known compounds (13, 19, 21, 29, 30, 39, and 41) exhibited potent hepatoprotective activities against N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells with the cell survival rates of 61.53 %, 63.55 %, 60.01 %, 63.05 %, 59.75 %, 59.15 %, 61.07 %, 62.72 %, 58.86 %, and 58.76 % (positive control bicyclol, 58.41 %), respectively, at a concentration of 10 μM. These results indicate the potency of the flowers against radicals and in hepatoprotections.     

Resolution of 1-arylalkylamines with 3-O-hydrogen phthalate glucofuranose derivatives: role of steric bulk in a family of resolving agents

The development of three new acidic resolving agents which are hydrogen phthalates of 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-glucofuranose 1, 1,2:5,6-di-O-cyclohexylidene-α-d-glucofuranose 2 and 1,2-O-cyclohexylidene-5,6-O-diphenylmethylidene-α-d-glucofuranose 3 is shown for the resolution of 1-arylalkylamines 7a–k. The salts between 1, 2 and (RS)-1-arylalkylamines 7a–k selectively crystallize 1·(S) 7a–j and 2·(S) 7a–h salts, allowing us to recover the corresponding bases (S) 7a–j and (S) 7a–h, respectively, in good yield and enantiomeric excess (73–95% ee). Whereas, the salts between 3 and (RS)-1-arylalkylamines 7a–c,g–i,k selectively crystallize 3·(S)-7a–c,g–i salts to recover the corresponding bases (S)-7a–c,g–i in poor enantiomeric excess (4–35% ee). The difference between the resolving ability of 1 and 2 for 1-arylalkylamines 7a–h is very slight, but there is considerable difference compared to ortho-substituted 1-arylalkylamines 7i and 7j. The role of substituents on a family of resolving agents 1, 2 and 3 is also discussed to interpret their resolving ability.     

Phenolic compounds of Solanum xanthocarpum play an important role in anti-inflammatory effects

Solanum xanthocarpum is used for the treatment of rheumatic arthritis, toothache, sore throats, carbuncle, furuncle, and other inflammatory diseases in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medical system, with the phenolic compounds being one of its principal components. In this study, 51 phenolic compounds including seven new compounds 1, 2, 9, 13, 17, 22, and 40 were isolated from the fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum. 40 known compounds 3–8, 10–12, 14–16, 18–21, 23–25, 28–32, 35–39, 41–51 were firstly isolated from Solanum xanthocarpum. Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, X-ray crystallography, NMR calculations, chemical methods, and comparisons of spectroscopic data. The results of anti-inflammatory assays indicated that most isolated compounds (3–7, 11–30, 32–37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, and 48–51) possessed significant inhibitory activities of the NO release of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 10.46 to 47.59 μM. Further analysis by molecular docking implied that most bioactive compounds could interact with the amino acid residues of iNOS proteins, supporting the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds. Especially, compounds 17–20, 26–27, 32, and 34 showed strong affinities with iNOS proteins. The bioinformatic analysis further revealed the potential anti-inflammatory targets of the phenolic compounds isolated from the fruits of Solanum xanthocarpum.