耦合含时滞的相互依存网络的局部自适应异质同步

针对由两个子网络构成的耦合含时滞的相互依存网络,研究其局部自适应异质同步问题.时滞同时存在于两个子网络的内部耦合项和子网络间的一对一相互依赖耦合项中,且网络的耦合关系满足非线性特性和光滑性.基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论、线性矩阵不等式方法和自适应控制技术,通过对子网络设置合适的控制器,提出了使得相互依存网络的子网络分别同步到异质孤立系统的充分条件.针对小世界网络和无标度网络构成的相互依存网络进行数值模拟,验证了提出理论的正确性和有效性.     

Robustness of spatial networks and networks of networks

Many complex networks have recently been recognized to involve significant interdependence between different systems. Motivation comes primarily from infrastructures like power grids and communications networks, but also includes areas such as the human brain and finance. Interdependence implies that when components in one system fail, they lead to failures in the same system or other systems. This can then lead to additional failures finally resulting in a long cascade that can cripple the entire system. Furthermore, many of these networks, in particular infrastructure networks, are embedded in space and thus have unique spatial properties that significantly decrease their resilience to failures. Here we present a review of novel results on interdependent spatial networks and how cascading processes are affected by spatial embedding. We include various aspects of spatial embedding such as cases where dependencies are spatially restricted and localized attacks on nodes contained in some spatial region of the network. In general, we find that spatial networks are more vulnerable when they are interdependent and that they are more likely to undergo abrupt failure transitions than interdependent non-embedded networks. We also present results on recovery in spatial networks, the nature of cascades due to overload failures in these networks, and some examples of percolation features found in real-world traffic networks. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on future possible research directions in this area.     

Vulnerability of network of networks

Our dependence on networks – be they infrastructure, economic, social or others – leaves us prone to crises caused by the vulnerabilities of these networks. There is a great need to develop new methods to protect infrastructure networks and prevent cascade of failures (especially in cases of coupled networks). Terrorist attacks on transportation networks have traumatized modern societies. With a single blast, it has become possible to paralyze airline traffic, electric power supply, ground transportation or Internet communication. How, and at which cost can one restructure the network such that it will become more robust against malicious attacks? The gradual increase in attacks on the networks society depends on – Internet, mobile phone, transportation, air travel, banking, etc. – emphasize the need to develop new strategies to protect and defend these crucial networks of communication and infrastructure networks. One example is the threat of liquid explosives a few years ago, which completely shut down air travel for days, and has created extreme changes in regulations. Such threats and dangers warrant the need for new tools and strategies to defend critical infrastructure. In this paper we review recent advances in the theoretical understanding of the vulnerabilities of interdependent networks with and without spatial embedding, attack strategies and their affect on such networks of networks as well as recently developed strategies to optimize and repair failures caused by such attacks.     

多层网络级联失效的预防和恢复策略概述

现实生活中,与国计民生密切相关的基础设施网络大多不是独立存在的,而是彼此之间相互联系或依赖的,于是用于研究这些系统的多层网络模型随之产生.多层网络中的节点在失效或者遭受攻击后会因"层内"和"层间"的相互作用而产生级联效应,从而使得失效能够在网络层内和层间反复传播并使得失效规模逐步放大.因此,多层网络比单个网络更加脆弱.多层网络级联失效产生的影响和损失往往是非常巨大的,所以对多层网络级联失效的预防和恢复的研究具有重大意义.就多层网络级联失效的预防而言,主要包含故障检测,保护重要节点,改变网络耦合机制和节点备份等策略.就多层网络发生级联失效后的恢复策略而言,主要包含共同边界节点恢复、空闲连边恢复、加边恢复、重要节点优先恢复、更改拓扑结构、局域攻击修复、自适应边修复等策略.     

The eight-fold way for optical quasicrystals

Network theory is increasingly employed to study the structure and behaviour of social, physical and technological systems — including civil infrastructure. Many of these systems are interconnected and the interdependencies between them allow disruptive events to propagate across networks, enabling damage to spread far beyond the immediate footprint of disturbance. In this research we experiment with a model to characterise the configuration of interdependencies in terms of direction, redundancy, and extent, and we analyse the performance of interdependent systems with a wide range of possible coupling modes. We demonstrate that networks with directed dependencies are less robust than those with undirected dependencies, and that the degree of redundancy in inter-network dependencies can have a differential effect on robustness depending on the directionality of the dependencies. As interdependencies between many real-world systems exhibit these characteristics, it is likely that many such systems operate near their critical thresholds. The vulnerability of an interdependent network is shown to be reducible in a cost effective way, either by optimising inter-network connections, or by hardening high degree nodes. The results improve understanding of the influence of interdependencies on system performance and provide insight into how to mitigate associated risks.     

核电站最小安全系统电磁脉冲效应试验研究

高空电磁脉冲(HEMP)可通过线缆、孔缝等耦合通道进入电子设备,对各种电子化设备造成暂时甚至永久损伤。考虑到核电站的安全防护等级要求极高,因此有必要研究强电磁脉冲作用下核电站内电子系统的易损性和薄弱环节。首先确定并搭建了核电站最小安全系统模拟试验系统,包括电气、仪控系统和时钟同步系统; 搭建满足GJB 8848-2016规定的威胁级辐照试验平台; 然后对核电站最小安全系统进行辐照效应试验。利用试验数据及效应现象,初步分析了核电站最小安全系统在强电磁脉冲作用下的效应规律,发现HEMP对核电站最小安全系统具有一定程度的威胁,但未影响其核心关键职能。通过总结效应现象、分析薄弱环节和效应阈值,为接下来核电站最小安全系统的易损性评估和防护策略的制定提供依据。     

国家关键基础设施电磁恢复力

随着国家关键基础设施建设规模和信息化水平的提升,其在高空电磁脉冲、有意电磁干扰和地磁暴等强电磁环境下的电磁安全逐渐受到了国内外的关注。强电磁环境属于小概率、高风险事件,其影响机理和评估方法与雷电、系统内过电压等常规电磁事件有较大不同,采用期望风险指标的常规可靠性分析方法难以有效评估管理强电磁环境相关风险。从电磁恢复力视角出发,提出了关键基础设施电磁安全的三棱锥模型,并重点以电网为例,探讨关键基础设施电磁恢复力的内涵和外延,并对开展电磁恢复力研究提出建议。     

Assessment and Prediction of Water Resources Vulnerability Based on a NRS-RF Model: A Case Study of the Song-Liao River Basin,China

The vulnerability of water resources is an important criterion for evaluating the carrying capacity of water resources systems under the influence of climate change and human activities. Moreover, assessment and prediction of river basins’ water resources vulnerability are important means to assess the water resources security state of river basins and identify possible problems in future water resources systems. Based on the constructed indicator system of water resources vulnerability assessment in Song-Liao River Basin, this paper uses the neighborhood rough set (abbreviated as NRS) method to reduce the dimensionality of the original indicator system to remove redundant attributes. Then, assessment indicators’ standard values after dimensionality reduction are taken as the evaluation sample, and the random forest regression (abbreviated as RF) model is used to assess the water resources vulnerability of the river basin. Finally, based on data under three different future climate and socio-economic scenarios, scenario predictions are made on the vulnerability of future water resources. The results show that the overall water resources vulnerability of the Song-Liao River Basin has not improved significantly in the past 18 years, and the overall vulnerability of the Song-Liao River Basin is in the level V of moderate to high vulnerability. In the future scenario 1, the overall water resources vulnerability of the river basin will improve, and it is expected to achieve an improvement to the level III of moderate to low vulnerability. At the same time, the natural vulnerability and vulnerability of carrying capacity will increase significantly in the future, and the man-made vulnerability will increase slowly, which will deteriorate to the level V of moderate to high vulnerability under Scenario 3. Therefore, taking active measures can significantly reduce the vulnerability of nature and carrying capacity, but man-made vulnerability will become a bottleneck restricting the fragility of the overall water resources of the river basin in the future.     

利用地铁隧道风能发电的设计与研究

当今世界,随着社会发展,能源是经济之本,是人类生活的依存。本项目对地铁隧道风力发电展开研究,从了解地铁隧道风能的特征入手,通过理论分析结合实验验证,制作实体模型辅助研究,做出初步可行性分析,认定方案可行,然后提出有效利用地铁风力发电的创新设计方案,其中包括羽状风叶、差速装置和机械蓄能装置,并以此为基础设计了整套地铁隧道风力发电设计。该设计是对室内环境风力发电的率先探索,通过研究可得出：利用地铁隧道风力发电设计是一种新的能源利用形式,并有一定应用前景。     

Do topological models provide good information about electricity infrastructure vulnerability?

In order to identify the extent to which results from topological graph models are useful for modeling vulnerability in electricity infrastructure, we measure the susceptibility of power networks to random failures and directed attacks using three measures of vulnerability: characteristic path lengths, connectivity loss, and blackout sizes. The first two are purely topological metrics. The blackout size calculation results from a model of cascading failure in power networks. Testing the response of 40 areas within the Eastern U.S. power grid and a standard IEEE test case to a variety of attack/failure vectors indicates that directed attacks result in larger failures using all three vulnerability measures, but the attack-vectors that appear to cause the most damage depend on the measure chosen. While the topological metrics and the power grid model show some similar trends, the vulnerability metrics for individual simulations show only a mild correlation. We conclude that evaluating vulnerability in power networks using purely topological metrics can be misleading.     

一种全局同质化相依网络耦合模式

相依网络的相依模式(耦合模式)是影响其鲁棒性的重要因素之一.本文针对具有无标度特性的两个子网络提出一种全局同质化相依网络耦合模式.该模式以子网络的总度分布均匀化为原则建立相依网络的相依边,一方面压缩度分布宽度,提高其对随机失效的抗毁性,另一方面避开对度大节点(关键节点)的相依,提高其对蓄意攻击的抗毁性.论文将其与常见的节点一对一的同配、异配及随机相依模式以及一对多随机相依模式作了对比分析,仿真研究其在随机失效和蓄意攻击下的鲁棒性能.研究结果表明,本文所提全局同质化相依网络耦合模式能大大提高无标度子网络所构成的相依网络抗级联失效能力.本文研究成果能够为相依网络的安全设计等提供指导意义.     

The Power Grid as a complex network: A survey

The statistical tools of Complex Network Analysis are of useful to understand salient properties of complex systems, may these be natural or pertaining human engineered infrastructures. One of these that is receiving growing attention for its societal relevance is that of electricity distribution. In this paper, we present a survey of the most relevant scientific studies investigating the properties of different Power Grids infrastructures using Complex Network Analysis techniques and methodologies. We categorize and explore the most relevant literature works considering general topological properties, physical properties, and differences between the various graph-related indicators and reliability aspects. We also trace the evolution in such field of the approach of study during the years to see the improvement achieved in the analysis.     

Special features of the safety and control systems of theDhruva reactor

The prime requirement of reactor safety combined with the need for high availability of nuclear plants have, in recent years, led to considerable research and development efforts at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in the field of reactor safety and control engineering. The areas of special interest have been the development of a fast acting emergency shutdown system, on-line fault detection facility for the reactor protection circuits, enhanced instrumentation capability for measurement of critical plant parameters and computerised systems for plant protection, control, performance evaluation, disturbance analysis, and data acquisition and display with particular attention to the problem of manmachine interface. Some of these recent concepts have been incorporated in safety and control systems of theDhruva reactor which is at present undergoing commissioning trials at Trombay. The special features of these systems are highlighted in the paper. The safety strategy adopted for the reactor and the consequent development of special safety systems are described in detail. The choice of the reactor control scheme and the methodology followed in the design of the automatic power control system are indicated. Campbell instrumentation for measurement of neutron flux or in other words reactor power, extensive use of microprocessors in safety related instrumentation and an improved man-machine interface through suitable design of control room have helped in achieving a high degree of reactor safety. The salient features of these systems are also included.     

An improved model for structural vulnerability analysis of power networks

Electric power networks have been studied as a typical example of real-world complex networks. Traditional models for structural vulnerability analysis appear to be all based on physical topological structure. In this paper, we depict a typical power network as a weighted graph based on electrical topology by introducing its bus admittance matrix, which embodies the important characteristics of power networks in a much more realistic structure. Furthermore, the numerical simulation for both the traditional dynamical model and the proposed electrical topological model are investigated based on the IEEE 300 bus system respectively. The comparison demonstrates that the improved model is more precise and highly efficient for the analysis of structural vulnerability of power networks.     

Controllability of heterogeneous interdependent group systems under undirected and directed topology

The controllability problem of heterogeneous interdependent group systems with undirected and directed topology is investigated in this paper. First, the interdependent model of the heterogeneous system is set up according to the difference of individual characteristics. An extended distributed protocol with the external sliding-mode control is designed, under which it is shown that a heterogeneous interdependent group system is controllable when the corresponding communication topology is controllable. Then, using the network eigenvalue method, the driving individuals are determined for a heterogeneous system with undirected topology. Under directed topology, the maximum match method is utilized to confirm the driving individuals. Some sufficient and necessary conditions are presented to assure that the heterogeneous interdependent group system is structurally controllable. Via theoretical analysis, the controllability of heterogeneous interdependent systems is related to the interdependent manner and the structure of the heterogeneous system. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.     

High-throughput heterogeneous catalyst research

With the discovery of abundant and low cost crude oil in the early 1900’s came the need to create efficient conversion processes to produce low cost fuels and basic chemicals. Enormous investment over the last century has led to the development of a set of highly efficient catalytic processes which define the modern oil refinery and which produce most of the raw materials and fuels used in modern society. Process evolution and development has led to a refining infrastructure that is both dominated and enabled by modern heterogeneous catalyst technologies. Refineries and chemical manufacturers are currently under intense pressure to improve efficiency, adapt to increasingly disadvantaged feedstocks including biomass, lower their environmental footprint, and continue to deliver their products at low cost. This pressure creates a demand for new and more robust catalyst systems and processes that can accommodate them.Traditional methods of catalyst synthesis and testing are slow and inefficient, particularly in heterogeneous systems where the structure of the active sites is typically complex and the reaction mechanism is at best ill-defined. While theoretical modeling and a growing understanding of fundamental surface science help guide the chemist in designing and synthesizing targets, even in the most well understood areas of catalysis, the parameter space that one needs to explore experimentally is vast. The result is that the chemist using traditional methods must navigate a complex and unpredictable diversity space with a limited data set to make discoveries or to optimize known systems.We describe here a mature set of synthesis and screening technologies that together form a workflow that breaks this traditional paradigm and allows for rapid and efficient heterogeneous catalyst discovery and optimization. We exemplify the power of these new technologies by describing their use in the development and commercialization of a novel catalyst for the hydrodesulfurization of gasoline distillates having 50% more selectivity and 30% more activity for sulfur removal than the state-of-the-art commercial reference.     

Game theory and power control in ultrawideband networks

This paper describes a theoretical framework for the design and analysis of power control algorithms for high-throughput wireless networks using ultrawideband (UWB) technologies. The tools of game theory are shown to be expedient for deriving scalable, energy-efficient, distributed power control schemes to be applied to a population of battery-operated user terminals in a rich multipath environment. In particular, the power control issue is modeled as a dynamic noncooperative game in which each user chooses its transmit power so as to maximize its own utility, which is defined as the ratio of throughput to transmit power. Although distributed (noncooperative) control is known to be suboptimal with respect to the optimal centralized (cooperative) solution, it is shown via large-system analysis that the game-theoretic distributed algorithm based on Nash equilibrium exhibits negligible performance degradation with respect to the centralized socially optimal configuration. The framework described here is general enough to also encompass the analysis of code division multiple access (CDMA) systems and to show that UWB slightly outperforms CDMA in terms of achieved utility at the Nash equilibrium.     

Analysis,calculation and utilization of the k-balance attribute in interdependent networks

Interdependent networks, where two networks depend on each other, are becoming more and more significant in modern systems. From previous work, it can be concluded that interdependent networks are more vulnerable than a single network. The robustness in interdependent networks deserves special attention. In this paper, we propose a metric of robustness from a new perspective—the balance. First, we define the balance-coefficient of the interdependent system. Based on precise analysis and derivation, we prove some significant theories and provide an efficient algorithm to compute the balance-coefficient. Finally, we propose an optimal solution to reduce the balance-coefficient to enhance the robustness of the given system. Comprehensive experiments confirm the efficiency of our algorithms.     

X波段高功率负载的优化设计与测试

利用三维电磁场仿真软件CST进行了圆形水室水负载的仿真设计，先后设计的两种不同规格的负载驻波比分别为1.032 5和1.055 3，在50 MW的峰值功率下，峰值场强分别为21.16 MV/m和17.57 MV/m；并探究了陶瓷片和水的介电性质对驻波比的影响；测试驻波比分别为1.058 2和1.076 3。对一种圆筒水负载进行了优化设计，结果表明其具有很高的功率耐受水平。最后设计了一种不锈钢干负载，对其吸收齿结构和长度进行了优化，使其更利于加工。使用ANSYS对干负载结构进行了热应力分析，结果显示，最高温度和最大应力分别为83.478 ℃和63.917 MPa，最大形变为0.072 971 mm。     

重复频率脉冲功率系统触发器设计

根据重复频率脉冲功率系统中大功率开关器件氢闸流管的触发原理,针对选用的氢闸流管VE4147的触发要求,设计了直流偏压-150 V、空载电压2 000 V、脉冲电流10 A、脉冲宽度800 ns、重复频率10 kHz的触发器。设计中着重从增强抗干扰能力、降低功耗、改善散热等方面进行考虑,保证触发器以10 kHz的重复频率持续工作,已经应用于100 kV/2 kHz高压脉冲电源、70 kV/10 kHz氢闸流管老练平台、150 kV/1 kHz可调脉宽电晕等离子体驱动源等多个重复频率脉冲功率系统中。