Facile Conversion of Aldehydes and Ketones to gem-Dichlorides Using Chlorodiphenylphosphine/N-Chlorosuccinimide as a New and Neutral System

Aldehydes and ketones are easily converted to their corresponding gem-dichlorides using a mixture of chlorodiphenylphosphine and N-chlorosuccinimide (ClPPh₂/NCS) in dichloromethane under neutral conditions and at room temperature.     

One-Pot Conversion of Aldehyde Sodium Bisulfites into Nitriles

Direct conversion of aldehyde sodium bisulfites to the corresponding nitriles can be easily performed by the reaction of an aldehyde sodium bisulfites with a slight execss of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in refluxing toluene and in the presence of 1.0 equivalents of pyridine as catalyst.     

N-（4＇-取代嘧啶-2＇-基）-取代苯氧基磺酰脲的合成及除草活性

光谱;N-（4＇-取代嘧啶-2＇-基）-取代苯氧基磺酰脲的合成及除草活性     

醛、酮类腙衍生物校正因子的预测与测定

利用2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)与醛、酮类化合物反应生成稳定的衍生物2,4-二硝基苯腙,对所生成的DNPH衍生物溶液直接进行气相色谱分析;以苯为内标物,分别对6种醛、酮衍生物的校正因子进行了预测和回归,校正因子的实际测定值与理论预测值的最大相对误差不超过0．4％。实验说明对反应生成物直接进行校正因子测定的方法是可靠的,且方法操作简单;同时也说明使用理论计算方法预测醛、酮DNPH衍生物校正因子的可行性,为使用理论计算方法预测其它醛、酮DNPH衍生物的校正因子奠定了基础。     

Novel Method of Reducing Ketones Using Sodium Hydroxide in Isopropanol

Ketones are readily reduced to secondary alcohols with sodium hydroxide in refluxing isopropanol.     

One-Pot Reductive Mono-N-alkylation of Aromatic Nitro Compounds Using Nitriles as Alkylating Reagents

Palladium catalysed transfer hydrogenation using cyclohexene as the donor is found to deprotect readily alcohol benzyl ethers and aliphatic benzyl esters. The phenol benzyl ethers and benzyl benzoates are stable under these conditions.     

Colorimetric Recognition of Aldehydes and Ketones

A colorimetric sensor array has been designed for the identification of and discrimination among aldehydes and ketones in vapor phase. Due to rapid chemical reactions between the solid‐state sensor elements and gaseous analytes, distinct color difference patterns were produced and digitally imaged for chemometric analysis. The sensor array was developed from classical spot tests using aniline and phenylhydrazine dyes that enable molecular recognition of a wide variety of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes and ketones, as demonstrated by hierarchical cluster, principal component, and support vector machine analyses. The aldehyde/ketone‐specific sensors were further employed for differentiation among and identification of ten liquor samples (whiskies, brandy, vodka) and ethanol controls, showing its potential applications in the beverage industry.     

Organic Reactions Using Sodium Hydrogentelluride: Part 4. The Selective Reduction of Aromatic Aldehydes or Ketones with Electron-Withdrawing Groups on the Benzene Ring by Sodium Hydrogentelluride

Aromatic aldehydes or ketones which have electron-withdrawing groups on the benzene ring were selectively reduced to the corresponding alcohols in good yields by sodium hydrogentelluride; common aldehydes such as benzaldehyde and tolualdehyde were inert.     

过渡金属盐促进的纳米氢化钠对硝基的还原反应

研究了在过渡金属盐促进下，纳米尺寸的活性氢化钠对硝基化合物的还原反应．结果表明，过渡金属盐的存在，使纳米氢化钠（ＮａＨ＊）的还原活性进一步增强，硝基苯的转化率在较短时间内就超过９０％．镍盐对生成苯胺的选择性最好（１００％），其次是锰盐．不同纳米碱金属氢化物对硝基苯还原的活性和生成苯胺的选择性顺序为ＮａＨ＊＞ＫＨ＊＞ＬｉＨ＊．几种硝基化合物的反应结果表明，ＮａＨ＊－镍盐是硝基还原生成芳胺有效的复合还原剂     

杂芳基烷基醚、杂芳基卤化物与(氘代)醇的亲核醚化

研究了在叔丁醇钾的作用下,杂芳基烷氧化合物、杂芳基卤化物和杂芳基硫醚与各种伯、仲、叔脂肪醇高效醚化,强调了天然产物和生物活性分子的衍生化以及不易通过其他途径获得的氘代芳基烷基醚的合成方法的实用性.     

Hydride Reduction by a Sodium Hydride–Iodide Composite

Sodium hydride (NaH) is widely used as a Brønsted base in chemical synthesis and reacts with various Brønsted acids, whereas it rarely behaves as a reducing reagent through delivery of the hydride to polar π electrophiles. This study presents a series of reduction reactions of nitriles, amides, and imines as enabled by NaH in the presence of LiI or NaI. This remarkably simple protocol endows NaH with unprecedented and unique hydride‐donor chemical reactivity.     

Deoxygenation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Sodium Cyanoborohydride

Treatment of hydroxy-substituted aromatic aldehydes and ketones with sodium cyanoborohydride yields the corresponding methylene compounds under conditions which favor intermediate carbonium ion formation.     

纳米氢化钠的热稳定性和化学反应活性

Nanometric sodium hydride (NaH*) possesses a large specific surface area. Its chemical reactivity is in orders of magnitude higher than that of the conmercial one. After heat treatment at 2ll℃, the specific surface area of NaH* becomes smaller whereas its chemical reactivity is even higher. This fact indicates that the specific surface area of NaH* particles is an important but not the only factor for its high reactivity. NaH treated at (400℃, 6h) still retains a specific surface area of 30m2 g-1 and gives fairly high chemical reactivity.     

茂钛配合物—纳米氢化钠双组分高活性加氢催化剂的研究

提出了带有不同取代基的茂钛配合物与纳米氢化钠（ＮａＨ）组成的高活性加氢催化剂，在常温常压下，取代茂钛配合物ＴｉＣｌ２／ＮａＨ对１－己烯的加氢反应有极高的初始活性，ＴＯＦｍａｘ达到１１０ｍｏｌＨ２／（ｍｏｌＴｉ．ｓ），催化转换数达到２２２００ｍｏｌＨ２／（ｍｏｌＴｉ）。该催化体系对底物有明显的专一选择性，只有端烃才能发生加氢反应，且无民构化副反应发生，纳米氢化钠的助剂作用是该催化体系高活性关键因素。     

Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Tandem One‐Pot Reaction of Biphenyl Ketones/Aldehydes to the Corresponding Di‐substituted Aryl Olefins

Synthesis of di‐substituted aryl olefins via a Pd(0)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of biphenyl ketones/aldehydes, tosylhydrazide, and aryl bromides (or benzyl halides) was developed. This methodology was achieved by one‐pot two‐step reactions involving the preparation of N ‐tosylhydrazones by reacting tosylhydrazide with biphenyl ketones/aldehydes, followed by coupling with aryl bromides (or benzyl halides) in the presence of Pd(PPh₃ )₄ and lithium t ‐butoxide to produce various di‐substituted aryl olefins in moderate to good yields.     

Mechanistic Insights on Reduction of Carboxamides by Diisobutylaluminum Hydride and Sodium Hydride−Iodide Composite

The reaction mechanisms on reduction of tertiary carboxamides by diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL) and sodium hydride (NaH)‐sodium iodide (NaI) composite were elucidated by the computational and experimental approaches. Reduction of N,N‐dimethyl carboxamides with DIBAL provides the corresponding amines, whereas that with the NaH?NaI composite exclusively forms aldehyde even at high reaction temperature. DFT calculations revealed that dimeric structural nature of DIBAL and Lewis acidity on its Al center play crucial role to decompose the tetrahedral anionic carbinol amine intermediate through C?O bond cleavage. On the other hand, in the reduction with the NaH?NaI composite, the resulting tetrahedral anionic carbinol amine intermediate could be kept stable, thus providing aldehydes as a sole product by the aqueous workup     

Radical Hydrodehalogenation of Aryl Bromides and Chlorides with Sodium Hydride and 1,4‐Dioxane

A practical method for radical chain reduction of various aryl bromides and chlorides is introduced. The thermal process uses NaH and 1,4‐dioxane as reagents and 1,10‐phenanthroline as an initiator. Hydrodehalogenation can be combined with typical cyclization reactions, proving the nature of the radical mechanism. These chain reactions proceed by electron catalysis. DFT calculations and mechanistic studies support the suggested mechanism.     

二氧化碳促进的醛和酮等羰基化合物烯丙基化反应研究

加入二氧化碳可以促进羰基化合物的烯丙基化反应. 实验结果表明: 在1.0 MPa的二氧化碳和2 equiv.的锡存在下, 以THF/H₂O为反应介质, 芳香醛化合物与烯丙基溴可以顺利地发生烯丙基化反应得到较高的产率, 而芳香酮化合物和脂肪醛等与烯丙基溴反应只得到较低的产率.     

Complex Reducing Agents (CRA's)—Versatile,Novel Ways of Using Sodium Hydride in Organic Synthesis

Why do we hardly use the simplest and, at the same time, inexpensive reducing agent sodium hydride in organic chemistry? To this question the answer is invariably: “It is too basic”. In this progress report we describe work we have performed aimed at controlling the basicity of NaH using sodium alcoholates and metal salts. The complex reducing agents (CRA's) developed (symbolized NaH-RONa-MX_n) allow organic halides, alkenes, alkynes and ketones to be reduced selectively. Highly regioselective 1,4- and 1,2-reductions of α,β-unsaturated ketones are easily performed using appropriate metal salts. Modified CRA's have proved to be excellent hydrosilylating reagents for carbonyl groups, non-pyrophoric heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts, coupling reagents for aryl and vinyl halides, and reagents for the carbonylation of organic halides under very mild conditions. The study of these reactions opened up the field to phase-transfer-catalyzed photostimulated carbonylations as well as to S_RN1 reactions of metalates.–Thus, starting from the simple sodium hydride a large number of useful reagents have become accessible.     

Six-Step Continuous Flow Synthesis of Diclofenac Sodium via Cascade Etherification/Smiles Rearrangement Strategy: Tackling the Issues of Batch Processing

Diclofenac sodium is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) as over-the-counter (OTC) medication for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Herein, the development of an intensified six-step continuous flow synthesis of diclofenac sodium from commercially available aniline and chloroacetic acid is described. A challenging and unprecedented etherification/Smiles rearrangement cascade of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide and 2,6-dichlorophenol into hydroxyacetyldiphenylamine operated with the precise control of reaction conditions in continuous flow was realized as the key step in this multistep synthetic chemistry. The undesired amide hydrolysis in Smiles rearrangement was addressed and the extra installation of N-chloroacetyl group in current industrial batch mode was avoided. Diclofenac sodium was obtained in 63 % isolated yield with an average yield of above 90 % for each step in a total residence time of 205 min.