A Fast and Highly Efficient Protocol for Reductive Amination of Aromatic Aldehydes Using NaBH4 and Isoxazole Amines in an Ionic Liquid Medium

Reductive amination of aromatic aldehydes using NaBH₄ and isoxazole amines is carried out in a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid 1‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [(HMIm)BF₄]. The ionic liquid plays dual roles of solvent as well as catalyst for the efficient transformation of aromatic aldehydes to heterocyclic substituted amines in excellent yields without any undesired side product formation. The newly synthesized compounds ( 3 , 6 and 7 ) were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and mass spectral techniques.     

General Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines and Nitroaromatics under H2 by Recyclable Iridium Catalysts

Heterogeneous iridium catalysts were prepared and applied for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with nitroaromatics and amines using H₂ . The iridium catalysts were prepared by pyrolysis of ionic liquid 1‐methyl‐3‐cyanomethylimidazoulium chloride ([MCNI ]Cl) with iridium chloride (IrCl₃ ) in activated carbons. Iridium particles were well dispersed and stable in the N‐doped carbon materials from [MCNI ]Cl with activated carbon. The Ir@NC (600‐2h) catalyst was found to be highly active and selective for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones using H₂ and a variety of nitrobenzenes and amines were selectively converted into the corresponding secondary and tertiary amines. The Ir@NC (600‐2h) catalyst can be reusable several times without evident deactivation.     

Earth-abundant Metal-catalyzed Reductive Amination: Recent Advances and Prospect for Future Catalysis

Nitrogen-containing compounds, as an important class of chemicals, have been used widely in pharmaceuticals, materials synthesis. Transition metal-catalyzed reductive amination of an aldehyde or a ketone with ammonia or an amine has been proved to be an efficient and practical method for the preparation of nitrogen-containing compounds in academia and industry for a century. Given the above, several effective methods using transition metals have been developed in recent years. Noble transition metals like Pd, Pt, and Au-based catalysts have been predominately used in reductive amination. Because of their high prices, strict official regulations of residues in pharmaceuticals, and deleterious effects on the biological system, their industrial applications are severely hampered. With the increasing sustainable and environmental problems, the Earth-abundant transition metals including Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zr have also been investigated for the reductive amination reaction and showed great potential to the advancement of sustainable and cost-effective reductive amination processes. This critical review will mainly summarize the work using Earth-abundant metals. The effects of different transition metals used in catalytic reduction amination were discussed and compared, and some suggestions were given. The last section highlights the catalytic activities of bi- and tri-metallic catalysts. Indeed, this latter family is very promising and simultaneously benefits from increased stability, and selectivity, compared to monometallic NPs, due to synergistic substrate activation. Few comprehensive reviews focusing on Earth-abundant transition metals catalyst has been published since 1948, although several authors reported some summaries dealing with one or the other part of this aspect. It is hoped that this critical review will inspire researchers to develop new efficient and selective earth-abundant metal catalysts for highly, environmentally sustainable reductive amination methods, as well as improve the pharmaceutical industry and related chemical synthesis company traditional method with the utilization of the green method widely.     

Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Amines with an Efficient Pd/NiO Catalyst

By applying a simple Pd/NiO catalyst, the reductive amination of amines and aldehydes can progress efficiently under mild reaction conditions, and 24 substituted amines with different structures were synthesized with up to 98% isolated yields.     

Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with Primary Amines by Using Lithium Amidoborane as Reducing Reagent

A variety of secondary amines were obtained in high isolated yields in the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones by using lithium amidoborane as reducing agent. Compared to ammonia borane, lithium amidoborane has higher reducibility, and thus, exhibits faster reaction rate.     

Air Stable Iridium Catalysts for Direct Reductive Amination of Ketones

Half-sandwich iridium complexes bearing bidentate urea-phosphorus ligands were found to catalyze the direct reductive amination of aromatic and aliphatic ketones under mild conditions at 0.5 mol % loading with high selectivity towards primary amines. One of the complexes was found to be active in both the Leuckart–Wallach (NH₄CO₂H) type reaction as well as in the hydrogenative (H₂/NH₄AcO) reductive amination. The protocol with ammonium formate does not require an inert atmosphere, dry solvents, as well as additives and in contrast to previous reports takes place in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) instead of methanol. Applying NH₄CO₂D or D₂ resulted in a high degree of deuterium incorporation into the primary amine α-position.     

Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with 2-(Tributylamino)-ethoxyborohydride

Summary. A new ionic liquid is presented as a medium and reducing agent for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones.     

Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with 2,4-Ionene-Based Borohydride Exchange Resin as a Novel Polymer-Supported Reducing Agent

Direct reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones were accomplished efficiently using high-capacity, ionene-based, polymer-supported borohydride reagent in isopropyl alcohol at reflux under neutral conditions. The reagent is easily prepared by mixing aqueous solution of 2,4-ionene bromide with an alkaline solution of sodium borohydride at room temperature. The generality of reaction was established using both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, ketones, and amines.     

Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Diaryl and Sterically Hindered Ketones with Ammonium Salts and H2

A Ru‐catalyzed direct asymmetric reductive amination of ortho‐OH‐substituted diaryl and sterically hindered ketones with ammonium salts is reported. This method represents a straightforward route toward the synthesis of synthetically useful chiral primary diarylmethylamines and sterically hindered benzylamines (up to 97 % yield, 93–>99 % ee). Elaborations of the chiral amine products into bioactive compounds and a chiral ligand were demonstrated through manipulation of the removable and convertible ‐OH group.     

Nickel‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Amination of Ketones with Both Arylamines and Benzhydrazide

An asymmetric reductive amination of ketones using both arylamines and benzhydrazide in the presence of nickel catalysts was developed. A one‐pot synthesis of tetrahydroquinoxalines was also developed starting directly from α‐ketoaldehydes and 1,2‐diaminobenzene. Formic acid was used as a safe and economic surrogate for high‐pressure hydrogen gas. Strongly σ‐donating bis(alkylphosphine)s are crucial ancillary ligands for both stereoselective hydride insertion and decarboxylation of the formate.     

Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones with Potassium Borohydride as Reductant

A series of aldehydes and ketones were reduced by potassium borohydride in an ionic liquid/water ([bmim]PF6/H2O) biphasic system to afford corresponding alcohol with high purity in excellent yields. The ionic liquid/water biphasic system could promote the chemoselectivity and the substituents such as nitro group and chlorine remained intact. Aromatic ketones were not as active as aromatic aldhydes and cyclic ketones owing to their higher steric hindrance. The ionic liquid could be recycled and reused. This protocol has notable advantages of no need of phase transfer catalyst and organic solvents, mild conditions, simple operation, short reaction time, ease work-up, high yields and recycling of the ionic liquid.     

功能离子液体催化分子氧氧化醇为醛酮

2,2,6,6-四甲基-N-氧自由基哌啶醇(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-ol-N-oxyl,TEMPO)与氯乙酰氯反应生成2-氯乙酸-2,2,6,6-四甲基-1-氧-4-哌啶醇酯,该酯与N-甲基咪唑发生季铵化反应后再与六氟磷酸钾进行离子交换制得2,2,6,6-四甲基-N-氧自由基哌啶醇负载离子液体TEMPO-IL。温和条件下以离子液体1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate,[bmim]PF6)为溶剂,TEMPO-IL和CuCl为催化剂,分子氧氧化各种醇为相应的醛或酮。研究发现,该氧化体系对苄醇和烯丙醇有较好的氧化效果,65℃下反应10h左右,转化率可达99%,收率可达80%~90%。氧化体系对醛酮有高度的选择性,在实验所采用的条件范围内未检测到有羧酸生成。溶剂和催化剂可循环使用,在苯甲醇的氧化中,溶剂和催化剂循环使用6次,反应转化率和苯甲醛的收率保持不变。     

Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones in a Heterogeneous System in THF and under Solvent-Free Conditions Using Sodium Borohydride-Silica Phosphoric Acid

Summary. A chemoselective, fast, efficient, and high yielding method for the preparation of amines by reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones using sodium borohydride in the presence of silica phosphoric acid in THF and under solvent-free conditions at room temperature is described.     

Iridium-Catalyzed Direct Reductive Amination of Ketones and Secondary Amines: Breaking the Aliphatic Wall

Direct reductive amination (DRA) is a ubiquitous reaction in organic chemistry. This transformation between a carbonyl group and an amine is most often achieved by using a super stoichiometric amount of hazardous hydride reagents, thus being incompatible with many sensitive functional groups. DRA could also be achieved by means of chemo- or biocatalysis, thereby attracting the interest of industry as well as academic laboratories due to the virtually perfect atom economy. Although DRAs are well-established for substrate pairs such as aldehydes with either 1° or 2° amines as well as ketones with 1° amines, the current methodologies are limited in the case of ketones with 2° amines. Herein, we present a general DRA protocol that overcomes this major limitation by means of iridium catalysis. The applicability of the methodology is demonstrated by accessing an unprecedented range of biologically relevant tertiary amines starting from both aliphatic ketones and aliphatic amines. The choice of a disphosphane ligand (Josiphos A or Xantphos) is essential for the success of the transformation.     

Mild and Efficient PtO2-Catalyzed One-Pot Reductive Mono-N-alkylation of Nitroarenes

A mild and efficient one-pot reductive monoalkylation of nitroarenes has been described using aldehydes as alkylating agents, molecular hydrogen as a reducing agent, and PtO₂ as a catalyst in methanol. This methodology is found to be applicable for both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes and for a wide variety of nitroarenes.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Commuications® to view the free supplemental file.     

Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride. Studies on Direct and Indirect Reductive Amination Procedures(1)

Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is presented as a general reducing agent for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones. Procedures for using this mild and selective reagent have been developed for a wide variety of substrates. The scope of the reaction includes aliphatic acyclic and cyclic ketones, aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, and primary and secondary amines including a variety of weakly basic and nonbasic amines. Limitations include reactions with aromatic and unsaturated ketones and some sterically hindered ketones and amines. 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE) is the preferred reaction solvent, but reactions can also be carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and occasionally in acetonitrile. Acetic acid may be used as catalyst with ketone reactions, but it is generally not needed with aldehydes. The procedure is carried out effectively in the presence of acid sensitive functional groups such as acetals and ketals; it can also be carried out in the presence of reducible functional groups such as C-C multiple bonds and cyano and nitro groups. Reactions are generally faster in DCE than in THF, and in both solvents, reactions are faster in the presence of AcOH. In comparison with other reductive amination procedures such as NaBH(3)CN/MeOH, borane-pyridine, and catalytic hydrogenation, NaBH(OAc)(3) gave consistently higher yields and fewer side products. In the reductive amination of some aldehydes with primary amines where dialkylation is a problem we adopted a stepwise procedure involving imine formation in MeOH followed by reduction with NaBH(4).     

Phosphonium Ionic Liquid: A Novel Catalyst for Benzyl Halide Oxidation

An environmentally friendly ionic liquid is used for the first time in mild and selective oxidation of aryl halides to corresponding aldehydes using iodoxybenzoic acid as oxidizing agent.     

Terpenes to Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Characterization of Citronellal-Based Chiral Ionic Liquids

A series of new chiral ionic liquids have been prepared and characterized starting from a simple, economical, and commercially available monoterpene, citronellal. The aldehyde functionality in citronellal is converted into a Schiff base using an amine, followed by reduction with Raney nickel to give the desired quaternary amine. Most of the ionic liquids generated using this procedure are found to be liquids at room temperature.     

Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with 2-(Tributylamino)-ethoxyborohydride

A new ionic liquid is presented as a medium and reducing agent for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones.