Ytterbium Perfluorooctanesulfonate–Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Derivatives in Fluorous Solvents

Ytterbium perfluorooctanesulfonate [Yb(OPf)₃] catalyses the highly efficient synthesis of 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,5‐benzodiazepines in fluorous solvents. By simple separation of the fluorous phase containing only the catalyst, the reaction can be repeated several times.     

全氟辛基磺酸稀土金属盐催化氟两相酯化反应

制备了全氟辛基磺酸稀土金属盐[RE(OSO₂C₈F₁₇)₃, RE＝Sc, Y, La～Lu]并研究了该催化剂作用下氟两相酯化反应. 全氟己烷(C₆F₁₄)、全氟甲苯(C₇F₈)、全氟甲基环己烷(C₇F₁₄)、全氟辛烷(C₈F₁₈)、1-溴代全氟辛烷(C₈F₁₇Br)和全氟萘烷(C₁₀F₁₈, 顺式与反式的混合物)可作为该反应的氟溶剂. 研究表明Yb(OSO₂C₈F₁₇)₃和C₁₀F₁₈分别是最好的氟代催化剂和氟溶剂. 以Yb(OSO₂C₈F₁₇)₃为催化剂在C₁₀F₁₈中苯甲酸和异戊醇的酯化反应得率为99%. 含有催化剂的氟相通过简单的相分离, 就可回收利用, 氟相重复使用5次, 其催化活性减少不大.     

Size‐Tunable Micron‐Bubbles Based on Fluorous–Fluorous Interactions of Perfluorinated Dendritic Polyglycerols

This paper describes the behavior of various generations of polyglycerol dendrimers that contain a perfluorinated shell. The aggregation in organic solvents is based on supramolecular fluorous–fluorous interactions, which can be described by means of ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. In order to study the interaction and aggregation phenomena of dendrimers with perfluorinated shell and perfluoro‐tagged guest molecules we investigated [G3.5]‐dendrimer with a perfluorinated shell in the presence of perfluoro‐tagged disperse red. Noteworthy, the interaction intensities varied in an unexpected manner depending on the equivalents of perfluoro‐tagged guest molecules added to the dendrimers in solution which then formed supramolecular complexes based on fluorous–fluorous interactions. We found that these complexes aggregated around residual air in the solvent to form stable micron‐sized bubbles. Their sizes correlated with the interaction intensities measured for certain dendrimer–guest molecule ratios. Degassing of the solutions led to a quasi phase separation between organic and fluorous phase, whereby the dendrimers formed the fluorous phases. Regassing the sample with air afforded bubbles of the initial size again.     

Short-Chained Platinum Complex Catalyzed Hydrosilylation under Thermomorphic Conditions: Heterogeneous Phase Separation at Ice Temperature

Homogeneous catalysts PtCl₂[5,5′-bis-(n-ClCF₂(CF₂)₃CH₂OCH₂)-2,2′-bpy] (2A) and PtCl₂[5,5′-bis-(n-HCF₂(CF₂)₃CH₂OCH₂)-2,2′-bpy] (2B), which contained short fluorous chains, were synthesized and used in catalysis of hydrosilylation of alkynes. In these reactions the thermomorphic mode was effectively used to recover these catalysts from the reaction mixture up to eight cycles by taking advantage of heterogeneous phase separation at ice temperature. This kind of catalysis had previously been observed in fluorous catalysts of platinum containing about 50% F-content, but in this work the percentage of F-content is decreased to only about 30%, by which we termed them as “very light fluorous”. Our new type of catalyst with limited number of F-content is considered as the important discovery in the fluorous technology field as the reduced number of fluorine atoms will help to be able to comply the EPA 8-carbon rule. The metal leaching after the reaction has been examined by ICP-MS, and the testing results show the leaching of residual metal to be minimal. Additionally, comparing these results to our previous work, fluorous chain assisted selectivity has been observed when different fluorous chain lengths of the catalysts are used. It has been found that there exists fluorous chain assisted better selectivity towards β-(E) form in the Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation of non-symmetric terminal alkyne when the Pt catalyst contains short fluorous chain (i.e., 4 Cs). Phenyl acetylenes showed the opposite regioselectivity due to pi-pi interaction while using the same catalyst via Markovnikov’s addition to form terminal vinyl silane, which is then a major product for Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation of terminal aryl acetylene with triethylsilane. Finally, the kinetic studies indicate that the insertion of alkyne into the Pt-H bond is the rate-determining step.     

Microwave synthesis and fluorous purification of 4-(tetrathienyl)butyric acid for self-assembled monolayer semiconductor applications

Microwave-promoted synthesis and fluorous purification procedures have been employed successfully to generate 4-(tetrathienyl)butyric acid rapidly. Initially, a fluorous tag 1H,1H-perfluorooctylamine was tethered to 4-(thienyl)butyric acid via an amide traceless linkage. Subsequent, sequential α-bromination and Stille cross-coupling reactions with 2-(tributylstannyl)thiophene grew the fluorous-tagged 4-(oligothienyl)butyric acid efficiently. Each synthetic transformation was followed by a fluorous-solid phase extraction procedure to isolate the fluorous-tagged compound intermediate in excellent yield. Finally, the fluorous tag was cleaved by microwave-promoted saponification of the amide bond to liberate the desired 4-(tetrathienyl)butyric acid.     

Disassembly via an environmentally friendly and efficient fluorous phase constructed with dendritic architectures

Traditionally the fluorous phase is generated with perfluorinated alkyl groups that are usually perfluorooctyl or longer and are bioaccummulative and biopersistent and therefore, are considered environmentally unfriendly. Here we report a new concept for the construction of the fluorous phase. This concept is based on the amplification of the fluorous effect with the help of dendritic architectures containing very short semifluorinated groups on their periphery. This new concept was demonstrated by the convergent synthesis of the first and second generation AB₃ and AB₂ benzyl ether dendrons functionalized on their periphery via catalytic nucleophilic addition of their phenolates to perfluoropropyl vinyl ether. The resulting dendrons are liquids. Their fluorous phase affinity was analyzed and demonstrated that the dendritic architecture amplifies the fluorous phase at a specific generation by the number of functional groups on the dendron periphery, and at different generations by increasing their generation number. Therefore, this concept is very efficient for the design and synthesis of new fluorous materials. In addition, by contrast with dendrons containing perfluoroalkyl groups on their periphery, the current dendrons mediate the disassembly of their parent building blocks but do not mediate the self‐assembly in a supramolecular architecture. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2498–2508, 2010     

在氟溶剂中的绿色酯化反应

以全氟壬烯为氟溶剂, 对物质的量的羧酸和醇的酯化反应进行了系统研究. 在不移走生成物的条件下, 酯与全氟壬烯能形成氟两相体系而脱离酯化可逆反应体系, 促进反应平衡右移, 使收率提高10%～47%, 氟溶剂通过冷却和简单的相分离, 就可回收并直接套用. 氟溶剂在有机相中的损失小. 在氟溶剂中的酯化反应回流温度有较大幅度的下降.     

New approaches in radical carbonylation chemistry: fluorous applications and designed tandem processes by species-hybridization with anions and transition metal species

New approaches in radical carbonylation chemistry are described. We have successfully integrated tin mediated radical carbonylation chemistry into modern fluorous applications and separation techniques. We revealed that radical carbonylation reactions can be performed using fluorous tin mediators, such as fluorous tin hydride and fluorous allyltin reagents. Fine tuning of the reaction conditions resulted in a good efficiency equivalent to conventional tin mediators. The tedious procedure of removing organotin byproducts can be circumvented through the use of fluorous/organic liquid-liquid extraction or fluorous liquid-solid phase extraction with fluorous reverse phase silica (FRPS). Also described are newly developed tandem carbonylation reactions that are based on species hybridization approaches. Using a radical/anionic hybrid system based on zinc-induced one-electron reduction, we achieved a three-component coupling reaction consisting of 4-alkenyl iodides, carbon monoxide, and electron-deficient alkenes. We observed two types of annulations processes, namely [4 + 1](radical)/[3 + 2](anionic) and [5 + 1](radical)/[3 + 2](anionic), which lead to the production of bicyclo[3.3.0]octanols and bicyclo[3.2.1]octanols, respectively. We found a radical/palladium hybrid system to be useful in the construction of new cyclic systems that incorporate two or three molecules of carbon monoxide.     

全氟辛基磺酰亚胺稀土(Ⅲ)催化氟两相Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应

制备了全氟辛基磺酰亚胺盐(M[N(SO2C8F17)2]n,n:3,4),并用于催化氟两相烷基化反应。考察了催化剂种类、反应时间、反应温度和催化剂用量对烷基化反应的影响,同时探讨了Yb[N(SO2C8F17)2]3对烷基化试剂摩尔比为0.2%时,催化烷基化试剂与不同芳烃的反应,表明Yb[N(SO2C8F17)2]3是一种有效的烷基化催化剂。含有催化剂的氟相通过简单的相分离后,可回收利用。氟相重复使用5次,其催化活性降低不大。     

Yb[N(SO2C8F17)2]3-catalyzed allylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols in a fluorous biphase system

Allylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols was successfully accomplished using rare earth metal (III) bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)imide [RE(NPf₂)₃, RE = La∼Lu] as catalysts in fluorous solvents. Ytterbium bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)imide [Yb(NPf₂)₃] catalyzes the high efficient reaction of allylation in fluorous solvents. By simple separation, fluorous phase containing only catalyst can be reused several times.     

Fluorous chiral bisoxazolines. Synthesis and applications to an asymmetric allylic alkylation

The easily accessible fluorous bisoxazolines 3a-b bearing two fluorous ponytails are efficient ligands in the palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of 1,3-diphenylprop-2-enyl acetate with carbonucleophiles in benzotrifluoride or CH₂Cl₂, enantioselectivities of up to 95% being obtained. The ligand is easily separated from the reaction mixture by simple extraction with a fluorous solvent.     

Cobalt(II) octanoate and cobalt(II) perfluorooctanoate catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in toluene and fluorous media—A versatile route to catalyst recycling and oligomer formation

Cobalt(II) perfluorooctanoate‐catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reverse ATRP were developed to prepare oligostyrenes (M_n < 2500) with low polydispersities M_w/M_n < 1.5. Fluorous biphase catalysis was applied for effective recycling of catalyst and fluorous solvent. The homogeneous polymerization reaction was performed at 90 °C in toluene/cyclohexane/perfluorodecalin mixture (1:1:1) and fluorine‐free solvents. Temperature‐induced phase separation of this fluorous solvent mixture occurred at room temperature and proved to be the key for the very effective separation of the cobalt(II) perfluorooctanoate from the oligostyrene and fluorine‐free solvents. Both the fluorine‐tagged cobalt catalysts and the fluorous media were recycled and reused up to three times without encountering catalyst activity losses. The roles of cobalt catalysts, fluorous media, and monomer/initiator ratio were examined with respect to the polymerization kinetics. Fluorine‐containing and fluorine‐free cobalt(II) octanoate catalyzed controlled styrene oligomerization according to the ATRP mechanism. The molar mass control range was limited in fluorous biphase catalysis most likely because of precipitation of high molar mass polystyrenes in the fluorous reaction medium. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time temperature‐induced phase separation of fluorous and fluorine‐free solvents has been successfully applied to polymerization processing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3804–3813, 2005     

Phase‐Transfer Activation of Transition Metal Catalysts

With metal‐based catalysts, it is quite common that a ligand (L) must first dissociate from a catalyst precursor (L′_nM?L) to activate the catalyst. The resulting coordinatively unsaturated active species (L′_nM) can either back react with the ligand in a k_?1 step, or combine with the substrate in a k₂ step. When dissociation is not rate determining and k_?1[L] is greater than or comparable to k₂[substrate], this slows the rate of reaction. By introducing a phase label onto the ligand L and providing a suitable orthogonal liquid or solid phase, dramatic rate accelerations can be achieved. This phenomenon is termed “phase‐transfer activation”. In this Concept, some historical antecedents are reviewed, followed by successful applications involving fluorous/organic and aqueous/organic liquid/liquid biphasic catalysis, and liquid/solid biphasic catalysis. Variants that include a chemical trap for the phase‐labeled ligands are also described.     

氟两相催化反应的进展

对氟两相催化反应作一介绍。氟两相体系是一种新的相分离和固定化技术,全氟溶剂与大多数有机溶剂不互溶,而在催化剂分子中引入适当数量、大小和形状的氟尾能使之优先溶于全氟溶剂,在氟两相体系中进行催化反应就使催化剂的回收再用产物的纯化都变得极为方便。     

Phase‐vanishing methods based on fluorous phase screen: A simple way for efficient execution of organic synthesis

The phase‐vanishing (PV) method is based on spontaneous reaction controlled by diffusion of reagents into fluorous media, such as perfluorohexanes (FC‐72) and polyperfluoroethers. Thus, the original PV reaction utilizes a triphasic test tube method composed of a bottom reagent phase, a middle fluorous phase, and a top substrate phase. In such a triphasic system, the fluorous phase acts as a liquid membrane to transport the bottom reagents to the top organic phase containing substrates. In the end, the bottom layer disappears and two phases remain. Since the first demonstration of the PV method by bromination of alkenes with molecular bromine, a number of applications have been developed thus far. These include halogenation of alcohols with SOBr₂ and PBr₃, demethylation of methoxyarenes with BBr₃, cyclopropanation of alkenes by CH₂I₂‐AlEt₃, and Friedel–Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds with SnCl₄. A fluorous triphasic U‐tube method is effective for chlorination of alcohols based on lighter (less dense) reagents such as SOCl₂ and PCl₃. A system using a solution containing reagents as a bottom phase is useful for oxidation with m‐CPBA, which may be defined as a new category for the “extractive PV” method. Recent advances include a “quadraphasic” PV method, in which an aqueous “scavenger” phase is added to the original triphasic PV method to remove acidic by‐products. © 2008 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 8: 351–363; 2008: Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20161     

A novel fluorous palladium catalyst for Suzuki reaction in fluorous media

Palladium(II) perfluorooctanesulfonate [Pd(OSO₂R_f8)₂] catalyses the highly efficient Suzuki reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of perfluoroalkylated-pyridine as a ligand in a fluorous biphase system (FBS). The fluorous phase containing the active palladium species is easily separated and can be reused several times without a significant loss of catalytic activity.     

New fluorous ponytailed 4‐[(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium halide salts

It is possible that fluorous compounds could be utilized as directing forces in crystal engineering for applications in materials chemistry or catalysis. Although numerous fluorous compounds have been used for various applications, their structures in the solid state remains a lively matter for debate. The reaction of 4‐[(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridine with HX (X = I or Cl) yielded new fluorous ponytailed pyridinium halide salts, namely 4‐[(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium iodide, C₈H₉F₃NO⁺·I⁻, (1), and 4‐[(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium chloride, C₈H₉F₃NO⁺·Cl⁻, (2), which were characterized by IR spectroscopy, multinuclei (¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F) NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Structure analysis showed that there are two types of hydrogen bonds, namely N—H…X and C—H…X. The iodide anion in salt (1) is hydrogen bonded to three 4‐[(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium cations in the crystal packing, while the chloride ion in salt (2) is involved in six hydrogen bonds to five 4‐[(2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium cations, which is attributed to the smaller size and reduced polarizability of the chloride ion compared to the iodide ion. In the IR spectra, the pyridinium N—H stretching band for salt (1) exhibited a blue shift compared with that of salt (2).     

A novel ytterbium/perfluoroalkylated-pyridine catalyst for Baylis-Hillman reaction in a fluorous biphasic system

Ytterbium perfluorooctanesulfonate [Yb(OPf)₃] catalyses the highly efficient Baylis-Hillman reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of a novel perfluoroalkylated-pyridine as a ligand in a fluorous biphasic system (FBS) composed of toluene and perfluorodecalin. The new process can be carried out successfully without the use of a stoichiometric amount of Lewis base. The fluorous phase containing the active catalytic species is easily separated and can be reused several times without significant loss of catalytic activity.     

Recyclable hafnium(IV) bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)amide complex for catalytic Friedel-Crafts acylation and Prins reaction in fluorous biphase system

In fluorous biphase system, hafnium(IV) bis(perfluorooctanesulfonyl)amide complex (Hf[N(SO₂C₈F₁₇)₂]₄) was found to be a highly reactive and recyclable Lewis acid catalyst for Friedel-Crafts acylation and Prins reaction at significantly low catalyst loadings (≤1 mol%). In these reactions, Hf[N(SO₂C₈F₁₇)₂]₄ is selectively soluble in the lower fluorous phase and can be recovered simply by phase separation. Furthermore, the catalyst can be reused without decrease of activity.     

Preparation, properties and synthetic potentials of fluorous boronates

A fluorous approach to the chemistry of boronic acids and its application in fluorous-phase techniques are described. Treatment of fluorous bromosilane 2 with allyl Grignard reagent followed by dihydroxylation provided fluorous diol 1. A series of boronic acids were attached to 1 by esterification. The formed fluorous boronates 4 were moisture sensitive and thus their synthetic potentials were limited. Thus a fluorous pinacol, 5, was designed and synthesized by treatment of fluorous bromosilane 2 with excess 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyenylmagnesium bromide 9 to afford fluorous tetramethyl ethene 8, and was dihydroxylated. Compound 5 was successfully used to prepare fluorous boronates in a one-pot process from organic bromides. We have demonstrated that olefin cross-metathesis can be carried out in a fluorous version. It is noteworthy that all of the fluorinated compounds reported in this paper were purified by simple liquid extraction.