A Mid-Infrared Sensor for Monitoring of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment

Abstract

As part of the European research project SOFIE - “Spectroscopy using Optical Fibres in the Marine Environment”, a portable sensor system for chlorinated hydrocarbons in seawater is being developed. This novel analytical tool for real-time in-situ monitoring of a particularly important class of seawater pollutants consists of a robust, miniaturised FT-IR spectrometer in a sealed aluminium pressure vessel and a fibre optic sensor head. In a laboratory set-up using an ATR-crystal as a simplified sensor head, the effect of potentially interfering substances, both of natural and anthropogenic origin, on the sensor response was tested. It was found that the sensor readings for a specific analyte are not susceptible to aliphatic and aromatic components as well as other chlorinated hydrocarbons up to concentrations well above the average levels to be encountered in the oceans. The same applies for the parameters salinity and turbidity. Consequently, the proposed sensor system should be well suited for real-world sub-sea applications.     

Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Pollutants or Indicators of Fish Stock Structure

Abstract

Chlorinated hydrocarbons are used in industry for many purposes. They are ubiquitous in the environment. Being soluble in lipids, they tend to accumulate in living organisms and consequently in the food chain. In an attempt to identify the herring stock units (Clupea harengus harengus) present in the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Chaleur Bay, we have measured the degree of contamination by some organochlorinated compounds, of herrings fished in both locations. The purpose of the study is to establish the presence of many discrete stocks units or of only one homogeneous stock brought about by large scale straying of individuals from one group to another. Adult herrings are thought to migrate to spawning areas in spring or autumn depending on whether they were born in spring or autumn. The juveniles are believed to remain close to where they were born for about three years before they join their parent stock migrations. If one area is contaminated by chlorinated pesticides, these products will accumulate in the herring fat and could possibly be used for fingerprinting if straying is negligible. The data obtained indicate that the populations studied are marked by their environment and that they probably have their own life cycle and their own migration pattern. A study of the genetic structure of these herring populations is being concurrently made.     

Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Using Sep-Pak Cartridges and Gas Chromatography

Methods are described for the determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons at levels of parts per billion in water and nonaqueous environmental samples by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. C₁₈, Florisil, alumina N and silica Sep-Pak cartridges were compared to evaluate their cleanup ability. The accuracy of the results of this analytical technique was proved by the analysis of a certified reference material (lake sediment EC-2).     

拉曼光谱子空间重合识别修正液中氯代烃

利用拉曼光谱子空间重合对修正液中氯代烃成分进行识别分析。通过计算混合卤代烃组分与标准样品数据库拉曼光谱之间的子间空夹角,依据夹角变化排列筛选出含有最少标准样品数目的子空间,该子空间所含的标准样品组成为待定性混合氯代烃组成,从而实现对混合氯代烃组分的定性分析。将该方法用于修正液中氯代烃的成分定性分析,准确率达100%。该方法操作简单,检测时间短,准确率高,适用于多组分混合体系中的物质定性分析。     

Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Residues and Heavy Metals in Several Fish Species from the Cold Lake Area in Alberta,Canada

Existing levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues and heavy metal concentrations in the tissue reservoir of several fish species in the Cold Lake area of Western Canada were investigated. An attempt was made to correlate bioccumulations with feeding habits of the fish.     

烃类化合物在不同色谱柱上的定量结构-保留相关性研究

运用量子化学中的AMI方法计算烃类化合物的分子结构描述参数,借助逐步回归法建立了烃类化合物在不同极性色谱柱上的QSRR模型。结果表明：烷烃、烯烃、二烯烃类化合物在不同极性的色谱柱上的色谱保留与其分子结构描述参数之间具有较好的线性关系,烃类化合物在不同极性固定相上的保留主要与溶质分子的MR有关,即与溶质分子的色散力有关。随着溶质分子的不饱和度的增加,或固定相极性的增强,溶质分子与固定相之间的电荷传递作用随之增强。而且,烃类化合物在不同极性固定相上的色谱保留的QSRR模型均可用量化参数HOMO、LUMO、EICE以及MR参数来描述。所建立的在不同极性色谱柱上的烃类化合物的色谱保留QSRR模型预测烃类化合物的色谱保留值时具有较好的稳定性和准确性。     

水中氯代苯氧酸类除草剂测定方法的研究进展

氯代苯氧酸类除草剂是广泛使用的主要除草剂之一,由于具有一定的毒性,是环境中重点关注的一类污染物。对水中氯代苯氧酸类除草剂的检测标准和检测方法研究的进展进行了综述,对各种检测方法的优缺点进行了比较。     

Solid-phase Extraction for Analysis of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Water Samples

A method for analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in water based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) was established using electron capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-ENCI-MS). The SPE parameters, including the sorbent, eluent and elution volume were optimized. The Agilent Bond Elut-C₁₈ was precleaned with 3 mL of hexane and 3 mL of methanol, and subsequently conditioned with 3 mL H₂O prior to use. After the water samples were enriched by the cartridge, the sample was washed with 3 mL of 10% (V/V) methanol and eluted with 3 mL of hexane-dichloromethane (1:1, V/V) solution. The results indicated that the limits of detection (LOD) for SCCPs were 18 ng L^?1, while the corresponding limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 60 ng L^?1. The spiked recovery range was 90%–135%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%. Finally, 20 surficial water samples around Beijing were collected and SCCPs contents were analyzed using the proposed method. The SCCPs concentrations ranged from less than LOD to 682 ng L^?1 with a mean concentration of 216 ng L^?1.     

超临界二氧化碳脱附固体吸附剂上卤代烃污染物研究

本文使用自制超临界流体萃取仪，考查了从活性炭、Ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｒｂ １０２、Ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｒｂ１０５、Ｔｅｎａｘ－ＴＡ四种吸附剂上脱附１，２，３－三氯丙烷、１，３二溴丙烷、１，４－二溴丁烷、１，２，４－三氯化苯、间－二溴苯五种组分的性能。证明使用甲醇改性后ＣＯ２萃取，比单纯使用ＣＯ２萃取的效率高得多，萃取活性炭时，组分的回收率可达５０％，萃取另３种吸附剂时，组分的回收率超过８０％，这表明利用某些     

溶液法马来酸酐接枝氯化聚丙烯的研究

采用溶液法用马来酸酐对氯化聚丙烯接枝改性。考察了反应温度、引发剂浓度、单体浓度、溶剂用量等因素对接枝率的影响,测定了反应前后氯含量的变化。采用FT-IR和DSC对产物进行了表征。     

不同操作模式下多环芳烃气相色谱特性的研究

在气相色谱分析萘、联苯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并（ａ）蒽、屈艹、苯并（ａ）芘和匹艹的研究过程中,以有效塔板数（ｎｅｆｆ）作为考察指标对新型色谱操作模式——程序升温升压操作条件进行了优化。通过对Ｋｏｖａｔｓ保留指数体系和Ｌｅｅ 保留指数体系在不同操作模式下的对比实验表明,在脉冲进样和程序升压等新型色谱操作条件下,Ｌｅｅ 保留指数体系仍能够满足对多环芳烃定性分析的要求, 前者则不能。     

大气中甲烷、总烃及非甲烷总烃监测分析方法的探索

采用六通阀进样,双毛细管柱、双FID检测器气相色谱法,一次进样即可测得大气中的CH4、总烃及非甲烷总烃(NMHC)的测试数据.同时对色谱中FID检测器中出现的氧峰初步可认定为“干扰峰”,在分析中可忽略不计.方法的检出限:CH40.03 mg/m3,总烃0.04 mg/m3,NMHC 0.06 mg/m3.变异系数:CH43.81％,总烃2.07％,NHMC 5.07％.加标回收率:CH496.1％,NHMC 96.1％ ～98％.     

离子色谱法测定氯化石蜡中的总氯量

采用氧瓶燃烧法处理氯化石蜡样品,用离子色谱测定吸收液中Cl^-的方法来确定氯化石蜡的总氯量。在Metrosep A SUPP5型阴离子分离柱上,以3．2mmol／LNa2CO3和1．0mmol／LNaHCO3混合溶液作为淋洗液,抑制型电导检测,检出限为0．87μg／L,线性范围0．1—4mg／L,相对标准偏差与回收率分别为1．71％～2．14％、94．4％-103．1％。该方法简便、快速,结果与国家标准法比较无显著性差异。     

Inclusion complexation of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions of branched cyclodextrins

The inclusion complexation of five volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, i.e., chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and monochlorobenzene, with branched cyclodextrins (CDs) such as monoglucosyl--CD and monomaltosyl--CD in aqueous solutions was examined. Their inclusion complexes were found to be very water soluble and the solubilities of the chlorinated hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions increased almost linearly or gradually with increasing concentration of the branched CDs. The amounts of the chlorinated hydrocarbons included in the branched CDs were well related to their molecular size and shape. In addition, the viability of application to pollution prevention is discussed.     

顶空气相色谱-质谱法测定大型玩具中芳香烃化合物

提出了顶空气相色谱-质谱法测定大型玩具中苯、甲苯、乙苯、间(对)二甲苯、邻二甲苯、萘、蒽等7种挥发性芳香烃残留量的方法。选择顶空平衡温度和时间分别为90℃和40min,用RTX-5色谱柱分离,电子轰击离子源检测。7种芳香烃化合物在一定的质量浓度范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)在0.02～0.04mg.kg-1之间。在3个添加水平上做回收试验,加标回收率在90.0%～106.8%之间,相对标准偏差(n=7)在0.3%～5.3%之间。     

Trends of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons and trihalomethanes in Antarctica

In order to understand behaviour and environmental fate of manmade chemicals in remote and cold areas, during the XXVII Italian Expedition carried out in Antarctica throughout the austral summer 2011/2012, superficial snow and lake water were sampled along the Ross Sea's South coast and their content of some low-molecular weight volatile halogenated hydrocarbons was evaluated. In consideration of their important role in stratospheric ozone chemistry, some volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHCs) and trihalomethanes (THMs) were investigated. The analyses were realised with a dedicated system composed by a purge-and-trap injector coupled to a gas chromatograph with a mass spectrometer (PTI-GC-MS) operating in SIM mode. The investigated VCHCs (chloroform; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; tetrachloromethane; trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene) were present in all analysed samples, and concentration levels ranged from units to hundreds of ng L^?1 according to considered matrix. For the first time, THMs (bromoform; dibromochloromethane; bromodichloromethane), were measured in Antarctic lake waters and freshly deposited snow; their concentration levels ranged from units to tens of ng L^?1. In order to assess eventual temporal variations, VCHC content in aqueous Antarctic matrices was compared with levels occurring in the past Italian Antarctic expeditions: for some banned substances, a decrease in concentration was observed, probably due to worldwide use restrictions. Finally, current Antarctic and Italian VCHC and THM levels in snow and lake water samples were compared and were found to be quite similar, differing at most by one order of magnitude, corroborating the hypothesis of an accumulation of halogenated compounds in Antarctic aqueous matrices.     

GC-MS法测定大气样品的前处理研究--碳化纤维树脂捕集大气中痕量多环芳烃

研究了碳化纤维树脂吸附载体采集大气中多环芳烃(PAHs)的性能、样品前处理条件和毛细管气相色谱－质谱联用仪检测PAHs的,地具有代表性的多个采样点进行了实地采样、分析,证明碳化纤维树脂吸附载体是一种性能独特的固相吸附剂,建立的样品前处理方法可行,分析数据可靠,可用于大气中PAHs的检测。     

Simultaneous Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction and Determination of Different Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants of water, and their determination at trace levels in the aquatic ecosystems is essential. In this work, an ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure was suggested utilizing a binary dispersive agent for recovery of different molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from waters. The detection was carried out by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and diode-array detection (HPLC-FD/PDA). The method was optimized for the extraction of analytes with respect to the mixture composition, ratios of components, ultrasonication time and centrifugation parameters. The analytical schemes for PAHs extraction from water samples using different ratios of extraction and dispersive solvents are reported. The mixture consisting of chloroform and methanol was applied for the extraction of PAHs containing two or three fused aromatic rings; the mixture of chloroform and acetonitrile is suitable for PAHs containing more than four aromatic rings. The mixture of chloroform:acetone + acetonitrile was applied in the universal scheme and allowed for the simultaneous extraction of 20 PAHs with different structures. The developed sample preparation schemes were combined with GC-MS and HPLC-FD/PDA, which allowed us to determine the analytes at low concentrations (from 0.0002 µg/L) with the recoveries exceeding 80% and relative standard deviations of about 8%. The developed methods for the determination of 20 PAHs were applied to the analysis of water samples from the Karasun Lake (Krasnodar), Azov Sea (Temryuk) and Black Sea (Sochi).     

气相色谱法测定高碳酸盐土壤样品中酸解烃

采用气相色谱法测定大批量高碳酸盐土壤样品中酸解烃。称取样品10g,加酸反应35min后进行脱气,收集的酸解烃气体用HP-PLOT毛细管色谱柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测。方法检出限(3σ)为0.007~0.715μL·kg-1,测定值的相对标准偏差均小于10%。对由标准气体混合组成的标准样品进行检测,各组分的测定值与认定值之间的相对误差均小于5%。     

Analysis of Semi-Volatile Aromatic Chlorinated Acids in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid Extraction GC/MS

Abstract

An analytical procedure utilizing solid phase extraction with octadecylsilane bonded to silica (C₁₈) cartridges combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed to analyze semi-volatile chlorinated acids found in drinking water. A system has been designed which will enable the analysis of this class of compounds with minimum sample manipulation and detection limits in the low ng/L range. The overall accuracy and precision were comparable to other methods used for compliance purposes. Among the advantages of the developed methodology are its applicability for field sampling and at the same time, provides a simple and inexpensive mean for sample preservation.