Selective Hydrogenation of Aromatic Aminoketones by Pd/C Catalysis

We report an alternative hydrogenation of aromatic aminoketones by heterogeneous catalyst of palladium on carbon (Pd/C) in which nitro, in particular carbonyl groups in the ketones, could be selectively transformed to corresponding amino ketone, secondary alcohol, or methylene compound.     

负载Pd基碳二选择加氢催化剂上乙炔加氢反应的原位红外光谱研究

以乙烯和乙炔为探针分子, 采用原位红外光谱技术研究了Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃和Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂上乙炔加氢反应, 通过乙炔吸附, 乙炔和氢的共吸附和交替吸附表征了催化剂表面吸附物种的变化. 结果表明, 在Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃催化体系中, 乙炔在Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃和Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂有着不同的吸附性能, 另外, 加氢反应会导致在催化剂表面形成由长分子链的烷烃组成的碳氢化合物层, 该吸附层与绿油有着相似的红外光谱特征, 最关键的是乙炔和氢的吸附顺序和碳氢化合物层的生成量之间存在着一定的关系, 这将直接影响催化剂的加氢性能.     

Heterogeneous Hydrogenation with Hydrogen Spillover Enabled by Nitrogen Vacancies on Boron Nitride-Supported Pd Nanoparticles

Heterogeneous hydrogenation with hydrogen spillover has been demonstrated as an effective route to achieve high selectivity towards target products. More effort should be paid to understand the complicated correlation between the nature of supports and hydrogenation involving hydrogen spillover. Herein, we report the development of the hydrogenation system of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)-supported Pd nanoparticles for the hydrogenation of aldehydes/ketones to alcohols with hydrogen spillover. Nitrogen vacancies in h-BN determine the feasibility of hydrogen spillover from Pd to h-BN. The hydrogenation of aldehydes/ketones with hydrogen spillover from Pd proceeds on nitrogen vacancies on h-BN. The weak adsorption of alcohols to h-BN inhibits the deep hydrogenation of aldehydes/ketones, thus leading to high catalytic selectivity to alcohols. Moreover, the hydrogen spillover-based hydrogenation mechanism makes the catalyst system exhibit a high tolerance to CO poisoning.     

Alkene Transfer Hydrogenation with Alkaline‐Earth Metal Catalysts

The alkene transfer hydrogenation (TH) of a variety of alkenes has been achieved with simple AeN′′₂ catalysts [Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba; N′′=N(SiMe₃)₂] using 1,4‐cyclohexadiene (1,4‐CHD) as a H source. Reaction of 1,4‐CHD with AeN′′₂ gave benzene, N′′H, and the metal hydride species N′′AeH (or aggregates thereof), which is a catalyst for alkene hydrogenation. BaN′′₂ is by far the most active catalyst. Hydrogenation of activated C=C bonds (e.g. styrene) proceeded at room temperature without polymer formation. Unactivated (isolated) C=C bonds (e.g. 1‐hexene) needed a higher temperature (120 °C) but proceeded without double‐bond isomerization. The ligands fully control the course of the catalytic reaction, which can be: 1) alkene TH, 2) 1,4‐CHD dehydrogenation, or 3) alkene polymerization. DFT calculations support formation of a metal hydride species by deprotonation of 1,4‐CHD followed by H transfer. Convenient access to larger quantities of BaN′′₂, its high activity and selectivity, and the many advantages of TH make this a simple but attractive procedure for alkene hydrogenation.     

A Biocompatible Alkene Hydrogenation Merges Organic Synthesis with Microbial Metabolism

Organic chemists and metabolic engineers use orthogonal technologies to construct essential small molecules such as pharmaceuticals and commodity chemicals. While chemists have leveraged the unique capabilities of biological catalysts for small‐molecule production, metabolic engineers have not likewise integrated reactions from organic synthesis with the metabolism of living organisms. Reported herein is a method for alkene hydrogenation which utilizes a palladium catalyst and hydrogen gas generated directly by a living microorganism. This biocompatible transformation, which requires both catalyst and microbe, and can be used on a preparative scale, represents a new strategy for chemical synthesis that combines organic chemistry and metabolic engineering.     

Catalytic Performance of Carbon Materials Supported Pd Nanoparticles in Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene

Pd/C catalysts were prepared by deposited Pd nanoparticles (NPs) on different carbon supports including activated carbon (AC), graphite oxide (GO), and reduced graphite oxide (rGO) using sol-immobilization method. Through transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray di raction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the role of the carbon supports for the catalytic performances of Pd/C catalysts was examined in selective hydrogenation of acetylene. The results indicate that Pd/AC exhibited higher activity and selectivity than Pd/GO and Pd/rGO in the gas phase selective hydrogenation of acetylene. Thermal and chemical treatment of AC supports also have some effect on the catalytic performance of Pd/AC catalysts. The differences in the activity and selectivity of various Pd/C catalysts were partly attributed to the metal-support interaction.     

Assembly of Multiple Components in a Hybrid Microcapsule: Designing a Magnetically Separable Pd Catalyst for Selective Hydrogenation

In analogy to the role of long‐chain polyamines in biosilicification, poly‐L ‐lysine facilitates the assembly of nanocomponents to design multifunctional microcapsule structures. The method is demonstrated by the fabrication of a magnetically separable catalyst that accommodates Pd nanoparticles (NPs) as active catalyst, Fe₃O₄ NPs as magnetic component for easy recovery of the catalyst, and silica NPs to impart stability and selectivity to the catalyst. In addition, polyamines embedded inside the microcapsule prevent the agglomeration of Pd NPs and thus result in efficient catalytic activity in hydrogenation reactions, and the hydrophilic silica surface results in selectivity in reactions depending on the polarity of substrates.     

Atomically Dispersed Pd Atoms on a Simple MgO Support with an Ultralow Loading for Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylene to Ethylene

We report a simple and efficient Pd/MgO catalyst loaded with ppm level of Pd (7.8 ppm) for semi-hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene. The catalyst showed excellent performance with high acetylene conversion (97%), high ethylene selectivity (89%) and good stability. Moreover, the atomically dispersed Pd atoms are inactive for ethylene hydrogenation. Isotopic and FTIR results suggest that H₂ dissociates at isolated Pd atoms in a heterolytic manner forming O−H bond, which may account for the high selectivity.     

负载型Pd/SBA-15催化剂的双烯选择性加氢催化性能

用微型反应器评价体系结合程序升温还原CO、化学吸附、BET比表面积测试和高分辨率透射电子显微镜等多种表征方法研究了负载型Pd/SBA-15催化剂的长链正构双烯选择性加氢的催化性能.结果表明,与Pd/-γAl2O3工业催化剂相比,Pd/SBA-15催化剂双烯选择性加氢的催化性能更优良,且Pd/SBA-15催化剂双烯选择性加氢催化性能与Pd负载量密切相关.随Pd负载量增加,Pd/SBA-15催化剂的金属分散度和长链正构双烯加氢选择性急剧下降.     

双功能Pd/ZrHP催化剂的制备及其在苯酚选择性加氢反应中的应用

苯酚加氢制备环己酮是合成纤维（尼龙）生产过程中的重要环节。采用微波法快速合成了具有层状结构的固体酸（磷酸氢锆,ZrHP）和ZrHP负载的Pd催化剂,利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、高倍透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）、氮气吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和程序升温脱附（TPD）技术对催化剂的结构、形貌和表面特性进行了详细的表征,并将其应用于苯酚选择性加氢制环己酮的反应中。研究发现：在温和条件（100℃,1.0 MPa H₂）下,Pd/ZrHP比传统的氧化物（Al₂O₃、SiO₂、MgO）、分子筛（H-Beta）、活性炭（XC-72）负载的Pd催化剂具有更高的活性和稳定性,催化剂表面Pd原子的比活性最高可达612.2 h^-1,并且经过5次循环使用后催化剂无明显失活。结合表征结果推断,金属中心Pd与ZrHP表面的酸性位点之间的协同作用可能是影响苯酚加氢产物停留在环己酮阶段的关键因素。     

Selective Hydrogenation of Carvone and o-Xylene (cis-trans) on Pd/Y Exchanged Zeolites

o-Xylene and carvone hydrogenation on supported Pd on exchanged Y-zeolites was done. A controlled selectivity of hydrogen stereoaddition (cis- and trans-) in o-xylene and a large control of the multiple hydrogen addition in carvone were obtained. These effects were achieved by controlling the exchanged Y zeolites acidity.     

纳米Pd的形貌和尺寸可控制备及其1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能

采用化学还原法合成Pd纳米立方体,并将其作为晶种,进一步合成大尺寸的纳米Pd立方体以及具有不同{100}和{111}晶面比例的纳米Pd多面体.将形貌和尺寸可控的纳米Pd溶胶应用于1,4-丁炔二醇催化加氢的反应中,反应结果表明,纳米Pd的催化性能取决于其尺寸和形貌.{111}晶面的催化活性高于{100}晶面,PVP稳定的Pd胶体对1,4-丁烯二醇均具有较高选择性,具有适当{100}和{111}晶面比例的纳米Pd多面体对1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性可达96%.     

Integrating Hydrogen Production with Aqueous Selective Semi‐Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines over a Ni2P Bifunctional Electrode

Exploring an alternative anodic reaction to produce value‐added chemicals with high selectivity, especially integrated with promoted hydrogen generation, is desirable. Herein, a selective semi‐dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) is demonstrated to replace the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for boosting H₂ evolution reaction (HER) in water over a Ni₂P nanosheet electrode. The value‐added semi‐dehydrogenation products, dihydroisoquinolines (DHIQs), can be selectively obtained with high yields at the anode. The controllable semi‐dehydrogenation is attributed to the in situ formed Ni^II/Ni^III redox active species. Such a strategy can deliver a variety of DHIQs bearing electron‐withdrawing/donating groups in good yields and excellent selectivities, and can be applied to gram‐scale synthesis. A two‐electrode Ni₂P bifunctional electrolyzer can produce both H₂ and DHIQs with robust stability and high Faradaic efficiencies at a much lower cell voltage than that of overall water splitting.     

Selective Determination of Nicorandil with a Single Planar Solid-state Potentiometric Ion Selective Electrode

Novel screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) were constructed for the quantitation of nicorandil (NIC) in its pharmaceutical formulations. Different ion-exchangers and plasticizers were investigated, but the optimal potentiometric response was obtained using nicorandil-phosphotungstate (NIC-PTA) ion associate and tricresyl phosphate as a plasticizer. A Nernstian response of 58.80±1 mV/decade was obtained over a concentration range of (1×10⁻⁶–1×10⁻²) M with 1×10⁻⁵ M as a detection limit. Sensor morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The method was validated for the assay of NIC with high selectivity, accuracy (average recovery=100.54 %), and precision (%RSD≤2).     

Singly Hydrogen Bonded Supramolecular Ligands for Highly Selective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions

H bonds make the catalysts! A single hydrogen bond between ligands coordinated to a rhodium center is critical for the formation of pure supramolecular catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation reactions. The ester group of the amidite ligand (see scheme) also forms a hydrogen bond with the coordinated substrate. Use of the heterocomplex afforded the highest enantioselectivity reported to date for the hydrogenation of several ester substrates.

     

Selective Hydrogenation of Acrolein Over Pd Model Catalysts: Temperature and Particle‐Size Effects

The selectivity in the hydrogenation of acrolein over Fe₃O₄‐supported Pd nanoparticles has been investigated as a function of nanoparticle size in the 220–270 K temperature range. While Pd(111) shows nearly 100 % selectivity towards the desired hydrogenation of the C=O bond to produce propenol, Pd nanoparticles were found to be much less selective towards this product. In situ detection of surface species by using IR‐reflection absorption spectroscopy shows that the selectivity towards propenol critically depends on the formation of an oxopropyl spectator species. While an overlayer of oxopropyl species is effectively formed on Pd(111) turning the surface highly selective for propenol formation, this process is strongly hindered on Pd nanoparticles by acrolein decomposition resulting in CO formation. We show that the extent of acrolein decomposition can be tuned by varying the particle size and the reaction temperature. As a result, significant production of propenol is observed over 12 nm Pd nanoparticles at 250 K, while smaller (4 and 7 nm) nanoparticles did not produce propenol at any of the temperatures investigated. The possible origin of particle‐size dependence of propenol formation is discussed. This work demonstrates that the selectivity in the hydrogenation of acrolein is controlled by the relative rates of acrolein partial hydrogenation to oxopropyl surface species and of acrolein decomposition, which has significant implications for rational catalyst design.     

Selective Loading of Atomic Platinum on a RuCeOx Support Enables Stable Hydrogen Evolution at High Current Densities

High-performance electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have an important role to play in the development of renewable energy. Platinum remains the most efficient known HER electrocatalyst. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to maximize Pt utilization in actual practical applications. Herein we demonstrate a facile strategy for synthesizing RuCeO_x-supported, selectively loaded, atomic Pt (0.49 wt. %) (denoted Pt/RuCeO_x-PA) by photoactivation at ambient temperature and pressure. Through the photoelectron transfer at the Mott-Schottky heterojunction in RuCeO_x, Pt atoms became embedded into the RuO₂ lattice. The resulting selectively loaded Pt-O-Ru moieties in Pt/RuCeO_x-PA give a stronger hydrogen spillover effect than Pt complexes randomly loaded by either chemical activation or thermal activation. As a result, Pt/RuCeO_x-PA shows superior HER performance to the materials prepared by random loading and is even better than a commercial Pt/C catalyst with much higher Pt loading (20 wt. %) at high current densities (from 50–600 mA cm⁻²).