共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
The copolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate (S/MMA = 4/1) or acrylonitrile (S/AN = 1/1) in the presence of ethylaluminum sesquichloride (EASC) yields 1/1 copolymer in toluene or chlorobenzene. In chloroform the S-MMA-EASC polymerization yields 60/40 copolymer while the S-AN-EASC polymerization yields 1/1 copolymer. In the presence of EASC, styrene-α-chloroacrylonitrile yields 1/1 copolymer (DMF or DMSO), S-AN yields 1/1 copolymer (DMSO) or radical copolymer (DMF), S-MMA yields radical copolymer (DMF or DMSO), α-methylstyrene-AN yields radical copolymer (DMSO) or traces of copolymer (DMF), and α-MS-methacrylo-nitrile yields traces of copolymer (DMSO) or no copolymer (DMF). When zinc chloride is used as complexing agent in DMF or DMSO, none of the monomer pairs undergoes polymerization. However, radical catalyzed polymerization of isoprene-AN-ZnCl2 in DMF yields 1/1 alternating copolymer. The copolymerization of S/MMA in the presence of EASC yields 1/1 alternating copolymer up to 100°C, while the copolymerization of S/AN deviates from 1/1 alternating copolymer above 50°C. The copolymerization of S/MMA deviates from 1/1 copolymer at MMA/EASC mole ratios above 20 while the copolymerization of S/AN deviates from 1/1 copolymer at MMA/EASC ratios above 50. 相似文献
2.
Pietro Schenone Laura Sansebastiano Luisa Mosti 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1990,27(2):295-305
Reaction of ethyl or methyl 2-dimethylaminomethylene-3-oxoalkanoates with N-C-N dinucleophiles such as guanidine, acetamidine or benzamidine afforded in high yields the relative esters of 4-substituted 2-amino-, 2-methyl- or 2-phenyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylic acids, respectively. These esters were hydrolyzed to the corresponding carboxylic acids, which were converted by heating to 4-substituted 2-pyrimidinamines, 2-methyl or 2-phenylpyrimidines, respectively, generally in excellent yields. The 4-unsubstituted ethyl 2-amino-, 2-methyl- and 2-phenyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylates were obtained in moderate yields by reaction of the above dinucleophiles with ethyl 2,2-diformylacetate. These esters were hydrolyzed and the corresponding acids (with the exception of the 2-methyl derivative) were decarboxylated to give 2-pyrimidinamine and 2-phenylpyrimidine in satisfactory yields. 相似文献
3.
The synthesis of the novel oxazole building block, 4-bromomethyl-2-chlorooxazole, and its palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions to make a range of 2,4-disubstituted oxazoles, is described. Selectivity for the 4-bromomethyl position is observed, with Stille coupling effected in good to excellent yields, or Suzuki coupling in moderate yields, to provide a range of 4-substituted-2-chlorooxazoles. Subsequent coupling at the 2-chloro-position can be achieved through either Stille or Suzuki reactions in excellent yields. 相似文献
4.
Funabiki K Matsunaga K Nojiri M Hashimoto W Yamamoto H Shibata K Matsui M 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2003,68(7):2853-2860
The reaction of trifluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal or hydrate with an equimolar amount of enamines, derived from various methyl ketones, smoothly proceeded to give the corresponding beta-hydroxy-beta-trifluoromethyl ketones in high yields. An equimolar amount of imines derived from various methyl ketones with aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic substituents also readily reacted with trifluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal or hydrate to afford the corresponding beta-hydroxy-beta-trifluoromethyl ketones in good to excellent yields. Difluoroacetaldehyde ethyl hemiacetal as well as pentafluoropropionaldehyde also participated in the reaction, affording good yields of the corresponding beta-hydroxy-beta-difluoromethyl or beta-pentafluoropropyl ketones. 相似文献
5.
Yoshinori Tominaga Yoshiki Matsuoka Yukio Oniyama Yoshimitsu Uchimura Hirofumi Komiya Michiyo Hirayama Shinya Kohra Akira Hosomi 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1990,27(3):647-660
Polarized ethylenes having both electron-donating (an amino or a methylthio group) and electron-accepting (cyano, carbamoyl, methyl ester) groups on the adjacent two olefinic carbon atoms were prepared by the condensation of S-alkylthioamidinium salts or methyl dithiocarboxylates with the corresponding active methylene compounds in good yields. These polarized ethylenes were alternatively synthesized by the reaction of thioamides or methyl dithiocarboxylates with tetracyanoethylene oxide in good yields. Reactions of these polarized ethylenes with hydrazine or guanidine derivatives occurred smoothly to give the corresponding pyrazole and pyrimidine derivatives in good yields. The synthesis of 5-aza[2.2.3]cyclazine derivatives using polarized ethylenes is also described. 相似文献
6.
Ronald G. Sutherland Alaa S. Abd-el-aziz Adam Piorko Andrzej S. Baranski Choi Chuck Lee 《合成通讯》2013,43(1-2):189-195
Electrolysis of arene and heterocycle cyclopentadienyliron hexafluorophosphates led to the liberation of arenes or heterocycles in 69–90% yield. The procedure described gives yields comparable with or superior to the yields obtained from pyrolytic sublimation used previously. 相似文献
7.
A mild transformation of various amides and imides into the corresponding esters and diesters in good yields by using chlorotrimethylsilane and alcohols at rt are described. Either primary, secondary, or tertiary amide or imide can be used in this transformation. Primary and secondary alcohols gave better yields than tertiary alcohols. 相似文献
8.
Binod Rijal Gwen Biersbach William R. Gibbons Scott W. Pryor 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2014,174(2):845-854
Switchgrass (SG), corn stover (CS), and prairie cordgrass (PCG) pretreated with ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) were densified using a novel low-temperature, low-pressure densification method. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) were performed with loose and densified AFEX-treated biomass to determine the effect of post-AFEX densification. Biomass particle size reduction before pretreatment increased 144-h SSF ethanol yields from densified material by 8–9 % although no significant differences were seen in the first 72 h. Grinding material after densification had no impact on final ethanol yields but increased production rates in the first 24–48 h. Low-pressure, post-AFEX densification had no adverse effects on SSF ethanol yields from SG or CS but reduced yields from densified PCG by 16 %. Glucose concentrations after hydrolysis (SHF) showed similar trends. Ethanol yields after SHF, however, showed that densification had no significant impact on CS or PCG but reduced final ethanol yields from SG. 相似文献
9.
Various 2-(6-substituted 3(Z)-hexen-1,5-diynyl)anilines 1a-g were treated with potassium tert-butoxide or potassium 3-ethylpentanoxide in NMP at 60 degrees C for 2 h to give the corresponding 5-substituted carbazoles 2a-g in 36-65% yields together with indoles 9a-g in 21-40% yields, respectively. Exposing the trifluoroacetamide analogues 10h-k under the same reaction conditions gave the carbazoles 2b-e in 37-57% yields and indoles 9b-e in 15-27% yields. Subsequent cyclizations of acetamide analogues 10a-g gave carbazoles 2a-g in 53-86% yields. 相似文献
10.
Several enones are converted into their alpha-iodo derivatives in excellent yields and carbonylated with palladium catalysis in the presence of alcohol or amines to the alpha-carbonyl enones in satisfactory yields. 相似文献
11.
1-Phenylthymine and the carbocyclic analog of thymidine were obtained in yields of 84-87% by cyclizing the appropriate 3-methoxy-2-methylacryloylureas in dilute sulfuric acid. High yields of 1-phenylthymine also resulted when the cyclization was carried out in trifluoroacetic acid, in acetic acid containing toluenesulfonic acid (TSA), or by fusion of the urea with a catalytic amount of TSA. In comparison, the typical aqueous-alkali catalyzed cyclizations gave lower yields of the two thymines, and cleavage of the acryloylureas was shown to occur. However, cyclization in concentrated aqueous ammonia produced high yields of both thymine derivatives. 相似文献
12.
The reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) with 2-naphthol in the presence of trimethyl or triphenyl phosphite leads to stable dimethyl oxa-2 lambda 5-phosphaphenanthrene derivatives in good yields. The reaction of DMAD and trimethyl phosphite in the presence of 1-naphthol or 8-hydroxyquinoline leads to dimethyl 2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-3-(1-hydroxy-2-naphthyl)succinate or dimethyl 2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)-3-(8-hydroxyquinolin-7-yl)-succinate in excellent yields. Using triethyl phosphite and DMAD in the presence of 2-naphthol or 1-naphthol produces methyl 3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]chromene-1-carboxylate or methyl 2-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]-chromene-4-carboxylate in excellent yields. 相似文献
13.
John M. Krochta Sandra J. Tillin Joyce S. Hudson 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1988,17(1-3):23-32
Degradation of starch and cellulose in alkaline solutions above 8N NaOH favored the production of glycolic acid. In 16N NaOH,
starch and cellulose degraded at 240°C to produce, respectively, 46 and 43% yields of glycolic acid. At these same conditions,
24 and 12% yields of oxalic acid were also produced from starch and cellulose. Raising the amount of starch or cellulose above
10 g in 250 mL 16 N NaOH lowered the percent yields of glycolic and oxalic acids, but increased absolute yields sufficiently
to consider larger polysaccharide: 16 N NaOH ratios for commercial use. Substituting KOH for NaOH lowered glycolic and oxalic
acid yields, and demonstrated the effect of the alkali cation on the conversion reactions. 相似文献
14.
Zorica M. Bugar?i? Marijana P. Gavrilovi? Vera M. Divac 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2007,40(9):149-151
The procedure employs phenylselenyl chloride or bromide, pent-4-en-1-ol, and additives, like pyridine and silver(I) salts,
to generate the cyclic ether of tetrahydrofuran type in high yields. A catalytic amount of additive leads to higher yields,
but equimolar amounts achieved almost quantitative yields under extremely mild experimental conditions. The effect of the
halide ion of the selenylating reagent is not significant. 相似文献
15.
Both homo- and mixed lithium di-alpha-(heteroatom)alkylcuprates readily dimerize upon addition of halogens (e.g., I(2), Br(2)) or N-halosuccinimides to afford the coupled products in excellent yields. Higher yields result when the requisite alpha-(heteroatom)alkyllithium reagents are generated via deprotonation rather than by transmetalation of the corresponding stannanes. Mixed lithium dialkyl- or alkyl(aryl)cuprate reagents containing one alpha-(heteroatom)alkyl ligand and one simple alkyl or aryl ligand give significantly lower yields of coupled product. Low enantioselectivity has been achieved in the oxidative coupling of lithium (n-Bu)(2-pyrrolidinyl)cuprate. 相似文献
16.
The first synthesis of phosphonoacrolein 3 was made in quantitative yield by acidic treatment of beta-ethoxy-alpha-(methoxymethyl)vinylphosphonate 2, derived from a beta-ethoxy-alpha-phosphonovinyl anion and MOMCl. The phosphonoacrolein 3 easily underwent a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction with electron-rich alkenes 4a-f or alkynes 9a-c under mild conditions, and phosphono-substituted pyrans 5a-d, 6e,f or pyranopyrans 11a-c were obtained in good to excellent yields. The reaction of 3 with cyclopentadiene and cyclohexadiene led to mixtures of [2 + 4] and [4 + 2] cycloadducts 7a, 8a and 7b, 8b in modest yields. The cycloaddition reaction between 3 and pyranopyran 13 or dibromocarbene and 13 resulted in [4 + 2] or [2 + 1] cycloadducts 14 or 15 in good yields. 相似文献
17.
Zorica M. Bugarčić Marijana P. Gavrilović Vera M. Divac 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2007,138(2):149-151
Summary. The procedure employs phenylselenyl chloride or bromide, pent-4-en-1-ol, and additives, like pyridine and silver(I) salts,
to generate the cyclic ether of tetrahydrofuran type in high yields. A catalytic amount of additive leads to higher yields,
but equimolar amounts achieved almost quantitative yields under extremely mild experimental conditions. The effect of the
halide ion of the selenylating reagent is not significant. 相似文献
18.
[reaction: see text] Selanylated difluoromethylphosphonates and difluoromethylphosphonothioates are good precursors to phosphonodifluoromethyl and phosphonothiodifluoromethyl radicals, respectively. When generated in the presence of alkenes and a hydrogen donor, the corresponding alpha,alpha-difluorinated alkylphosphonates or alkylphosphonothioates are produced in fair to good yields. The use of alkynes results in the formation of alpha,alpha-difluorinated allyl derivatives in useful yields. The presence of the sulfur atom in phosphonothiodifluoromethyl radicals usually translates into higher isolated yields. 相似文献
19.
《Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry》1978,40(5):757-763
The fractional cumulative and independent yields of 139Xe, 140Xe, 90Kr and 91Kr from the fission of 232Th induced by reactor neutrons were measured. The fission produced gases xenon and krypton were separated from the other elements by fast sweeping with a stream of helium. The γ-ray spectra of the noble gases and their daughters were followed and from these γ-ray activities and the known absolute γ-ray abundances, the corresponding yields were calculated. The procedure was verified by remeasuring the yields of the noble gases from the thermal fission of 235U and an excellent fit with the published values was obtained.The fractional independent yields of the cesium and rubidium isotopes were derived from the measured yields of the corresponding isobaric members, krypton and xenon. The comparison of the measured yields with the “normal” yields reveals an enhancement or diminishing of products with an even or odd number, respectively, of ∼30%. 相似文献
20.
Reaction of lithium alpha-sulfinyl carbanions of 1-chloroalkyl p-tolyl sulfoxides with ketones or aldehydes at low temperature gave adducts in almost quantitative yields. Treatment of the adducts derived from ketones with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) in the presence of NaI in acetone gave alpha-sulfanyl allylic alcohols in good to quantitative yields. On the other hand, treatment of the adducts derived from aldehydes with TFAA and NaI resulted in the formation of alpha-sulfanyl ketones and/or alpha-sulfanyl allylic alcohols. These reactions offer a good method for the synthesis of the above-mentioned compounds from ketones and aldehydes with carbon-carbon bond-formation in two steps and in good yields. 相似文献