Knoevenagel‐Michael‐cyclocondensation Tandem Reaction of Malononitrile,Various Aldehydes and Dimedone Catalyzed by Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Pyridinium Chloride as a New Ionic Liquid and Catalyst

New ionic liquid sulfonic acid functionalized pyridinium chloride [Pyridine–SO₃H]Cl was used for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives by the one‐pot three component condensation reaction of various aldehydes, dimedone and malononitrile at 95 ºC under solvent‐free conditions.     

Efficient syntheses of zoledronic acid as an active ingredient of a drug against osteoporosis

The reaction of 1H-imidazol-1-ylacetic acid and two equivalents of phosphorus trichloride/phosphorous acid at 75?°C in sulfolane, or in the presence of catalytic amounts of [bmim][BF₄] afforded zoledronic acid in yields up to 75%. The joint use of the ionic liquid additive and sulfolane as the solvent was synergetic affording highly valuable zoledronic acid in a record yield of 93%.     

Preparation and Characterization of a Novel Benzimidazolium Bronsted Acid Ionic Liquid and Its Application in the Synthesis of Arylic Esters

A novel Brφnsted acid task specific ionic liquid 1-ethylbenzimidazolium tetrafluoroborate （[Hebim]BF4） with functional benzimidazolium cation was synthesized and characterized by ^1H NMR, IR, MS spectra and elemental analysis. This novel ionic liquid was successfully used as dual solvent-catalyst for the synthesis of arylic esters. Higher yields were obtained in the presence of [Hebim]BF4 in comparison with other imidazolium ionic liquids because of the good solubility of the aromatic alcohols and aromatic carboxylic acids in [Hebim]BF4. The product could be separated conveniently from the reaction system, and the ionic liquid could be easily reused after removal of water under vacuum. After 10 times reuse, the selectivity of the ester was still 100%.     

1‐n‐Butyl‐3‐Methylimmidazolium Tetrafluoroborate–Promoted Green Synthesis of 5‐Arylidene Barbituric Acids and Thiobarbituric Acid Derivatives

The room temperature ionic liquid 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimmidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF₄) was used to promote the synthesis of 5‐arylidene barbituric acids and thiobarbituric acid derivatives under the solid‐state conditions of grinding or microwave irradiation without organic solvent. The yields were 77.9–96.2%. It is shown that the proposed method is fast, efficient, and environmentally benign.     

酸功能化-温控型三元杂多酸离子液体的合成、表征及其酯催化性能

采用酸化-乙醚萃取法制备了不同钒取代数目的 Keggin结构的磷钨钒杂多酸,并进一步通过离子交换法合成了磺酸功能化的杂多酸离子液体催化剂,采用核磁、元素分析、红外、紫外、X射线衍射、热重-差示扫描、电位滴定等分析手段对所得样品进行了表征,考察了所得样品对氯乙酸和正戊醇的酯化反应性能和重复使用性能。结果表明,所制备的杂多酸离子液体是一种具有温度响应特性的无定型结构化合物,仍保留Keggin结构和较高的酸强度,该催化剂在反应温度下与反应物形成一相,而反应结束温度降低后,催化剂和产物又形成两相,通过简单的倾倒法就可以快速分离催化剂和反应产物。与杂多酸以及未磺酸化的杂多酸离子液体相比,磺酸功能化的杂多酸离子液体具有更高的酯催化活性。在优化的反应条件下,[PyPS]4PW11VO40(PyPS为1-(3-磺酸基)丙基吡啶)对氯乙酸的转化率可达到97.6%,重复使用4次后转化率为91.9%,而催化剂的结构未有明显变化。     

A facile synthesis of 3-allyl-4-hydrazinocyclopentenes by the palladium/Lewis acid mediated ring opening of bicyclic hydrazines with allyltributyltin and allyltrimethylsilane

A facile method for the synthesis of 3-allyl-4-hydrazinocyclopentenes from bicyclic hydrazines by the Pd/Lewis acid catalyzed reaction of allyltributyltin and allyltrimethylsilane is described. The role of ionic liquid [bmim]PF₆ as a solvent as well as a promoter is also demonstrated by carrying out the reactions in ionic liquid without Lewis acid.     

Phosphonium ionic liquids as new, reactive extractants of lactic acid

Solvent properties of ionic liquids with trihexyltetradecylphosphonium cation and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate anion (Cyphos IL-104) or chloride anion (Cyphos IL-101) were studied. IL-104 effectively extracted lactic acid (LA) with distribution coefficients above 40 at low acid concentrations. IL-104 extracted only undissociated acid (LAH) what supported the coordination mechanism of lactic acid extraction via H-bonding. In the extraction of lactic acid by phosphonium chloride (IL-101) an ion-exchange mechanism contributed remarkably to the extraction especially at basic pH where anionic form of this acid predominated. A high solubility of water in hydrophobic IL-104 up to 14.4 mass % was connected with the formation of reverse micelles. A dual mechanism of water extraction to phosphonium ionic liquids was identified, which consisted of water incorporation into reverse micelles and the inclusion of water into the hydrated complex of lactic acid with ionic liquid (IL). The extraction of lactic acid caused splitting of reverse micelles with liberation of water from the solvent. In the saturated solvent only hydration water remained in the complex of lactic acid with phosphonium ionic liquid, with the suggested structure (LAH)_p(IL)(H₂O)₂, where the value of p ranged from 1 to 3.     

Liquid-liquid biphasic synthesis of long chain wax esters using the Lewis acidic ionic liquid choline chloride·2ZnCl2

The first liquid-liquid biphasic synthesis of wax esters in a Lewis acidic ionic liquid, choline chloride·2ZnCl₂ by the esterification of long chain carboxylic acids with long chain alcohols is described. The reported reaction system has the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis with high product yield and the ease of product as well as catalyst separation without the use of an organic solvent. The ionic liquid studied plays the dual role of solvent as well as catalyst and is recycled up to six times without any significant loss of activity.     

The first urea‐based ionic liquid‐stabilized magnetic nanoparticles: an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes and pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidinone derivatives

Urea‐based ionic liquid stabilized on silica‐coated Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles, {Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@(CH₂)₃‐Urea‐SO₃H/HCl}, as an unexceptionable and smooth releasing urea fertilizer in alkali soils was synthesized and fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The nanostructure catalyst as a novel, green and efficient catalyst was applied for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives via the condensation reaction between 2‐methylindole and aldehydes at room temperature under solvent‐free conditions. Also, pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidinone derivatives were prepared in the presence of the nanomagnetic urea‐based catalyst by the one‐pot three‐component condensation reaction of 1,3‐dimethylbarbituric acid, aldehydes and malononitrile under solvent‐free conditions at 60 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the synthesis of urea‐based ionic liquid stabilized on silica‐coated Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles. So the present work can open up a new and promising insight in the course of rational design, synthesis and applications of task‐specific fertilizer‐based nanomagnetic ionic liquids with desirable properties as unexceptionable substances for sustainable processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental Determination and Computational Prediction of Dehydroabietic Acid Solubility in (−)-α-Pinene + (−)-β-Caryophyllene + P-Cymene System

The solubility of dehydroabietic acid in (−)-α-pinene, p-cymene, (−)-β-caryophyllene, (−)-α-pinene + p-cymene, (−)-β-caryophyllene + p-cymene and (−)-α-pinene + (−)-β-caryophyllene were determined using the laser monitoring method at atmospheric pressure. The solubility of dehydroabietic acid was positively correlated with temperature from 295.15 to 339.46 K. (−)-α-pinene, p-cymene, and (−)-β-caryophyllene were found to be suitable for the solubilization of dehydroabietic acid. In addition, the non-random two liquid (NRTL), universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC), modified Apelblat, modified Wilson, modified Wilson–van’t Hoff, and λh models were applied to correlate the determined solubility data. The modified Apelblat model gave the minor deviation for dehydroabietic acid in monosolvents, while the λh equation showed the best result in the binary solvents. A comparative analysis of compatibility between solutes and solvents was carried out using Hansen solubility parameters. The thermodynamic functions of Δ_solH⁰, Δ_solS⁰, Δ_solG⁰ were calculated according to the van’t Hoff equation, indicating that the dissolution was an entropy-driven heat absorption process. The Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) combined with an experimental value was applied to predict the reasonable solubility data of dehydroabietic acid in the selected solvents systems. The interaction energy of the dehydroabietic acid with the solvent was analyzed by COSMO-RS.     

离子液体催化剂用于煤焦化苯深度脱硫制无硫苯

从扩大有机合成用苯的需求出发,采用研制的离子液体催化剂考察了煤焦化苯深度脱硫制无硫苯的过程。结果表明：N-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐[Hmim][HSO₄]离子液体催化剂脱噻吩效果与其酸函数值有关。本文采用Hammett指示剂测定离子液体的酸函数H₀,并得出：在-4至-12的范围,离子液体催化剂可以使煤焦化苯噻吩脱至0. 5mg/L以下。与固体酸催化机理相似,酸量和酸强度一定的离子液体催化剂通过Friedel-Crafts反应形成烷基噻吩等,与苯的物性拉开距离,对苯的分离精制是必不可少的,但是过多、过强的[Hmim][HSO₄]酸值也更有利于苯-噻吩-烯烃共聚合等副反应的发生,从而影响离子液体催化剂重复使用的寿命。本研究利用煤焦化苯脱硫反应形成的噻吩衍生物作为提供电荷流通的聚合物,将反复使用后性能不佳的离子液体成分等作为“受电子型”和“给电子型”的掺杂剂,进行导电（抗静电）材料的制备。结果显示：对煤焦化苯脱硫形成的噻吩衍生物等可以用于掺杂导电材料的试制。     

An Efficient and Green One‐pot Synthesis of 12‐Aryl‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen‐11‐one Derivatives Promoted by Sulfamic Acid in [BMIM]BF4 Ionic Liquid

An efficient and green procedure for the synthesis of novel 12‐aryl‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen‐11‐one derivatives has been described through one‐pot condensation of 2‐naphthol, arylaldehyde and 5,5‐dimethyl‐cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione in the presence of sulfamic acid (NH₂SO₃H) in ionic liquid 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF₄). These reactions proceed with good yields under short reaction time. Furthermore, the green catalytic system can be recycled specific times with no decreases in yields and reaction rates.     

Chloroaluminate ionic liquid‐modified silica‐coated magnetic nanoparticles: Efficient and reusable catalyst for selective synthesis of mono‐ and bis‐dihydropyrano[3,2‐b]chromenediones

The synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of chloroaluminate ionic liquid‐modified silica‐coated magnetic nanoparticles ([SiPrPy]AlCl₄@MNPs) are described. The prepared magnetic nanocatalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X‐ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma analysis. The results showed that the ionic liquid had been successfully immobilized onto the magnetic support, and the resulting nanoparticles exhibited high catalytic activity for the synthesis of a diverse range of dihydropyrano[3,2‐b ]chromenediones via a one‐pot, three‐component and solvent‐free reaction of aromatic aldehydes, 1,3‐diones and kojic acid. This catalytic system also showed excellent activity in the selective synthesis of mono‐ and bis‐dihydropyrano[3,2‐b ]chromenediones from dialdehydes. The procedure gave the products in excellent yields and in very short reaction times. Moreover, the catalyst could be reused eight times without loss of its catalytic activity.     

Amino acid ionic liquid‐based titanomagnetite nanoparticles: An efficient and green nanocatalyst for the synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles

The amino acid ionic liquid tetrabutylammonium asparaginate (TBAAsp) was immobilized on titanomagnetite (Fe_3?xTi_xO₄) nanoparticles in a facile one‐pot process using an organosilane compound (TMSP) as spacer. The modified Fe_3?xTi_xO₄@TMSP@TBAAsp magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The resulting analytical data clearly verified the successful immobilization of the ionic liquid on the magnetic substrate. The magnetic ionic liquid‐based nanoparticles exhibited high catalytic activity in the synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives via a one‐pot three‐component reaction under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst was easily recycled and reused for at least six runs without any considerable loss of activity.     

Synthesis of poly(glycolic acid) in ionic liquids

The synthesis of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) by polyesterification of glycolic acid was studied using ionic liquids, mainly 1,3‐dialkylimidazolium salts, as reaction media. The ¹H NMR spectra of PGA oligomers were assigned and end‐group signals were used to follow the reaction. Low PGA yields were obtained by the direct polyesterification of glycolic acid at 200–240 °C, because of monomer evaporation during the reaction. On the other hand, PGAs of DP _n up to 45 were obtained by the postpolycondensation of a preformed oligomer in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (BMIm⁺Tf₂N^?). The precipitation of PGA in reaction medium at long reaction times limited the achievable molar mass. Rate constants were determined for catalyzed and noncatalyzed reactions, assuming a second‐order reaction mechanism. The efficiency of esterification catalysts such as Zn(OAc)₂ was low in these media, as only about twofold increases in reaction rate were observed. This was assigned to the preferential interaction of Zn²⁺ with ionic liquid anion instead of the polymer carboxylic acid end‐groups. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3025–3035, 2006     

Green and Efficient Protocol for the Synthesis of N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)anilines by the Alkylation Reaction in Ionic Liquid

A green and efficient protocol for the synthesis of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)anilines by the selective alkylation reaction in ionic liquid [BMIM]BF₄ (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) has been developed, eliminating the need for toxic and expensive catalysts and volatile organic solvents. The effects of the amount of ionic liquid, temperature, time, and substrate structure on the reaction were investigated. The conversion and selectivity of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)anilines obtained in ionic liquid [BMIM]BF₄ are significantly increased in comparison to those traditional methods. Furthermore, the ionic liquid could be easily separated and reused at least five times. It provided a simple and efficient alternative way for the industrial synthesis of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)anilines.     

Efficient Reduction of CO2 into Formic Acid on a Lead or Tin Electrode using an Ionic Liquid Catholyte Mixture

Highly efficient electrochemical reduction of CO₂ into value‐added chemicals using cheap and easily prepared electrodes is environmentally and economically compelling. The first work on the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ in ternary electrolytes containing ionic liquid, organic solvent, and H₂O is described. Addition of a small amount of H₂O to an ionic liquid/acetonitrile electrolyte mixture significantly enhanced the efficiency of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ into formic acid (HCOOH) on a Pb or Sn electrode, and the efficiency was extremely high using an ionic liquid/acetonitrile/H₂O ternary mixture. The partial current density for HCOOH reached 37.6 mA cm^?2 at a Faradaic efficiency of 91.6 %, which is much higher than all values reported to date for this reaction, including those using homogeneous and noble metal electrocatalysts. The reasons for such high efficiency were investigated using controlled experiments.     

Ionic Liquid [bmim]BF4 as an Efficient and Recyclable Reaction Medium for the Synthesis of O-Acetyl Cyanohydrin via One-Pot Condensation of Aldehyde,TMSCN, and Ac2O

Ionic liquid [bmim]BF₄ has been demonstrated to be an efficient and environmentally friendly reaction medium as well as reaction promoter for the synthesis of O-acetyl cyanohydrin via one-pot condensation of aldehyde, TMSCN, and Ac₂O without Lewis acid or any special activation. In addition, the recovered ionic liquid could be reused for subsequent runs without the loss of activity.     

One‐Pot,Three‐Component Synthesis of Novel Spiro[3H‐indole‐3,2′‐thiazolidine]‐2,4′(1H)‐diones in an Ionic Liquid as a Reusable Reaction Media

A facile one‐pot, three‐component protocol for the synthesis of novel spiro[3H‐indole‐3,2′‐thiazolidine]‐2,4′(1H)‐diones by condensing 1H‐indole‐2,3‐diones, 4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐amine and 2‐sulfanylpropanoic acid in [bmim]PF₆ (1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐1H‐imidazolium hexafluorophosphate) as a recyclable ionic‐liquid solvent gave good to excellent yields in the absence of any catalyst (Scheme 1 and Table 2). The advantages of this protocol over conventional methods are the mild reaction conditions, the high product yields, a shorter reaction time, as well as the eco‐friendly conditions.     

Recyclable zinc (II) ionic liquid catalyzed synthesis of azides by direct azidation of alcohols using trimethylsilylazide at room temperature

A new efficient method has been reported for the synthesis of azides by direct azidation of alcohols with TMSN₃ in presence of recyclable task specific ionic liquid (TSIL) [bmim]ZnCl₃ as a catalyst in DCM at room temperature. Ionic liquid [bmim]ZnCl₃ was synthesized under solvent free conditions and characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and HRMS. The Lewis acidity of catalyst was also examined using IR spectroscopy. The main features of this new methodology are high yields of products, recyclability of catalyst, scalability of reaction to gram scale and short reaction time.