瞬时离子释放扩散模型及熔盐电解固态WS_2制备纳米W的液相扩散研究

固态化合物熔盐电解冶金在21世纪初被提出后受到学术界和工业界的广泛关注.根据固态化合物电解的动态三相电化学界线模型,固态金属氧(硫)化物阴极在电解还原过程中,涉及O2?(S2?)在电解生成的多孔金属层中的液相扩散,但由于一直以来缺乏方便可靠的理论和实验方法,相关传质过程动力学的研究鲜有文献报道.本文引入多孔电极瞬时离子释放扩散模型,以粉末微腔电极为微型多孔电极,设计双电势阶跃实验研究了WS2在等摩尔比NaCl+KCl熔盐中电解时固态阴极中的液相扩散.实验结果与理论模型符合良好,973 K时,硫离子在孔隙率为69%的多孔金属钨层中的扩散系数为0.92×10?5 cm2/s,扩散活化能为53.4 kJ/mol.研究表明,二硫化钨在NaCl+KCl混盐体系中能够快速电解还原生成纳米金属钨,其中,S2?的扩散传质是整个电解过程的速度控制步骤.     

Synergistic Effect of Ta_2O_5/F-C Composites for Effective Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide from O_2 Reduction

The electrosynthesis of H₂O₂as an environmentally friendly green process has attracted great attention due to the importance of H₂O₂in industry and human lives.In this work,a new strategy was proposed to improve the electrical conductivity and H₂O₂selectivity of transition metal oxides catalysts.F-C(F doped carbon)was coupled with Ta₂O₅by calcining polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)as the carbon source using one step method.The Ta₂O₅/F-C composite catalysts show an excellent H₂O₂selectivity of more than 80%as well as high reactivity at 2.52 mA/cm²,which is greatly enhanced compared to the counterparts of F-C(selectivity of 59%)and Ta₂O₅-800(current density of 0.85 mA/cm²)in 0.1 M KOH solution.The onset potential for H₂O₂production on Ta₂O₅/F-C composites is 0.78 V in 0.1 M KOH,which indicates a negligible overpotential.In addition,H₂O₂selectivity of the catalyst can be stabilized at more than 80%after 10 hours of electrolysis in alkaline electrolyte.The high performance due to the introduction of F-C increases the conductivity of Ta₂O₅and the synergistic effect between F-C and Ta₂O₅.This work proposed an efficient synergistic effect among F-doped C and Ta₂O₅for H₂O₂production.     

CoMo/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其加氢脱氧性能

以ZrOCl₂·6H₂O和Al₂(SO₄)₃为原料,采用超声波共沉淀法制得一系列不同ZrO₂质量分数的ZrO₂- Al₂O₃复合氧化物载体;并以该复合氧化物为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制得Co和Mo质量分数分别为6.0%和16.0%的CoMo/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。BET、XRD、H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD等表征结果表明,ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物载体具有较高的比表面积与较大的孔容、孔径,随着复合载体中ZrO₂质量分数的增加,复合载体比表面积逐渐减小。ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体能高度分散活性组分,钴钼负载量接近其在载体上的单层分散阈值。相比于CoMo/Al₂O₃,CoMo/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂具有较高的还原性能和较多的表面酸性活性中心,由此导致其在苯酚加氢脱氧(HDO)反应中,具有较高的加氢脱氧活性和苯选择性。
     

镍高度分散在铁基钙钛矿用于高温固体氧化物电解池阴极的CO2电催化还原研究(英文)

利用太阳能、风能等可再生清洁电能将CO₂催化转化为高附加值化学品或燃料,在CO₂转化和可再生电能存储方面表现出极具潜力的应用前景.高温固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)可将CO₂电催化还原为CO,具有能量效率高、成本低等优点.目前,钙钛矿氧化物已被广泛应用于SOEC电解CO₂的阴极材料,但存在电极催化活性低等问题,因而限制其规模化发展和应用.通常采用浸渍、原位溶出或掺杂等策略引入大量活性中心以提升钙钛矿氧化物电极性能.然而,这些策略仍然面临一些挑战,如浸渍法易引入大颗粒物种而堵塞气体传输通道,原位溶出法能耗较大且析出量较少,掺杂法调控活性幅度有限.因此,发展新型简便方法以合理构建具有高度分散活性位点的阴极材料,可有效拓展电化学三相反应界面,进而加快SOEC高温电解CO₂的电极动力学速率.本文采用机械研磨法将1.0%NiO高度分散于La_0.8Sr_0.2Fe0_3-δ-Ce_0.8Sm_0.2     

固体氧化物电解池直接电解CO2的研究进展

固体氧化物电解池是一种高效、环境友好型的能量转换器件,可以直接将电能转化为化学能. 本文介绍了近年来作者课题组在固体氧化物电解池直接用于CO₂还原的研究进展,并以阴极材料为主着重讨论了金属陶瓷电极和混合导电型钙钛矿氧化物电极的研究工作,最后展望了未来固体氧化物电解池直接电解CO₂的研究思路和方向.     

高指数晶面结构氧化铁化学链燃烧反应活性及深层还原反应机理

采用密度泛函理论计算和实验研究形貌可控制备氧化铁作为高效载氧体用于化学链燃烧的可行性. 首先从理论上对比分析Fe₂O₃高指数晶面[104]和低指数晶面[001]的反应活性及深层还原反应机理. 表面反应结果显示, Fe₂O₃[104]氧化CO的反应活性远高于Fe₂O₃[001], Fe₂O₃[104]被还原成为低价的铁氧化物或单质, 这些低价的铁氧化物或单质可被O₂氧化再生. 载氧体和CO深层反应结果显示Fe₂O₃[104]可被CO彻底还原成Fe单质, Fe₂O₃[104]释放氧能力强, 反应活性高; 而Fe₂O₃[001]还原到一定程度后反应能垒高, 抑制表面进一步还原, 释放氧能力有限. 最后, 实验结果进一步证明了Fe₂O₃[104]作为载氧体用于化学链燃烧的高反应活性及稳定性.     

膜电极构型CO2还原电解单池的稳定性研究

电化学还原CO₂可实现CO₂的资源化转化,是缓解因其过度排放所导致诸多环境问题的关键技术. 本文提出了一种膜电极（membrane electrode assembly,MEA）构型CO₂还原电解单池的结构设计,可同步实现气体扩散阴极两侧CO₂的供给与电解质液层的更新. 基于该MEA构型电解池,实验考察了电解质液层中KHCO₃浓度和更新与否对氮掺杂石墨烯锚定的Ni电极表面CO₂电还原制备CO的反应活性、产物分布与稳定性的影响. 结果表明,若电流密度低于5 mA·cm^-2,KHCO₃浓度显著影响电解电势而非产物分布. CO₂还原电解单池在稳定运行中存在着“可逆”与“不可逆”两种衰减模式. 其中,阴极/电解质界面处催化剂的流失是 “不可逆”衰减形成的原因;而电解质液层中KHCO₃溶液的流失导致了MEA构型CO₂还原单池的“可逆”衰减,周期性更新KHCO₃电解质是降低其“可逆”衰减的有效方法.     

Cr2O3催化合成气转化至甲醇的微观动力学研究(英文)

Cr₂O₃是双功能催化合成气转化的重要氧化物组分,其可将合成气转化为重要的中间物种甲醇.结合密度泛函理论计算和微观动力学模拟,本文系统研究了干净Cr₂O₃(001)和(012)表面,以及氢覆盖或含有氧空位的还原(012)表面的结构及催化合成气转化至甲醇的活性.本文探讨了合成气转化为甲醇的分步或协同反应路径,并确定CO或CHO氢化是决速步骤.微观动力学分析表明,Cr₂O₃(001)表面难以催化合成气转化为甲醇,在673 K时,两个还原性(012)表面的反应速率(25～28 s^-1)比干净的(012)表面(4.3 s^-1)高出约五倍.计算结果表明了Cr₂O₃表面还原性对催化活性的重要性,或许可以为双功能催化体系中氧化物组分的设计提供参考.     

La-Ba-Cu复合氧化物在催化消除NO反应中催化性能的研究

合成了具有钙钛石结构的复合氧化物YBa₂Cu₃O₇、LaBa₂Cu₃O₇、LaBaCu₂O₅、La₂BaCu₃O₇和La₄BaCu₅O₁₂.考察了它们对NO分解和NO+CO反应的催化性能.结合化学分析、XRD、TPD和TPR对催化剂的表征结果,探讨了该系列复合氧化物对NO分解和NO+CO反应的催化机理.     

丙烷氧化脱氢催化剂V2O5/MPO4(M=Al,Zr,Ca)的研究

制备了3种磷酸盐(MPO₄,M=Al,Zr,Ca)载体,并在其上负载0.6%～6.0%的V₂O_5.活性评价结果表明,负载型V₂O₅/MPO₄催化剂在丙烷氧化脱氢反应中具有良好的催化性能.丙烯选择性按V₂O₅/Ca₃(PO₄)₂>V₂O₅/Zr₃(PO₄)₄>V₂O₅/AlPO₄顺序降低,这与载体的碱性强弱顺序变化一致.载体的性质和钒的负载量影响催化剂的氧化还原性能.ESR结果表明,V⁴⁺离子能可逆存在于催化剂中,暗示V⁵⁺/V⁴⁺氧化还原偶参与了氧化还原反应.     

NaCl-CaCl2-SrCl2三元相图的测定

本文以NaCl-CaCl₂-SrCl₂三元计算相图作为“预知图形”,采用高灵敏度的微型差热分析仪,测定该三元相图是三元低共晶体系,其低共晶点E的组成(百分摩尔)为NaCl41.9％,CaCl₂40.0％,SrCl₂18.1％,温度为744K。     

Effect of SO2 on Performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes

Effects of SO₂ in ambient air on the performance and durability of solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC) cathode were evaluated by galvanostatic measurement. Comparison between two cathode materials was made to consider the cathode degradation mechanisms. The degradation performance is associated with a slow decomposition of the La_0.6Sr_0.4Co_0.2Fe_0.8O₃(LSCF) due to the segregation of strontium oxide. Negligible deterioration for (La_0.7Sr_0.3)MnO₃ (LSM) cathode was caused by SO₂ poisoning under a current density of 200 mA/cm². Metal sulphate formation may explain a slight deterioration under increasing high the concentration of SO₂. It was verified that the poisoning mechanism for the two cathode materials resulted from the gradual decomposition of the cathode materials.     

Fabrication of solid thin film electrolyte and LiCoO2 by aerosol flame pyrolysis deposition

Aerosol flame pyrolysis deposition method was applied to deposit the oxide glass electrolyte film and LiCoO₂ cathode for thin film type Li-ion secondary battery. The thicknesses of as-deposited porous LiCoO₂ and Li₂O–B₂O₃–P₂O₅ electrolyte film were about 6 μm and 15 μm, respectively. The deposited LiCoO₂ was sintered for 2 min at 700 °C to make partially densified cathode layer, and the deposited Li₂O–P₂O₅–B₂O₃ glass film completely densified by the sintering at 700 °C for 1 h. After solid state sintering process the thicknesses were reduced to approximately 4 μm and 6 μm, respectively. The cathode and electrolyte layers were deposited by continuous deposition process and integrated into a layer by co-sintering. It was demonstrated that Aerosol flame deposition is one of the good candidates for the fabrication of thin film battery.     

Ce0.5Zr0.5O2修饰的Ni/SiC、Fe/SiC和Co/SiC催化燃烧甲烷性能

以铈锆固溶体(Ce0.5Zr0.5O2)修饰的高比表面积SiC为载体,采用两步浸渍法制备了Ni、Fe和Co基催化剂,研究了其在煤层气催化燃烧脱氧中的催化活性和稳定性.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、比表面积(BET)、热重分析(TGA)和H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)对催化剂进行了表征.分析结果表明,Ni、Fe和Co部分进入Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固溶体晶格内部,导致催化剂体相形成更多的缺陷;同时Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固溶体有助于加速金属氧化物和金属之间氧化还原过程的进行,促进了氧吸附、传输和对甲烷的活化.另外,SiC和Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固熔体良好的抗积碳性能,有效避免了催化剂在富甲烷反应气氛中因积碳而失活,从而使三种催化剂均具有优良的催化燃烧脱氧活性和稳定性.其中,Co/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2/SiC活性最高,可在320℃活化催化甲烷,并在410℃实现完全脱氧.     

Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Cobalt-free Cathode Material Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.9Nb0.1O3-δ for Intermediate-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Perovskite oxide Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.9Nb0.1O3-δ（BSFN） as a cobalt-free cathode for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells（IT-SOFCs） on the Ce0.5Sm0.2O1.9（SDC） and La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.23O3-δ（LSGM） electrolytes was prepared and investigated. The single phase BSFN oxide with a cubic perovskite structure and relatively high elec- trical conductivities was obtained after sintering at 1250℃ for 10 h in air. The BSFN cathode exhibited excellent chemical stability on the SDC and LSGM electrolytes at temperatures below 950 ℃. The area specific resistance of the BSFN cathode on the SDC and LSGM electrolytes were 0.024 and 0.021 Ω·cm2 at 800℃, respectively. The maximum power densities of the single cell with BSFN cathode in 300 μm-thick SDC and LSGM electrolytes achieved 414 and 516 mW/cm2 at 800℃, respectively. These results show that the BSFN material is a promising co- bait-free cathode candidate to be used in IT-SOFCs. A combination of the BSFN cathode and LSGM electrolyte is preferred owing to its excellent electrochemical performance.     

Anaerobic oxidation of isobutane: Catalytic properties of MgV2O6 and Mg2V2O7 prepared by the molten method

The catalytic activity of MV₂O₆ and M₂V₂O₇ type oxides prepared by the molten method (MM) for anaerobic oxidation of isobutane was studied in order to construct a system for the selective oxidation of isobutene using a thin layer reactor. Isobutene, CO and CO₂ were formed by every catalyst tested. The activities for isobutene formation were CuV₂O₆ > ZnV₂O₆, NiV₂O₆, CoV₂O₆ > MgV₂O₆ > MnV₂O₆  CaV₂O₆. Isobutene was a major product over M₂V₂O₇ (MM). Co₂V₂O₇ showed the highest activity and high isobutene selectivity exceeded 90%, demonstrating that Co₂V₂O₇ is a suitable oxide for a thin layer reactor for anaerobic oxidation of isobutane. Partial substitution of Mg by Cu in Mg₂V₂O₇ (MM) improved the activity. It is shown by the oxidation at low O₂ concentration as 2–3% that two types of oxidations occurred simultaneously: isobutene formation by the lattice oxygen ions diffused from the bulk, and CO and CO₂ formation by the oxygen species derived from molecular oxygen in the gas phase.     

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2-Sb2O5阳极在农村饮用水消毒中的应用

采用热分解法制备了一种新型高效析氯阳极Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂-SnO₂-Sb₂O₅,将其应用于农村饮用水消毒频繁停开、低电解液浓度的特殊工况下,并与Ti/RuO₂-SnO₂-Sb₂O₅、Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂、Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂-IrO₂三种析氯阳极进行性能对比。通过SEM、EDS、XRD等方法表征测试阳极表面形貌、元素及组成,考察了氯化钠浓度、电流密度、停开频率对阳极析氯效果和寿命的影响。研究发现,Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂-SnO₂-Sb₂O₅阳极活性强、稳定性高;阳极涂层各组分高度融合为固溶体,结构致密,稳定性强;在15 g·L^-1 NaCl、400 A·m^-2电流密度、20℃条件下,Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂-SnO₂-Sb₂O₅阳极电解的电流效率达到91.55%;频繁停开、强化电解条件下寿命达到231 h,是Ti/RuO₂-TiO₂阳极的77倍,预估在400 A·m^-2电流密度下能够使用20年。     

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Na0.67Fe0.5Mn0.5O2Cathode with SnO2 Modification

P2-type layered oxide Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is recognized as a very promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries due to the merits of high capacity, high voltage, low cost, and easy preparation. However, its unsatisfactory cycle and rate performances remain huge obstacles for practical applications. Here, we report a strategy of SnO₂ modification on P2-type Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ to improve the cycle and rate performance. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM) images indicate that an insular thin layer SnO₂ is coated on the surface of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ after medication. The coating layer of SnO₂ can protect Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ from corrosion by electrolyte and the cycle performance is well enhanced. After 100 cycles at 1 C rate(1 C=200 mA/g), the capacity of SnO₂ modified Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ retains 83 mA·h/g(64% to the initial capacity), while the capacity for the pristine Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is only 38 mA·h/g(33.5% to the initial capacity). X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the ratio of Mn⁴⁺ increases after SnO₂ modification, leading to less oxygen vacancy and expanded lattice. As a result, the capacity of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ increases from 178 mA·h/g to 197 mA·h/g after SnO₂ modification. Furthermore, the rate performance of Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ is enhanced with SnO₂ coating, due to high electronic conductivity of SnO₂ and expanded lattice after SnO₂ coating. The capacity of SnO₂ modified Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ at 5 C increases from 21 mA·h/g(pristine Na_0.67Fe_0.5Mn_0.5O₂) to 35 mA·h/g.     

MgO-P2O5和CaO-P2O5体系的热力学优化

基于严格评估的相图和热力学实验数据,采用相图计算方法对MgO-P₂O₅和CaO-P₂O₅体系进行热力学优化.液相采用修正的似化学模型进行描述,考虑了对近似处理液相中存在的短程有序.为了描述M₃(PO₄)₂(M = Mg, Ca)组分处的最大短程有序,将PO₄^3-当作液相中P₂O₅的基本组成单元.体系中所有的中间相都看作线性化合物并考虑了晶型转变.获得一套合理、可靠、自洽的模型参数用来描述体系中各相的热力学性质,在实验误差范围内很好地重现了相图、焓、熵和活度实验数据,为炼钢脱磷过程中熔渣体系热力学数据库的建立打下了坚实的基础.