Whole field measurements of acousto-optic refraction

A new effect of acousto-optic refraction has been detected. The effect is observed in optical images of sound fields and has the appearance of bright fringes in the images. The fringes are shown to identify contours of equal refraction angle. Since the angle of optical refraction induced by a sound field is—under certain conditions—proportional to the spatial gradient or slope of the acoustic pressure, the name “iso-slope fringes” is applied. This new effect can be used to make optical whole field measurements of sound fields with significantly better spatial resolution than is possible with current measurement methods. The new effect may be of particular interest to investigators analyzing non-linear acoustic propagation phenomena.     

Analyzing the quality of the first order diffracted laser beam emerging from an acousto-optic modulator

The quality of the first-order diffracted laser beam that emerges from an acousto-optic light modulator has been studied, while changing the diameter and the convergence of the incident beam.     

Calibration of optical tweezers based on acousto-optic deflector and field programmable gate array

Accurate calibrations of stiffness and position are crucial to the quantitative measurement with optical tweezers. In this paper, we present a new calibration scheme for optical tweezers including stiffness and position calibrations. In our system, acousto-optic deflectors (AODs) are used as laser beam manipulating component. The AODs are controlled by a field programmable gate array (FPGA) connected to a computer using universal serial bus (USB) communication mode. Our results agree well with the present theory and other experimental results.     

Analysis of the deviation of the diffracted beams caused by acousto-optic tunable filter in multispectral imaging

The deviation caused by acousto-optic tunable filter(AOTF) diffraction in multispectral imaging is analyzed through derivation calculus of the deviation angle.The rotatory polarization of acousto-optic crystal is taken into account in this analysis.The relationships between the polar angle of the incident and the diffracted beams are acquired by using the momentum-matching condition.During the diffraction of the incident beams,far more deviations are induced.     

The diffracted sound field from the transition region of an axisymmetric body in water

Understanding the physical features of the diffracted sound field on the surface of an axisymmetric body is important for predicting the self-noise of a sonar mounted on an underwater platform.The diffracted sound field from the transition region of an axisymmetric body was calculated by the geometrical theory of diffraction.The diffraction ray between the source point and the receiving point on the surface of an axisymmetric body was calculated by using the dynamic programming method.Based on the diffracted sound field,a simulation scheme for the noise correlation of the conformal array was presented.It was shown that the normalized pressure of the diffracted sound field from the transition region reduced with the increases of the frequency and the curvature of the ray.The flow noises of two models were compared and a rather optimum fore-body geometric shape was given.Furthermore,it was shown that the correlation of the flow noise in the low frequencies was stronger than that in the high frequencies.And the flow noise received by the acoustic array on the curved surface had a stronger correlation than that on the head plane at the designed center frequency,which is important for sonar system design.     

Stray field measurements of flow displacement distributions without pulsed field gradients

The probability distribution P(zeta) of diffusive and advective molecular displacements is determined using a fixed field gradient (FFG) pulse sequence, on fluid flow through a Bentheimer sandstone, in the grossly inhomogeneous stray field of a super-conducting magnet. Two decades of q-space are scanned with stimulated echoes, using the gradient of the stray field and variable encoding times delta. The strength of the gradient permits the use of short encoding times, which is desirable for limiting the distorting effects produced by flow displacements through susceptibility induced field inhomogeneities. CPMG and CP echo trains are used to refocus separately the real and imaginary parts of the stimulated echo, for experimental efficiency.     

Influence of field evaporation treatment on the field emission properties of carbon nanotubes array

Field evaporation was used in the post-fabrication treatment of a carbon nanotubes (CNTs) array and effectively modified the CNTs morphology in favor of the field emission under a moderate field. After the field evaporation treatment, the uniformity of the emission site distribution improved but the onset voltage rose. Using the Fowler-Nordheim theory, the actual onset field and the evaporation field around the CNT were calculated to be −4.6-5 and 9-12 V/nm, respectively. These values are close to those obtained from the individual CNT samples. The above results have provided an alternative to modify the configuration of an array sample and demonstrated the feasibility of tackling the problem of the disparity in the field emission capability of different CNTs in an array.     

The determination of electron density profiles from refraction measurements obtained using holographic interferometry

The angles a fourth-harmonic holographic interferometer probing beam is refracted upon passing through a neodymium laser-produced plasma have been measured by varying the focus during reconstruction of the hologram. A method (not requiring the numerical inversion of an integral equation) for using such refraction measurements to give the plasma electron density profile is shown to produce a profile in agreement with that obtained from the phase information on the reconstructed in-focus interferogram.     

Plane-wave analysis of the near field of light diffracted by ultrasound.

Although the phenomenon of light diffraction by ultrasound has been studied very extensively during the last 40 years, almost all investigations were concentrated on the individual far field (Fraunhofer) diffraction orders. In the present paper, the basic theory is developed for studying the near field (Fresnel region) of light diffracted by an arbitrary plane ultrasonic wave and the fundamental periodicity properties are stated. The general plane-wave theory of Raman-Nath has been taken as a starting point. From the analysis, the near field of the diffracted light is seen to be highly sensitive to variations of the ultrasonic amplitude and this feature provides a useful technique for observing weak ultrasonic waves. In particular, for the specific case of Raman-Nath-type diffraction, a procedure is presented allowing the reconstruction of the time waveform of the ultrasonic wave from the diffracted light intensity signal.     

Spectral anomalies of polychromatic, spatially coherent light diffracted by an annular aperture in the far field

The spectral behavior of polychromatic spatially fully coherent light diffracted by an annular aperture in the far field is studied.     

Analysis of the field diffracted by a cylinder with a perforated coating

The direct and inverse problems of plane wave diffraction by a circular cylinder with a perforated coating are investigated. In the context of the direct problem, it is shown that a coated cylinder causes a more intense diffraction field than that produced by a smooth cylinder. In the context of the inverse problem, the parameters of the perforated coating are chosen so as to ensure a given level of suppression for the field diffracted by the cylinder.     

A fast signal subspace approach for the determination of absolute levels from phased microphone array measurements

Phased microphone arrays are used in a variety of applications for the estimation of acoustic source location and spectra. The popular conventional delay-and-sum beamforming methods used with such arrays suffer from inaccurate estimations of absolute source levels and in some cases also from low resolution. Deconvolution approaches such as DAMAS have better performance, but require high computational effort. A fast beamforming method is proposed that can be used in conjunction with a phased microphone array in applications with focus on the correct quantitative estimation of acoustic source spectra. This method bases on an eigenvalue decomposition of the cross spectral matrix of microphone signals and uses the eigenvalues from the signal subspace to estimate absolute source levels. The theoretical basis of the method is discussed together with an assessment of the quality of the estimation. Experimental tests using a loudspeaker setup and an airfoil trailing edge noise setup in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel show that the proposed method is robust and leads to reliable quantitative results.     

偏振方向对阵列光束远场能量分布的影响

为了研究相干合成系统发光单元的偏振方向对相干合成远场光强分布的影响,以1维线性分布的阵列为例,利用傅里叶方法分析得到了单个发光单元的偏振方向偏离时相干合成的远场光强的解析表达式。数值计算结果表明:光源偏振方向的偏离使得远场中心光斑的峰值光强减小,光强的最小值不再为零,次瓣所包含的能量增大,但图样仍成对称性分布。对于5个单元合成系统,当单个发光单元偏振方向偏离π/2时,峰值光强减小到原来的68%左右。     

Similarity of light fluxes diffracted in the far field by apertures of complicated shape

Translation of Preprint No. 189, Lebedev Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1990.     

Extending the field of view of an adaptively corrected telescope by longitudinal pupil displacement

A simple scheme is proposed to increase the corrected field of view of a telescope equipped with adaptive optics. The optical system's entrance pupil is projected forward into the atmosphere and is slightly reduced in size. The field in any given direction is then imaged through just a portion of the main aperture, while the full aperture is used to collect light from the reference beacons, which may be either natural stars or laser beacons. The enlargement of the field of view is proportional to the reduction in pupil size and therefore comes at some cost in flux and resolution. A numerical simulation shows that the trade-off is modest and may in many cases be advantageous.     

High-frequency asymptotics of wave field diffracted by plane angular sector. I

The problem of plane-wave diffraction by an angular sector is examined. It is assumed that the wave process is described by the Helmholtz equation and that the Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions are satisfied on the sector. An exact solution of the problem is constructed in the form of a Sommerfeld integral, which is convenient for study of the problem in a high-frequency approximation.     

Influence of a magnetic field on susceptibilities measurements in the nematic phase

We give a simple calculation of the influence of long wavelength fluctuations on the elements of second order tensors describing the properties of nematics, submitted to the action of a magnetic field. A careful analysis of the field dependence of the measured values, should give the validity domain of the Frank elastic theory.