铑催化烯烃氢甲酰化反应的密度泛函研究

在B3LYP／6-31G(d,P)(Rh和P采用LANL2DZ Polar)水平下,研究了有机膦羰基铑催化乙烯的氢甲酰化反应机理,优化了反应中间体、过渡态和产物的结构．结果表明,乙烯的氢甲酰化反应有两条主要的反应路径,经历了乙烯络合、乙烯插入、膦加成、羰基插入、H2的氧化加成和丙醛还原消除及催化剂的再生等过程．乙烯插入、羰基插入、H2的氧化加成和丙醛还原消除过程中三元环的形成是协同进行的．反应以顺式活性催化剂为起始物,H2的氧化加成是反应速度控制步骤,丙酰基的消除反应是不可逆的．理论结果与实验一致．     

变压器油中抗氧化剂的电化学行为及密度泛函理论的研究

采用差分脉冲伏安(DPV)法,结合密度泛函理论(Density Functional Theory,DFT)计算,研究了抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(T501)的电化学行为,考察了工作电极的材料和大小,及电解质溶液的组成和浓度等实验条件。最佳实验条件为直径6mm石墨电极为工作电极,KOH-乙醇溶液(KOH浓度0.15mol/L)为电解质溶液。在优化条件下,基于变压器油T501使用浓度范围内(质量分数0.05%~0.50%),T501的浓度(c)与峰电流(Ip,μA)之间呈现良好的线性关系,建立了一种快速、准确测定变压器油中T501含量的新方法。该方法检测结果与国家标准方法的测定结果没有显著性差异,在保证准确性的前提下,大大提高了变压器油中T501含量测定的效率。检出限为0.032%,加标回收率为99.61%~101.43%。     

金催化乙炔氢氯化的密度泛函理论研究进展

乙炔氢氯化(AH)是生产氯乙烯的主要途径之一,传统上使用高毒性的汞催化剂,因此开发无汞催化剂迫在眉睫。金(Au)催化剂是最有潜力的替代催化剂之一,然而其活性Au物种、反应物的活化过程或反应过渡态结构等催化机理仍不够清晰。密度泛函理论（DFT）在研究由Au催化AH的反应机理中发挥了极其重要的作用。本文综述了DFT对金催化剂活性位点、反应物在催化剂上的吸附性质及反应机理的研究进展。重点讨论了DFT对阳离子金和金簇催化AH反应过程的模拟计算,包括Au电子状态、其它原子掺杂及金簇尺寸和形状对催化AH反应影响的模拟。结果表明DFT模拟计算在微观分子尺度上研究反应物的吸附、反应中间体及过渡态等方面发挥了关键作用,对理解Au催化AH反应机理做出了重要贡献。     

中性水杨醛亚胺镍催化烯烃聚合反应链引发机理的密度泛函研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT),以乙烯为模型,在B3LYP/LANL2MB水平上研究了中性水杨醛亚胺镍催化烯烃聚合反应链引发机理.通过几何构型全优化,得到了链引发阶段的反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的最可几构型.由于该催化剂中,与中心原子N i相联接的配体不对称性,使得反应存在两条可能路径(路径A甲基位于N i—O键的对位,路径B甲基位于N i—N键的对位).分别对这两条路径进行了分析和比较.结果表明反应并不只是简单地按一条路径进行,而是通过相互竞争,最终使反应在两条路径间转换,形成一条在能量上最为有利的反应途径.     

富勒烯C70及Sc3N@C70的密度泛函理论研究

在混合密度泛函B3LYP理论下,用6-31G*基函数对富勒烯C70、它的阴离子及内掺Sc3N富勒烯Sc3N@C70两种同分异构体的几何结构和电子结构进行了研究。计算结果表明,在C70的两种异构体中,满足五元环分离规则(IPR)的C70(D5h)稳定,C70q-(#7854)(q=4,6)比C70q-(D5h)稳定;在Sc3N@C70两种异构体中有三对两两相邻五元环的Sc3N@C70(#7854)稳定,C70(#7854)易于形成富勒烯金属包合物。     

最优化“调控”区间分离密度泛函理论的研究进展

发展精确、高效的交换-关联泛函一直是密度泛函理论工作者所追求的神圣目标。传统密度泛函被证实在计算原子或分子体系的某些基态和激发态性能时存在困难,而且预测不具有普适性;另一方面,一些高水平方法如耦合簇（CC）理论和基于格林函数（G）和屏蔽库仑作用（W）近似的多体微扰理论（MBPT）,尽管相对精确但往往需要消耗昂贵的计算成本,因而其研究体系的尺寸和实用性受到了很大的限制。近年来,“最优化”调控区间分离泛函的发展在一定程度上使得上述问题得到改善,尤其是在消耗较少的计算成本前提下能够达到与高水平方法相媲美的预测精度,引起了越来越多的关注。本文首先简要回顾了密度泛函领域的理论背景,在区间分离密度泛函理论的基础上,重点介绍了最优化“调控”的概念;并且结合近期的理论工作对其在实际计算时的表现进行评价;最后,就最优化“调控”方法的前景和应用进行了展望。     

Nb@C_(36)结构和性能的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函方法,采用GGA/PW91方法对具有D6h对称性的C36及其衍生物Nb@C36进行结构优化和性能计算,探讨Nb@C36稳定构型;存在的可能性及稳定性;以及Nb掺杂对C36结构及性能的影响.结果表明,Nb位于C36主轴上偏离中心0.1 nm时,Nb@C36能量最低,结构最稳定;Nb掺杂引起笼的局部畸变,但Nb@C36仍保持完整笼型结构.Nb@C36稳定性较C36有所提高,具有存在的可能性.Nb原子嵌入C36使其禁带宽度略有减小,导电性及化学反应活性有所提高;费米能级下降,但仍处于禁带之间,二者均属半导体性质的材料.C36结构及性能的变化与Nb所处的位置及Nb与C36笼之间的电子迁移有关.     

TATB晶体结构的周期性密度泛函理论研究

对TATB晶体进行DFT-B3LYP/6-31G~(* *)周期性计算研究，求得其能带能带结 构和电子结构。探讨了结构-性能关系，从带隙约为4.1eV扒知TATB晶体的导电性处 于半导体和绝缘体之间，计算所得升华热为136.25kJ·mol~(-1)， 与实验值良好 相符，从原子间距和Mülliken集居分析，发现TATB晶体中同一层分子之间存在氢 键，而不同层之间距离较大，作用较弱，TATB分子中硝基氧带较多负电荷而氨基氢 带较多正电荷，这使TATB很难成为电子受体和给体，故化学上很稳定，考察晶体中 点电荷静电势，发现其在(001)面上的投影呈均匀分布，而在(100)和(010)面上的 揣影则有明显界面，表明同层分子间电子呈高度离域，异层之间相互作用极小，这 可解释TATB晶体沿c轴鼓胀以及受热循环后长大的各向异性和不可复原性等实验事 实。     

黄酮类化合物的密度泛函理论研究

在混合密度泛函B3LYP理论下,用6-31G*基函数研究了几种典型黄酮类化合物分子的几何结构、电子结构和分子的静电势,讨论了电子结构和分子活性部位的关系.     

电子传输材料噻二唑衍生物的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函B3LYP方法对7种3-(3'-吡啶基)-6-芳基-1,2,4-三唑并[3,4-b]-1,3,4-噻二唑分子进行全优化, 所有化合物都是平面分子. 计算了分子的垂直电子亲和势(VEA)、绝热电子亲和势(AEA)、分子内重组能以及绝对硬度等相关能量, 结果显示化合物的HOMO 与LUMO能级可通过连接不同取代基进行调节, 变化幅度为0.346～1.10 eV. 分子内重组能证实3-(4'-氰基-3'-吡啶基)-6-芳基-1,2,4-三唑并[3,4-b]-1,3,4-噻二唑是很有前途的电子传输材料, 不同取代基所对应的化合物分子内重组能也不同. 绝对硬度数据与分子内重组能都表明, 化合物E, G难于传输电子. 用TDDFT方法计算了化合物A, B和C的吸收光谱, 与实验值相比, 最大吸收峰的差值在3～10 nm之间.     

Electronic Properties of Transition and Alkaline Earth Metal Doped CuS: A DFT Study

CuS is a unique semiconductor with potential in optoelectronics. Its unusual electronic structure, including a partially occupied valence band, and complex crystal structure with an S−S bond offer unique opportunities and potential applications. In this work, the use of doping to optimize the properties of CuS for various applications is investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Among the dopants studied, Ni, Zn, and Mg may be the most practical due to their lower formation energies. Doping with Fe, Ni, or Ca induces significant distortion, which may be beneficial for achieving materials with high surface areas and active states. Significantly, doping alters the conductor-like behavior of CuS, opening a band gap by increasing bond ionicity and reducing the S−S bond covalency. Thus, doping CuS can tune the plasmonic properties and transform it from a conductor to an intrinsic fluorescent semiconductor. Ni and Fe doping give the lowest band gaps (0.35 eV and 0.39 eV, respectively), while Mg doping gives the highest (0.86 eV). Doping with Mg, Ca, and Zn may enhance electron mobility and charge separation. Most dopants increase the anisotropy of electron-to-hole mass ratios, enabling device design that exploits directional-dependence for improved performance.     

Asymmetric Electrochemical Catalysis

Asymmetric electrochemical catalysis, an emerging frontline in asymmetric catalysis and electro-organic synthesis, is summarized. Representative works are classified, with respect to the external chiral resources, including chiral media, chiral mediator, chiral catalyst, and chiral electrode. This concept article is expected to provide readers with the general concepts and perspectives of each chiral electrochemical catalysis mode, and to indicate the potential and future development of asymmetric electrochemical catalysis.     

Design Platform for Sustainable Catalysis with Radicals: Electrochemical Activation of Cp2TiCl2 for Catalysis Unveiled

The combination of synthesis, rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements, and computational investigations with the aid of DFT methods shows how a thiourea, a squaramide, and a bissulfonamide as additives affect the E_qC_r equilibrium of Cp₂TiCl₂. We have, for the first time, provided quantitative data for the E_qC_r equilibrium and have determined the stoichiometry of adduct formation of [Cp₂Ti(III)Cl₂]⁻, [Cp₂Ti(III)Cl] and [Cp₂Ti(IV)Cl₂] and the additives. By studying the structures of the complexes formed by DFT methods, we have established the Gibbs energies and enthalpies of complex formation as well as the adduct structures. The results not only demonstrate the correctness of our use of the E_qC_r equilibrium as predictor for sustainable catalysis. They are also a design platform for the development of novel additives in particular for enantioselective catalysis.     

MXene基单原子催化剂的制备及其在电催化中的应用

单原子催化剂具有高原子利用率、高催化活性和高选择性等优点,兼具了均相催化剂“独立活性位点”和非均相催化剂“易循环利用”的特点,有效解决贵金属昂贵稀少的缺陷。其中载体不仅能影响单原子的稳定性,还影响其电子结构,从而影响催化性能。作为一种新型二维无机材料,MXene具有比表面积大、带隙可调、导电性好和螯合位丰富等特点,是制备单原子催化剂的理想载体材料。本文简要总结了MXene的结构特点,综述了MXene基单原子催化剂的制备策略,并着重介绍了MXene基单原子催化剂在电化学能源转换领域的应用,包括析氢反应、氧电极反应、氮还原反应、二氧化碳还原反应,以及在电池储能方面的应用。最后,总结了当前MXene基单原子催化剂在研究和实用方面所面临的挑战与机遇。     

Ion Interactions with a New Ditopic Naphthalimide‐Based Receptor: A Photophysical,NMR and Theoretical (DFT) Study

A new multi‐component chemosensor system comprising a naphthalimide moiety as fluorophore is designed and developed to investigate receptor–analyte binding interactions in the presence of metal and non‐metal ions. A dimethylamino moiety is utilized as receptor for metal ions and a thiourea receptor, having acidic protons, for binding anions. The system is characterized by conventional analytical methods. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the system consist of a broad band typical for an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The effects of various metal‐ion additives on the spectral behavior of the present sensor system are examined in acetonitrile. It is found that among the metal ions studied, alkali/alkaline earth‐metal ions and transition‐metal ions modulate the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the system. As an additional feature, the anion signaling behavior of the system in acetonitrile is studied. A decrease in fluorescence efficiency of the system is observed upon addition of fluoride and acetate anions. Fluorescence quenching is most effective in the case of fluoride ions. This is attributed to the enhancement of the photoinduced electron transfer from the anion receptor to the fluorophore moiety. Hydrogen‐bond interactions between the acidic NH protons of the thiourea moiety and the F^? anions are primarily attributed to the fluoride‐selective signaling behavior. Interestingly, a negative cooperativity for the binding event is observed when the interactions of the system are studied in the presence of both Zn²⁺ and F^? ions. NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations are also carried out to better understand the receptor–analyte binding.     

Effect of ZrS2 load single/dual-atom catalysts on the hydrogen evolution reaction: A first-principles study

The hydrogen evolution effect of ZrS₂ carrier loaded with transition metal single-atom (SA) was explored by first-principles method. ZrS₂ was constructed with transition metal single-atom and dual-atom. The structure–activity relationship of supported single-atom catalysts was described by electronic properties and hydrogen evolution kinetics. The results show that the ZrS₂ carrier-loaded atomic-level catalysts are more likely to occur in acidic environments, where the Mo SA load has a higher hydrogen precipitation capacity than the Pt SA. In the case of dual-atom adsorption, most of the hydrogen reduction processes are higher than that of single atom loading, which indicates that the outer orbital hybridization is more likely to lead to the interfacial charge recombination of the catalyst. Thereinto, Ni/Pt @ZrS₂ has the lowest Gibbs free energy (0.08 eV), and the synergistic effect of transition metals induces the deviation of the center of the d-band from the Fermi level and improves the dissociation ability of H ions. The design provides a new catalytic model for the HER and provides some ideas for understanding the two-site catalysis.     

On the Electrochemical Deposition and Dissolution of Divalent Metal Ions

The deposition of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ from aqueous solution has been investigated by a combination of classical molecular dynamics, density functional theory, and a theory developed by the authors. For both cases, the reaction proceeds through two one‐electron steps. The monovalent ions can get close to the electrode surface without losing hydration energy, while the divalent ions, which have a stronger solvation sheath, cannot. The 4s orbital of Cu interacts strongly with the sp band and more weakly with the d band of the copper surface, while the Zn 4s orbital couples only to the sp band of Zn. At the equilibrium potential for the overall reaction, the energy of the intermediate Cu⁺ ion is only a little higher than that of the divalent ion, so that the first electron transfer can occur in an outer‐sphere mode. In contrast, the energy of the Zn⁺ ion lies too high for a simple outer‐sphere reaction to be favorable; in accord with experimental data this suggests that this step is affected by anions.     

Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids as electrolytes for lithium batteries: A Computational Study

Electrochemical windows (ECWs) of the cyclic ammonium based ionic liquids formed by the combination of two common pyrrolidinium cations—N,N-butylmethyl pyrrolidinum(P_yr14) and N,N-hexylmethyl pyrrolidinium(P_yr16) and five anions—dicyanamide, trifluoroacetate, fluoromethane sulfonate, bis((trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide were investigated. The ECW of each ionic liquid was obtained from the oxidation and reduction potentials of these ionic liquids with respect to a Li⁺/Li reference electrode by using thermodynamic cycle method. The work reveals that the ECWs of these ionic liquids are solely decided by the HOMO energy of pairing anions. The ECWs were also computed using HOMO-LUMO method employing Møller-Plesset perturbation theory to the second order and M06L methods with a basis set of 6-31 + G(d, p). The ECW computed using M06L functional with an extended basis set of 6-311++G(d, p) showed better agreement with experimental values suggesting accurate computation of ECW is possible at lower computational cost.