Mechanochemical Synthesis of Ruthenium Cluster@Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Catalysts by Synergetic Dual Templates

Ruthenium (Ru)@Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) is a key catalyst in fine-chemical production. In general, the OMC support is prepared by a wet self-assembly requiring excessive solvent, toxic phenol–aldehyde precursors and a long reaction time, followed by post-immobilization to load Ru species. Herein, we wish to report a solid-state, rapid, and green strategy for the synthesis of Ru@OMC with biomass tannin as the precursor. The chemistry essence of this strategy lies in the mechanical-force-driven assembly, during which tannin-metal (Zn²⁺ and Ru³⁺) coordination polymerization and hydrogen-bonding interactions between tannin-block copolymer (PEO-PPO-PEO, F127) simultaneously occur. After thermal treatment, Ru@OMC catalysts with mesoporous channels, narrow pore-size distribution (≈7 nm), and high surface area (up to 779 m² g⁻¹) were directed by F127 micelles. Meanwhile, the Zn²⁺ ions dilute Ru³⁺ and avoid the sintering of Ru species, resulting in Ru clusters around 1.4–1.7 nm during carbonization (800 °C). Moreover, the Ru@OMC catalyst afforded a good activity (TOF: up to 4170 h⁻¹) in the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde by molecular oxygen.     

碳源对鱼骨式纳米碳纤维及其负载的钯催化剂性能的影响

分别以甲烷、一氧化碳和乙烯为碳源合成了3种鱼骨式结构的纳米碳纤维(FCNF-C1,FCNF-CO和FCNF-C2),并作为载体制备了3种钯催化剂(Pd0.5%),考察了在对苯二甲酸加氢精制中的催化活性,通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、程序升温脱附、电子透射显微镜及CO化学吸附等方法对载体以及催化剂的结构进行了表征.结果表明,从不同碳源合成的纳米碳纤维(CNF)具有相似的直径和鱼骨式石墨层排列方式,但其物理化学性能差异较大,其中CO作为碳源得到的CNF具有最大的比表面积,最高的石墨化程度和最多的表面含氧基团;不同碳源的鱼骨式CNF负载的钯催化剂的活性为:Pd/FCNF-CO>Pd/FCNF-C1>Pd/FCNF-C2,与Pd分散度的顺序一致.CNF的织构、晶体结构和表面化学等协同载体效应,决定了Pd金属在CNF上的分散状态以及催化性能,而CNF的石墨层排列方式对其影响很小.     

活性炭上化学气相沉积法生长纳米碳纤维

利用流化床技术,以天然气为碳源,负载于活性炭上的纳米镍粒子为催化剂,在750 ℃下采用化学气相沉积法制备了气相生长纳米碳纤维(VGCNFs)/活性炭(AC)复合物。通过对样品进行XRD、激光拉曼光谱、扫描电镜和氮吸附检测,发现VGCNFs生长在活性炭的各个侧面上,以顶部生长模式为主,纤维的直径在40～120 nm之间,由于粗糙的纤维表面和石墨片层的翘曲而缺陷较多。VGCNFs/AC复合物与原料活性炭相比,BET比表面积从2 367 m²·g^-1降到了1 474     

静电纺丝法制备定向排列的铁氧体纳米纤维

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和金属硝酸盐为原料,采用改进的静电纺丝法制备了直径均匀、表面光滑、定向排列的Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4/PVP纳米纤维前驱体,经热处理后得到定向排列的铁氧体纳米纤维.对前驱体纤维的热分解过程及Co0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4(CZFO)的结构、物相及形貌进行了表征.结果表明,在空气中经550～950℃热处理3 h后均得到纯相、结晶良好的尖晶石型钴锌铁氧体;在2000 r/min转速下收集的复合纤维形貌最佳,直径约300 nm;经750℃热处理后纤维直径约为70 nm,室温下测得饱和磁化强度为66.1 A.m2/kg,矫顽力达到最大值6.6 A/m,表明钴锌尖晶石型铁氧体单畴临界尺寸约为44 nm.与CoFe2O4相比,CZFO的饱和磁化强度升高,矫顽力下降,并且CZFO的纤维与粉末的磁特性有明显的区别.     

静电纺丝制备多孔碳纳米纤维及其电化学电容行为

采用静电纺丝技术,以聚丙烯腈(PAN)/醋酸锌为前驱体制备复合纳米纤维,随后经碳化、酸化获得多孔碳纳米纤维.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察发现,碳纳米纤维表面分布大量孔洞.N2吸脱附等温曲线(BET)测试材料比表面积达413m2·g-1.循环伏安法(CV)和恒流充放电(CP)性能测试表明:多孔碳纳米纤维具有较好的电化学性能,在1A·g-1的电流密度下比电容达275F·g-1.相比碳纳米纤维比容量提高了162%.     

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides as a Promising Method for the Preparation of Adsorbents and Catalysts

Kinetics and Catalysis - The results of studies in the field of synthesis and characterization of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) obtained using solid-phase reactions are summarized. The effect of...     

多孔碳纳米纤维负载Pd纳米颗粒用于增强电催化氧还原性能

采用溶剂热法合成了以锆为金属核心、2-氨基为配体的锆基金属有机骨架(UiO-66)纳米材料,通过静电纺丝技术制备出UiO-66自由分散的聚丙烯腈(PAN/UiO-66)纤维,可控热解得到多孔碳纳米纤维(porous carbon nanofibers,PCNFs),结合湿化学还原法在PCNFs表面沉积Pd纳米颗粒,得到PCNFs@Pd复合材料。通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射技术对其形貌、组成、结构进行表征;采用电化学工作站分别测试了PCNFs@Pd在0.1 mol·L^-1KOH和0.1 mol·L^-1HClO₄电解质中氧还原性能(oxygen reduction reaction,ORR)。结果表明,在PAN纤维中添加UiO-66显著提高了PCNFs@Pd(Pd负载量为0.34%)复合材料的ORR性能。相比40%Pt/C,在碱性电解质中,PCNFs@Pd复合材料展示出更低的Tafel斜率、更优异的循环稳定性和耐甲醇中毒性。在酸性电解质中也表现出类似20%Pt/C的催化活性和循环稳定性。     

粒子沥滤法制备组织工程用多孔支架的研究进展

粒子沥滤法作为常用的制备组织工程支架的方法,这种方法对实验设备和实验条件要求较低,孔隙率、孔径可控。但传统的溶液浇铸/粒子沥滤法也存在一些缺点,只适合制备薄层支架,孔-孔连通性不好,聚合物有可能保留致孔剂和/或有毒溶剂。本文总结了近几年科研工作者对这种方法所进行的改进工作,并探讨了改进的效果和不足。     

Mechanochemical Synthesis as an Alternative Effective Technique for the Preparation of the Composite Catalysts

Kinetics and Catalysis - —Mechanochemical synthesis in a ball mill was applied for the nanocomposite Cu(CuO)–CeO2 catalyst preparation from CeO2 and following dopants: Cu metal and...     

含氮多孔纳米碳纤维的制备及对锂硫电池容量的提高

采用静电纺丝技术获得聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维,选用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为造孔剂,在氮气气氛下1000℃高温碳化制备富介孔结构的含氮纳米碳纤维(MT-C).研究结果表明,当m(PVP)/m(PAN)为2∶1时,MT-C-0. 4比表面积为190. 8 m²/g,并且在0. 05C倍率下首次放电比容量高达1269. 4 m A·h/g,在0. 5C倍率下循环300周后比容量仍保持为658. 3 m A·h/g,每周容量衰减率为0. 14%.硫电极负载量为1 mg/cm²时,MT-C表现出最佳的电化学性能.     

Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers for Mediatorless Sensitive Detection of NADH

Highly sensitive amperometric detection of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by using novel synthesized carbon nanofibers (CNFs) without addition of any mediator has been proposed. The CNFs were prepared by combination of electrospinning technique with thermal treatment method and were applied without any oxidation pretreatment to construct the electrochemical sensor. In amperometric detection of NADH, a linear range up to 11.45 μM with a low detection limit of 20 nM was obtained with the CNF‐modified carbon paste electrode (CNF‐CPE). Good selectivity was exhibited for the simultaneous detection of NADH and its common interferent of ascorbic acid (AA) by differential pulse voltammogram. The attractive electrochemical performance and the versatile preparation process of the CNF‐CPE made it a promising candidate for designing effective NADH sensor.     

纤维素纳米纤维基层层自组装透明柔性导电膜及其电致变色柔性超级电容器

以纤维素纳米纤维(CNFs)膜为基材,通过层层自组装法设计并制备了CNFs/[Cu2+-GO]5/[PANIPEDOT∶PSS]10复合膜(CGPP膜),经过除铜,将氧化石墨烯(GO)还原为还原氧化石墨烯(RGO),得到CNFs/RGO5/[PANI-PEDOT∶PSS]10复合导电膜(CRGPP-10膜),并以H2SO4-PVA凝胶为电解质,双片CRGPP-10膜为电极,组装了双电极体系的柔性超级电容器S-RGPP.对CGPP膜和CRGPP-10膜进行紫外-可见光谱、结晶特性和形态表征,并对S-RGPP的循环伏安(CV)曲线、恒电流充放电性能(GCD)及电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等电化学性能进行分析.结果表明,通过层层自组装法制备的CRGPP-10膜具有均匀和透明度可控的优点.柔性超级电容器S-RGPP的内阻较小,同时具有双电层(EDL)电容和赝电容性能,表现出良好的柔性和一定的电致变色性.RGO的加入使S-RGPP的循环稳定性得到改善.     

催化剂对乳液模板法制备碳材料形貌的影响

以液体石蜡为油相,间苯二酚和甲醛的水溶液为水相,吐温80和司班80为乳化剂,获得油/水(O/W)型乳状液.将该乳状液聚合、碳化去除模板后制得了碳材料,研究了不同催化剂对所得碳材料形貌的影响.结果表明:选择NaOH为催化剂时,制得的碳材料是一种具有孔壁和孔洞的多孔碳泡沫,典型样品的孔径约为1-2μm;当氨水为催化剂时,所得碳材料是由微球或者相互缠绕的蠕虫状粒子组成的块体材料,这些微球或粒子的直径主要集中在1-2μm,与NaOH为催化剂时所得碳泡沫的孔径尺寸相当.研究发现,氨水的加入使得乳液体系发生了相转化,由原来的O/W型乳液逐渐转变为W/O型高内相乳液.从分子间氢键出发,应用内聚能理论探讨了催化剂导致的乳液相变以及不同形貌碳材料的形成过程.     

Synthesis of Fine Carbon Nanotubes on Coprecipitated Metal Oxide Catalysts

Catalysts for vapor-phase deposition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes are considered. A method for synthesis of iron-containing catalyst by coprecipitation of aluminum, magnesium, and iron(II) hydroxides is suggested.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 6, 2005, pp. 938–944.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Melezhik, Sementsov, Yanchenko.     

Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Catalysts Based on Ordered Porous Structures for Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions

Two types of organic–inorganic hybrid base catalysts are prepared. Organic-functionalized molecular sieves (OFMSs); in particular, “amine-immobilized porous silicates” are designed based on common idea to immobilize catalytic active sites on silicate surface. Silicate–organic composite materials (SOCMs), such as “ordered porous silicate–quaternary ammonium composite materials”, are the precursors of ordered porous silicates obtained during the synthesis. Both the OFMS and the SOCM are used as the catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation and Michael addition reactions. Among the OFMSs, there is clear tendency that the use of molecular sieve with larger pore volume and/or surface area gives the product in higher yield. Aminopropylsilyl (AP)-tethered mesoporous silicate such as AP-MCM-41 gives the Knoevenagel condensation product in high yield under mild conditions. No loss of activity is observed after repeated use for three times. The SOCMs are also active for the same reaction. The OFMSs are effective when the supports have large pore volume and/or surface area and the reaction is carried out in polar solvents ethanol and DMF. However, the activity of the OFMSs is considerably low in a non-polar solvent such as benzene. In contrast, the SOCMs are remarkably active in benzene. The organic cation–MCM-41 composite is more active than the composite of an organic cation and a microporous silicate such as zeolite beta and ZSM-12. In the SOCM catalysts, (SiO)₃SiO⁻(⁺NR₄) moieties located at the accessible sites are considered to play some important roles. The active species are absent in the liquid phase after the reaction. The recycle of the catalyst was possible without significant loss of activity when the substrates are enough reactive. The mechanism of the reaction over SOCM catalyst is discussed.     

Biodegradable Polymer Nanocylinders Fabricated by Transverse Fragmentation of Electrospun Nanofibers through Aminolysis

Biodegradable polymeric nanocylinders were fabricated by segmental degradation of electrospun nanofibers. Poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLA) was electrospun to produce non‐crystalline nanofibers that were immediately treated with amino group‐containing strong bases to fabricate semi‐crystalline PLA nanocylinders with tunable aspect ratio. The formation of PLA nanocylinders was attributed to two concurrent events occurring during the aminolysis reaction: (i) development of stacked lamellae and (ii) transversely oriented degradation and fragmentation of the amorphous gaps between lamellae, both responsible for the fragmentation of PLA nanofibers into uniformly shaped nanocylinders. The aspect ratio of PLA nanocylinders was tunable by varying aminolysis time and controlling nanofiber diameter.

     

Synthesis of NaA Zeolite by Mechanochemical Methods

A method for obtaining NaA zeolite by mechanochemical activation of a raw material is proposed. The method produces no wastewater in the course of zeolite synthesis.