铜绿微囊藻液中提取叶绿素a作为基准物用于荧光光度法测定叶绿素含量

用乙醇从铜绿微囊藻中提取叶绿素a并用分光光度法测得提取液中叶绿素a的质量浓度为1 902.5μg·L-1,以叶绿素a作为标准物质,用荧光光度法测定叶绿素含量。叶绿素a的质量浓度在30~1 800μg·L-1范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系。试验表明:该提取液在冰箱4℃条件下保存,5h内其荧光值的相对误差为±2.5%;在pH 3~9范围内应用时,荧光值的相对误差为±5.0%;在温度5℃~30℃范围中使用时,荧光值的相对误差为±3.0%,证明提取液的稳定性能满足使用要求。与叶绿素标准品同时测定了5个水样中的叶绿素含量,经t检验所得结果之间无显著差异,说明可用叶绿素a代替叶绿素标准品作为荧光光度法中的基准物质。     

铜绿微囊藻强化降解金霉素及降解产物的毒性评估

研究了铜绿微囊藻在模拟自然条件下对金霉素降解的强化作用,并对降解产物进行了毒性评估。结果表明,铜绿微囊藻存在下,浓度为10μmol/L的金霉素在24h内的降解效率可提高42. 27%,主要降解产物为4-差相金霉素、异金霉素和4-差相异金霉素。铜绿微囊藻的生长在强化金霉素降解的过程中受到了抑制,最大抑制率为67. 58%,当金霉素被强化降解后,铜绿微囊藻的生长抑制率降低4. 74%。强化降解后的金霉素对铜绿微囊藻叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量的负面影响明显减弱,活性氧自由基以及抗氧化系统防御水平降至正常水平。     

水合肼测定中水体浊度对测定结果影响的探讨

在地表水样品水合肼的监测过程中,水体的浊度对测定结果有着较大的影响,本文通过扣除水体浊度本底和在冰箱中存放不同时间等方法来消除浊度的影响,认为扣除本底和将水样在冰箱中存放二天后再测均可以有效地减少浊度对水合肼测定结果的影响.     

分光光度法测定水体中叶绿素a的浓缩方法的改进

<正>浮游植物中叶绿素a的含量是估算水域初级生产力的一个重要指标,近几十年来,随着水体富营养化问题的日益加剧,精确测定水体中叶绿素a的含量意义重大。目前测定水体中叶绿素a的国家标准方法为分光光度法[1],该方法所用萃取溶剂为丙酮,其萃取效率较差且有毒,操作还较繁琐。对此,科研工作者先后从萃取溶剂[2-3]、提取方法[4-5]和滤膜的选择[6-7]等方面对分光光度法进行了改进,效果显     

叶绿素a和b的二阶导数荧光法测定

本文提出叶绿素a和b的二阶导数荧光分析法。本法以450nm为激发波长。叶绿素b在644nm(正峰)测定,叶绿素a不干扰,测定范围为1—300ppb。叶绿素a在676nm(负峰)测定,叶绿素b在该波长有一弱的正峰应予扣除,测定范围为4—400ppb。此法与分光光度法、同步荧光法同时对照试验,结果基本一致。     

同步荧光法测定西双版纳热带雨林沉积物中的叶绿素及其环境意义

沉积物中的叶绿素及其衍生物不易变化,是生产力的敏感指标。因此,根据其含量和种类可探查陆地生态系统的初级生产力。讨论了沉积物中叶绿素的提取及同步荧光测定叶绿素的方法,并应用于西双版纳热带雨林沉积物中叶绿素的测定,并对其环境意义进行了初步研究。研究发现,在最佳实验条件下,叶绿素a、b的浓度在0.5～200μg/L范围内与荧光信号呈良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9994、0.9999;其检出限分别为1.410和0.376μg/L。本方法适合批量测定,为沉积物中低含量叶绿素的测定提供了一种简单而快速的测定方法。     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量的样品采集与预处理

探讨钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量的样品采集与预处理方法。采用钼酸铵分光光度法测定地表水总磷含量时,水体中的泥沙对测定结果影响很大,正确采集样品及去除浊度十分重要。分别针对枯水期和丰水期水样,研究了自然沉降、过筛、离心或抽滤(20μm或0.45μm滤膜)5种采样方式和直接消解测定、浊度–色度补偿、消解后抽滤测定3种预处理方式对地表水总磷测定结果的影响。结果表明:自然沉降是最合理的采样方式,枯水期样品可直接消解测定,丰水期样品可消解抽滤后测定。     

恒压内循环分离-吸收法测定水体中硫化物

采用自行设计、制作的恒压内循环分离-吸收实验装置测定水体硫化物含量,并讨论了内循环气体流量、反应时间等因素对测定结果的影响。实验结果显示,当内循环气体流量高于700 mL/min时,硫的回收率可达95%以上,当反应时间延至20 min,甚至达到60 min时,硫回收率都达到了95%以上。内循环吹气吸收法在室温条件下就能满足实验要求,反应液硫含量在5~40μg之间时,硫的回收率可达95%~105%,检出限为5μg/L。研究还就方法的准确度进行了误差计算,并对宁波市实际水体进行了硫化物含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定蓝绿藻中微囊藻毒素

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,考察了不同溶剂、不同超声波震荡时间和不同固相萃取(SPE)洗脱液浓度对藻毒素提取效率的影响,以及梯度淋洗HPLC分离藻毒素条件的优化。藻毒素浓度在1~100 mg·L-1范围内,峰面积与藻毒素进样量呈线性关系,相关系数为0.999 5,检出限为0.12 ng。方法可靠、灵敏度较高,用于实际藻样中藻毒素的测定,回收率为96.5%~98.0%。     

微囊藻毒素在单波长紫外光照射下的光降解动态研究

研究了两种微囊藻毒素在两种紫外光照射下的光降解行为,研究结果表明:UV-C是降解微囊藻毒素较好的光源;光照强度是影响毒素降解重要的因素,其次是温度和酸度;在UV-C的照射下,水体腐殖质对光降解具有抑制作用;微囊藻毒素的光解反应符合准一级动力学模型.同时本工作还按实际环境水体中毒素的含量水平进行了模拟研究,发现紫外光UV-C对环境水体中低含量的微囊藻毒素具有很强的去除能力.为今后发展无毒、高效、经济实用的饮用水处理技术做了有益的探索.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。