A Fast and General Route to Ketones from Amides and Organolithium Compounds under Aerobic Conditions: Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects

We report that the nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction of aliphatic and (hetero)aromatic amides by organolithium reagents proceeds quickly (20 s reaction time), efficiently, and chemoselectively with a broad substrate scope in the environmentally responsible cyclopentyl methyl ether, at ambient temperature and under air, to provide ketones in up to 93 % yield with an effective suppression of the notorious over-addition reaction. Detailed DFT calculations and NMR investigations support the experimental results. The described methodology was proven to be amenable to scale-up and recyclability protocols. Contrasting classical procedures carried out under inert atmospheres, this work lays the foundation for a profound paradigm shift of the reactivity of carboxylic acid amides with organolithiums, with ketones being straightforwardly obtained by simply combining the reagents under aerobic conditions and with no need of using previously modified or pre-activated amides, as recommended.     

M(OTf)_3催化N－烷氧羰基吡咯或噻吩醛和盐酸伯胺的新颖Mannich反应

三氟甲磺酸盐M(OTf)_3 (M = Sc, Y, Ln)在水相中能较好地催化N－烷氧羰基 吡咯或噻吩与甲醛和盐酸伯胺的新颖的Mannich反应,其中Y(OTf)_3催化效果最佳 。该反应具有条件温和,收率较高和原子经济性等优点,为N－烷氧羰基吡咯和噻 吩类Mannich碱的合成提供了一种新方法,同时该反应以水为主要溶剂溶剂,符合 当今绿色化学的发展趋势。     

酰胺直接转化:策略与近期进展

以酰胺直接转化的C-C键形成方法为主线,简要回顾近年取得的主要突破.内容涵盖基于三氟甲磺酸酐活化、化学选择性试剂的还原官能化策略,以及两类催化转化.这些重要进展表明温和条件下的酰胺转化可达到优异的化学选择性、官能团容忍性和较好的底物普适性,转化产物还包括多种官能化的胺、酮和烯胺酯（酮）化合物等,并已在天然产物和生理活性化合物的合成中得到应用与检验.     

Metal-Free Deoxygenation of Amine N-Oxides: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies

We report herein an unprecedented combination of light and P(III)/P(V) redox cycling for the efficient deoxygenation of aromatic amine N-oxides. Moreover, we discovered that a large variety of aliphatic amine N-oxides can easily be deoxygenated by using only phenylsilane. These practically simple approaches proceed well under metal-free conditions, tolerate many functionalities and are highly chemoselective. Combined experimental and computational studies enabled a deep understanding of factors controlling the reactivity of both aromatic and aliphatic amine N-oxides.     

A Photochemical Protocol for the Synthesis of Weinreb and Morpholine Amides from Carboxylic Acids

In recent years, the development of light-mediated methods for synthetic applications has attracted high interest, because such methods constitute alternative approaches for the production of valuable chemical products. We study herein a photochemical protocol for the synthesis of Weinreb amides and morpholine amides from carboxylic acids. Various carboxylic acids were directly coupled to N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine, upon irradiation with either LED 370 nm or sunlight in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine and bromotrichloromethane, providing Weinreb amides in moderate to high yields. Similarly, morpholine amides were obtained in satisfactory to high yields under sunlight or LED 370 nm irradiation. Thus, the versatile building blocks Weinreb amides and morpholine amides may be efficiently synthesized directly from carboxylic acids by light-mediated approaches, without the need of coupling reagents or pre-activation of carboxylic acids.     

A Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Glycidic Amides Based on a New Class of Chiral Sulfonium Salts: Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis

A new type of chiral sulfonium salts that are characterized by a bicyclic system has been designed and synthesized from α‐amino acids. Their corresponding ylides, which were prepared by basic treatment of the sulfonium salts, reacted smoothly with a broad array of simple and chiral aldehydes to provide trans‐epoxy amides in reasonable to very good yields and excellent stereoselectivities (>98 %). The obtained epoxy amides were found to be useful as synthetic building blocks. Thus, they were reduced into their corresponding epoxy alcohols and subjected to oxirane‐ring‐opening reactions with different types of nucleophiles.     

A Novel and Efficient Reaction of Imidazolidin-2-one and N-Acylbenzotriazoles: A Facile Synthesis of 1-Acylimidazolidin-2-one

Acylation of imidazolidin-2-one with readily available N-acylbenzotriazoles, in the presence of K₂CO₃, produced 1-acylimidazolidin-2-ones and N,N′-diacyl-imidazolidin-2-one in moderate to good yields. The utilization of N-acylbenzotriazoles which make the reaction simple and mild, may be especially advantageous when the corresponding acid chlorides are not stable or not easily prepared. It's also an example of the reaction of N-acylbenzotriazoles and amide.     

Preparation of (Pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes by Direct Fluorination of Diaryldisulfides: Synthetic Approach and Mechanistic Aspects

Direct fluorination of ortho-, meta- and para-substituted aromatic thiols and disulfides using elemental fluorine afforded substituted (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes. This work thus represents the first study of the scope and limitation of direct fluorination for the synthesis of new SF₅-containing building blocks. Fluorinations in batch and flow modes were compared. A comprehensive computational study was carried out employing density functional and wave function methods to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the transformation of ArSF₃ into ArSF₅. Eliminating various nonradical pathways, it has been shown that the reaction proceeds by a radical mechanism, initiated by the attack of the F^. on the ArSF₃ moiety, propagated via an almost barrierless F₂+ArSF₄^.→ArSF₅+F^. step and terminated by the ArSF₄^.+F^.→ArSF₅. Most of the calculated data are in very good agreement with experimental observations concerning the ortho-substituent effect on the reaction rates and yields.     

Nickel‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling: Direct Transformation of Aldehydes into Esters and Amides

By exploring a new mode of nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling, a method to directly transform both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes into either esters or amides has been developed. The success of this oxidative coupling depends on the appropriate choice of catalyst and organic oxidant, including the use of either α,α,α‐trifluoroacetophenone or excess aldehyde. Mechanistic data that supports a catalytic cycle involving oxidative addition into the aldehyde C? H bond is also presented.     

Cu-Catalyzed Arylation of Bromo-Difluoro-Acetamides by Aryl Boronic Acids,Aryl Trialkoxysilanes and Dimethyl-Aryl-Sulfonium Salts: New Entries to Aromatic Amides

We describe a mechanism-guided discovery of a synthetic methodology that enables the preparation of aromatic amides from 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides utilizing a copper-catalyzed direct arylation. Readily available and structurally simple aryl precursors such as aryl boronic acids, aryl trialkoxysilanes and dimethyl-aryl-sulfonium salts were used as the source for the aryl substituents. The scope of the reactions was tested, and the reactions were insensitive to the electronic nature of the aryl groups, as both electron-rich and electron-deficient aryls were successfully introduced. A wide range of 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetamides as either aliphatic or aromatic secondary or tertiary amides were also reactive under the developed conditions. The described synthetic protocols displayed excellent efficiency and were successfully utilized for the expeditious preparation of diverse aromatic amides in good-to-excellent yields. The reactions were scaled up to gram quantities.     

5-Chloroisoxazoles: A Versatile Starting Material for the Preparation of Amides,Anhydrides, Esters,and Thioesters of 2H-Azirine-2-carboxylic Acids

Amides, anhydrides, esters, and thioesters of 2H-azirine-2-carboxylic acids were prepared by a rapid procedure at room temperature involving FeCl₂-catalyzed isomerization of 5-chloroisoxazoles to 2H-azirine-2-carbonyl chlorides, followed by reaction with N-, O-, or S-nucleophiles mediated by an ortho-substituted pyridine. With readily available chloroisoxazoles and a nucleophile, 2-picoline can be used as an inexpensive base. When a high yield of the acylation product is important, the reagent 2-(trimethylsilyl)pyridine/ethyl chloroformate is more suitable for the acylation with 2H-azirine-2-carbonyl chlorides.     

Bromination of Enamines from Tertiary Amides Using the Petasis Reagent: A Convenient One-Pot Regioselective Route to Bromomethyl Ketones

An original one-pot synthesis of bromomethyl ketones is achived using the Petasis reagent (dimethyltitanocene) as a key for enamine generation. Several amides were used to test the limits of the procedure by changing either the alkyl chain R or the amino portion of the starting materials. The enamines generated in situ were allowed to react with bromine at low temperature followed by hydrolysis to yield bromomethyl ketones in excellent yields (85 to 95%). Mechanistic details and optimum conditions for the reaction are briefly discussed. The present approach offers several advantages such as regioselectivity in enamine formation, good yields, mild reaction conditions, and ease of experimentation.

[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resource: Full experimental and spectral details.]     

A Manganese Pre‐Catalyst: Mild Reduction of Amides,Ketones, Aldehydes,and Esters

A new (N ‐phosphinoamidinate)manganese complex is shown to be a useful pre‐catalyst for the hydrosilative reduction of carbonyl compounds, and in most cases at room temperature. The Mn‐catalyzed reduction of tertiary amides to tertiary amines, with a useful scope, is demonstrated for the first time by use of this catalyst, and is competitive with the most effective transition‐metal catalysts known for such transformations. Ketones, aldehydes, and esters were also successfully reduced under mild conditions by using this new Mn catalyst.     

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Luminescent Inorganic Materials: A Fast Route to Light Conversion and Storage Phosphors

Luminescent inorganic materials are used in several technological applications such as light-emitting displays, white LEDs for illumination, bioimaging, and photodynamic therapy. Usually, inorganic phosphors (e.g., complex oxides, silicates) need high temperatures and, in some cases, specific atmospheres to be formed or to obtain a homogeneous composition. Low ionic diffusion and high melting points of the precursors lead to long processing times in these solid-state syntheses with a cost in energy consumption when conventional heating methods are applied. Microwave-assisted synthesis relies on selective, volumetric heating attributed to the electromagnetic radiation interaction with the matter. The microwave heating allows for rapid heating rates and small temperature gradients yielding homogeneous, well-formed materials swiftly. Luminescent inorganic materials can benefit significantly from the microwave-assisted synthesis for high homogeneity, diverse morphology, and rapid screening of different compositions. The rapid screening allows for fast material investigation, whereas the benefits of enhanced homogeneity include improvement in the optical properties such as quantum yields and storage capacity.     

On the Role of Amides and Imides for Understanding GaN Syntheses from Ammonia Solution: Molecular Mechanics Models of Ammonia,Amide and Imide Interactions with Gallium Nitride

A key requisite to characterizing GaN precipitation from ammonia solution from molecular simulations is the availability of reliable molecular mechanics models for the interactions of gallium ions with NH₃, NH₂⁻, and NH²⁻ species, respectively. Here, we present a tailor-made force field which is fully compatible to an earlier developed GaN model, thus bridging the analyses of Ga³⁺ ions in ammonia solution with the aggregation of [Ga_x(NH)_y(NH₂)_z]^+3x−2y−z precursors and the modelling of GaN crystals. For this, quantum mechanical characterization of a series of Ga-coordination clusters is used for parameterization and benchmarking the generalized amber force field (GAFF2) and tailor-made refinements needed to achieve good agreement of both structural features and formation energy, respectively. The perspectives of our models for larger scale molecular dynamics simulations are demonstrated by the analyses of amide and imide defects arrangement during the growth of GaN crystal faces.     

Hydrolysis of New Transplatin Analogue Containing One Aliphatic and One Planar Heterocyclic Amine Ligand: A Density Functional Theory Study

Herein we give a theoretical study of the hydrolysis processes of a novel anticancer drug trans-PtCl2(3-pico)(ipa) (3-pico=3-methylpyridine, ipa=isopropylamine). Two different models, model 1 relative to isolated reactant/product (R/P, wherein R=platinum complex+H2O, P=platinum complex+Cl-) and model 2 relative to reactant complex/product complex (RC/PC, wherein RC=(platinum complex)(H2O),PC=(platinum complex)(Cl-) are employed and the geometric structures are optimized at the B3LYP level of DFT method. It is found that the processes of the reactions follow the established theory for ligand substitution in square planar complexes; the geometries of the transition states (TS) agree with the previous related work and all of the reactions are endothermic. The effects originating from the inclusion of the attacking water/released chloride into the second coordination shell of platinum in RC/PC play an important role in the thermodynamic and kinetic profiles of the reactions, that is, the barrier heights of the reactions of model 2 are increased by ~6.3 and ~23.8 kJ/mol for step1 and step2 respectively, and the endother-micity is considerably decreased by ~420.5 and ~771.2 kJ/mol compared to model 1 in the gas phase. Theconsideration of the bulk solvation effects increase the barrier heights for both steps of model 1 by ~27.6 and ~6.7 kJ/mol respectively, whereas it reduces the barrier heights by ~7.9 and ~29.3 kJ/mol for model 2.The reaction energies are all decreased, especially for model 1, indicating more stable complexes solvated in the bulk aqueous solution than in the gas phase. Additionally, to get an accurate energy picture of the title complex, the relative free energies derived from the DFT-SCRF (density functional theory self-consistent field) calculations are compared with the relative total energies. The results are that activation energies rise for the first hydrolysis and fall for the second hydrolysis for all the systems, and for all the systems,the barrier height of the second hydrolysis is always higher than that of the first step. The rate constants indicate that transplatin analogue is kinetically comparable to cisplatin and its analogue in the hydrolysis process