均苯四甲酸与对羟基吡啶超分子聚合物的制备

超分子聚合物(supramolecular polymer)是指单体单元间依靠可逆和高度取向的非共价作用力结合的、在溶液或本体中表现出聚合物特性的一类特殊聚合物[1].其中,氢键结合超分子聚合物因氢键的高度取向性及丰富的结合形式而具有特殊结构与性能,已成为近期关注的热点[2~4].文献中报道的氢键结合超分子聚合物主要有多重氢键结合和基于羧基与吡啶基的氢键结合(其键能可达45kJ·mol-1[5])两类,它们均可表现出和传统聚合物诸多类似的性质,诸如高的溶液粘度、形成凝胶、具有弹性等,同时其结构和性能又随温度等环境条件的变化而发生可逆变化,使得这类…     

多重氢键超分子聚合物

超分子聚合物是通过单体单元间的可逆非共价作用(包括氢键、π-π相互作用和金属配位作用等)形成的,由于非共价键的方向性和强度,这类聚合物显示了许多有趣的功能,例如刺激响应性和纳米结构自组装.本文总结了近三年来多重氢键超分子聚合物在改善聚合物性能、形成复杂分子构造、自组装纳米结构等方面的作用,并对超分子聚合物的应用进行了展...     

超分子聚合物凝胶

作为非常重要的软物质材料,超分子聚合物凝胶代表了一个全新的概念和更复杂的凝胶体系.这种新型的超分子体系的构建,是基于多种非共价相互作用协同的多层次组装.即小分子构筑基元首先组装成为超分子聚合物,而这些非共价聚合物的多层次组装形成凝胶的纳米结构.超分子聚合物凝胶无论是在结构上,还是在性能上都具有很多崭新的特点.因此,尽管有关超分子聚合物凝胶的研究开展的时间还很短,这一体系所表现出的独特性以及巨大潜力已经引起科学家们越来越广泛的关注.本文简要综述了这一领域的最新进展.主要论述基于多种非共价相互作用的超分子聚合物凝胶的构建以及对其力学性能的调控.     

基于金属配位和主客体相互作用分级自组装构筑超分子凝胶

将金属配位和主客体相互作用引入到同1个超分子体系中,设计合成了2个超分子单体1和2.通过这2个超分子单体分级自组装形成的交联网状超分子聚合物构建了一种多重刺激响应性和良好自修复性能的超分子凝胶.同时,进一步将具有聚集诱导发光性能的四苯乙烯引入到这种超分子体系中,以赋予超分子体系新颖的发光性能.单体分子1是由中间为双苯并24-冠-8的冠醚连接2个四苯基乙烯荧光生色团,两端为2个三联吡啶分子构成的1个主体分子.单体分子1两端的三联吡啶基团可以与过渡金属Zn(OTf)2进行金属配位形成线型超分子聚合物3;而中间的冠醚基团与双二级铵盐客体分子2通过主客体相互作用进一步形成交联超分子聚合物4.当该交联超分子聚合物的浓度达到30 mmol/L时,可形成荧光超分子聚合物凝胶.通过核磁共振(1H-NMR和DOSY)与黏度等测试方法,证明了线形和交联超分子聚合物的形成,并进一步通过流变的测试证明了超分子聚合物凝胶的形成及其良好的自修复性能.除此之外,由于引入的主客体相互作用以及金属配位固有的刺激响应性,该荧光超分子聚合物凝胶表现出对温度、p H值、K+离子和竞争配体的刺激响应性能.     

环糊精超分子水凝胶*

本文综述了近年来基于环糊精包合作用的超分子水凝胶的研究进展,主要包括：环糊精与线性、星型、接枝、超支化聚合物包合形成的多聚(准)轮烷自组装制备超分子物理凝胶及功能化多聚(准)轮烷经交联反应制备超分子化学凝胶;环糊精、环糊精二聚体及其水溶性聚合物与带疏水性侧基的聚合物经“锁-钥匙”包合作用形成超分子物理凝胶;及其在药物、基因释放载体与组织工程支架中的应用。着重介绍了剪切、温度、pH值、光等刺激-响应性超分子水凝胶的设计与制备。     

基于葫芦[10]脲的超分子水凝胶的制备及其在H2O2检测中的应用研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)与客体单元二茂铁衍生物(G)在引发剂作用下共聚形成P(AM-G)聚合物.基于客体分子与主体分子葫芦[10]脲之间的动态主-客体相互作用为交联点制备了超分子水凝胶.采用核磁、扫描电镜及流变等测试方法对水凝胶的结构、形貌以及自修复性能等进行研究.结果表明超分子水凝胶为3D多孔结构的弹性体,CB[10]的引入有利于在聚合物网络中提供交联点,并且本研究中的超分子水凝胶可在没有任何外部刺激的情况下进行自修复.在水凝胶制备后,二茂铁的固有催化活性仍然得以保留,其良好的催化活性可应用于H_2O_2的检测,检测限为2.5×10~(-4) mol/L.本研究为超分子水凝胶功能化提供了一种新的方法,在生物技术和环境化学等领域具有潜在应用.     

基于柱[5]芳烃聚合物水凝胶的制备及对百草枯的可视化检测

合成了单功能化的柱[5]芳烃单烯体,然后将其与丙烯酰胺(AAM)、交联剂N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)和引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)在70 oC下反应12 h后形成含有大环主体柱[5]芳烃的高分子聚合物,将此聚合物分别浸泡于DMSO、水中各1周,并每天更换新鲜的溶剂,最后通过此聚合物的红外光谱图证实成功制备了含有柱[5]芳烃的聚合物水凝胶.利用紫外吸收光谱测试表征了水凝胶对百草枯的吸收作用.将该水凝胶浸入浓度从小到大的百草枯溶液中,发现水凝胶颜色由浅黄色变为棕红色,这是由于水凝胶中的柱[5]芳烃与N,N'-二甲基-4,4'-联吡啶客体分子之间主客体作用形成了含有准轮烷结构的超分子聚合物所致.     

基于葫芦[10]脲的超分子水凝胶的制备及其在H_2O_2检测中的应用研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)与客体单元二茂铁衍生物(G)在引发剂作用下共聚形成P(AM-G)聚合物.基于客体分子与主体分子葫芦[10]脲之间的动态主-客体相互作用为交联点制备了超分子水凝胶.采用核磁、扫描电镜及流变等测试方法对水凝胶的结构、形貌以及自修复性能等进行研究.结果表明超分子水凝胶为3D多孔结构的弹性体，CB[10]的引入有利于在聚合物网络中提供交联点，并且本研究中的超分子水凝胶可在没有任何外部刺激的情况下进行自修复.在水凝胶制备后，二茂铁的固有催化活性仍然得以保留，其良好的催化活性可应用于H_2O_2的检测，检测限为2.5×10~(-4) mol/L.本研究为超分子水凝胶功能化提供了一种新的方法，在生物技术和环境化学等领域具有潜在应用.     

超分子聚合机理

与共价键聚合物由单体(M1)通过共价键连接不同,超分子聚合物是由单体(M2)通过非共价键连接而成的长链大分子。聚合包括分子聚合和超分子聚合。超分子聚合描述M2通过非共价键自组装形成超分子聚合物的过程,涉及氢键、π-π堆砌型和立体匹配等驱动力以及分子识别、协同性等特征,与M1通过共价键形成聚合物的过程(分子聚合)不同。为了理解超分子聚合物链结构形成机理,本文分析和讨论超分子聚合的三个主要机理:(1)线性链生长;(2)螺旋链生长;(3)拓扑链生长。     

基于氢键作用结合的超分子聚合物

非共价键结合的超分子聚合物由于其特殊的结构及性能引起了广泛的关注。本文在介绍超分子化学、氢键及超分子聚合物的基础上,主要综述了以氢键为结合力的多重氢键作用、羧基(D)与吡啶基(A)作用以及氢键与其它非共价键协同作用形成的超分子聚合物体系,并对超分子聚合物的研究现状及前景进行了评述。     

Viscoelastic and fractal characteristics of a supramolecular hydrogel hybridized with clay nanoparticles

The supramolecular hydrogels derived from low-molecular-mass gelators represent a unique class of soft matters and have important potential applications in biomedical fields, separation technology and cosmetic science. However, they suffer usually from weak mechanical and viscoelastic properties. In this work, we carry out the in situ hybridization of clay nanoparticles (Laponite RD) into the supramolecular hydrogel formed from a low-molecular-mass hydrogelator, 2,6-di[N-(carboxyethyl carbonyl)amino]pyridine (DAP), and investigate the viscoelastic and structural characteristics of resultant hybrid hydrogel. It was found that a small concentration of Laponite RD could lead to a significant increase in the storage modulus, loss modulus or complex viscosity. Compared with neat DAP hydrogel, the hybrid hydrogel has a greater hydrogel strength and a lower relaxation exponent. In particular, the enhancement of the clay nanoparticles to the viscoelastic properties of the DAP hydrogel is more effective in the case of higher DAP concentration. By relating its macroscopic elastic properties to a scaling fractal model, such a hybrid hydrogel was confirmed to be in the strong-link regime and to have a more complex network structure with a higher fractal dimension when compared with neat DAP hydrogel.     

基于氢键作用由低分子量凝胶因子形成的超分子水凝胶

利用对羟基吡啶及均苯四甲酸合成的超分子单体, 基于分子间氢键作用, 在水中成功地制备出了具有温度响应性的超分子凝胶, 研究了制备条件对凝胶结构的影响.     

基于均苯三甲酸与对羟基吡啶的超分子水凝胶

以均苯三甲酸和对羟基吡啶为原料, 采用简便方法合成了一种新的凝胶因子, 并采用1H NMR、IR和元素分析确认其结构. 红外光谱中2849和1894 cm－1处出峰证明羧基与吡啶基间形成了氢键. 在凝胶化过程中, 凝胶因子可自组装形成纤维状网络结构. 随着凝胶因子浓度的增加, 纤维搭接逐渐致密, 凝胶网络密度逐渐增大, 可冻结水含量逐渐增加. 因此, 通过改变凝胶因子浓度可有效控制凝胶的结构及性能. 该凝胶因子在较低浓度下形成的超分子水凝胶在100 ℃下也能够稳定存在.     

Photoresponsive polymers and block copolymers by molecular recognition based on multiple hydrogen bonds

A new methacrylate containing a 2,6‐diacylaminopyridine (DAP) group was synthesized and polymerized via RAFT polymerization to prepare homopolymethacrylates (PDAP) and diblock copolymers combined with a poly(methyl methacrylate) block (PMMA‐b‐PDAP). These polymers can be easily complexed with azobenzene chromophores having thymine (tAZO) or carboxylic groups with a dendritic structure (dAZO), which can form either three or two hydrogen bonds with the DAP groups, respectively. The supramolecular polymers were characterized by spectroscopic techniques, optical microscopy, TGA, and DSC. The supramolecular polymers and block copolymers with dAZO exhibited mesomorphic properties meanwhile with tAZO are amorphous materials. The response of the supramolecular polymers to irradiation with linearly polarized light was also investigated founding that stable optical anisotropy can be photoinduced in all the materials although higher values of birefringence and dichroism were obtained in polymers containing the dendrimeric chromophore dAZO. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 3173–3184     

Supramolecular assemblies of nucleoside phosphocholine amphiphiles

A family of new uridine phosphocholine amphiphiles that were prepared using a convenient four-step synthetic route is described. Physicochemical studies (differential scanning calorimetry, small-angle X-ray scattering, UV-vis and circular dichroism spectroscopies, light microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) show that these amphiphiles spontaneously assemble into supramolecular structures including vesicles, fibers, hydrogels, and organogels. In aqueous solution, the amphiphiles possessing saturated alkyl chains self-assemble into DNA-like helical fibers in the crystalline state below T(m) and compact bilayers above the melting temperature (T(m)). The transition from bilayers to fibers is thermally reversible. Above a threshold concentration (>6% w/w), a hydrogel is formed due to an entangled network of the fibers. A therapeutic agent such as DNA can be entrapped within the hydrogel structure. In addition to forming bilayer vesicles and hydrogels in aqueous solution, these nucleoside amphiphiles also form organogels in cyclohexane above T(m). Scanning electron microscopy shows a continuous multilamellar phase in the organogels.     

Organic Dye Adsorption by Amphiphilic Tris‐Urea Supramolecular Hydrogel

The development of an effective adsorbent for cleansing polluted water is required for environmental purification. In this respect, a supramolecular hydrogel constructed by the self‐assembly of small molecules could be a strong candidate. Adsorption experiments of organic dyes were performed using supramolecular hydrogels of amphiphilic tris‐urea 1 . Cationic organic dyes were adsorbed efficiently; indeed, the adsorption of methylene blue was as high as 4.19 mol equivalents relative to 1 . Two luminescence peaks were observed in the rhodamine 6G‐adsorbed supramolecular hydrogels, and their ratios varied with the amount of dye adsorbed. Fluorescence microscopy images of the supramolecular hydrogel at lower dye levels exhibited fibrous fluorescence consistent with the fibrous aggregates of 1 . According to these results, adsorption may proceed gradually, that is, occurring initially on the fibers and later in the aqueous spaces of the supramolecular hydrogel.     

冷冻/解冻制备的聚乙烯醇水凝胶的结构和流变性研究

研究了冷冻/解冻法制备的不同浓度(5wt%～25wt%)聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶的结构和流变行为之间的关系.由XRD确定了凝胶中PVA的结晶度和晶粒尺寸.用应力流变仪研究了凝胶的流变行为,包括动态模量和蠕变等.在频率为1Hz和低应力的条件下,测量了凝胶的储能模量和损耗模量.在该试验条件下,PVA水凝胶的形变是完全可以回复的.低频率区和低应变区的储能模量随浓度增加而变大,但当浓度超过20wt%时,储能模量增加速率明显降低.由PVA水凝胶在1Hz时的储能模量和结晶度的数据,理论分析得到了形成PVA水凝胶的最低PVA浓度和最小结晶度.当PVA浓度低于15wt%时,储能模量主要由PVA的微晶控制,分子链间的氢键影响很小.通过低应变区储能模量的数值计算出了凝胶网孔尺寸的结构参数.同时对不同温度下PVA水凝胶的储能模量数据进行了标度分析.PVA水凝胶的蠕变行为显示,随浓度提高,凝胶的蠕变黏弹性由线性向非线性转变.     

Supramolecular hydrogel formation based on inclusion complexation between poly(ethylene glycol)-modified chitosan and alpha-cyclodextrin

Supramolecular hydrogels have been prepared on the basis of polymer inclusion complex (PIC) formation between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified chitosans and alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD). A series of PEG-modified chitosans were synthesized by coupling reactions between chitosan and monocarboxylated PEG using water-soluble carbodiimide (EDC) as coupling agent. With simple mixing, the resultant supramolecular assembly of the polymers and alpha-CD molecules led to hydrogel formation in aqueous media. The supramolecular structure of the PIC hydrogels was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, and (13)C cross-polarized/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR characterization. The PEG side-chains on the chitosan backbones were found to form inclusion complexes (ICs) with alpha-CD molecules, resulting in the formation of channel-type crystalline micro-domains. The IC domains play an important role in holding together hydrated chitosan chains as physical junctions. The gelation property was affected by several factors including the PEG content in the polymers, the solution concentration, the mixing ratio of host and guest molecules, temperature, pH, etc. All the hydrogels in acidic conditions exhibited thermo-reversible gel-sol transitions under appropriate conditions of mixing ratio and PEG content in the mixing process. The transitions were induced by supramolecular association and dissociation. These supramolecular hydrogels were found to have phase-separated structures that consist of hydrophobic crystalline PIC domains, which were formed by the host-guest interaction between alpha-CD and PEG, and hydrated chitosan matrices below the pK(a).The formation of inclusion complexes between alpha-cyclodextrin and PEG-modified chitosan leads to the formation of hydrogels that can undergo thermo-reversible supramolecular dissociation.     

Facile Construction of Bio-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels from Dehydroabietic Acid with a Tricyclic Hydrophenanthrene Skeleton and Stabilized Gel Emulsions

Supramolecular hydrogels have attracted great attention due to their special properties. In this research, bio-based supramolecular hydrogels were conveniently constructed by heating and ultrasounding two components of dehydroabietic acid with a rigid tricyclic hydrophenanthrene skeleton and morpholine. The microstructures and properties of hydrogels were investigated by DSC, rheology, SAXS, CD spectroscopy, and cryo-TEM, respectively. The critical gel concentration (CGC) of the hydrogel was 0.3 mol·L⁻¹ and the gel temperature was 115 °C. In addition, the hydrogel showed good stability and mechanical properties according to rheology results. Cryo-TEM images reveal that the microstructure of hydrogel is fibrous meshes; its corresponding mechanism has been studied using FT-IR spectra. Additionally, oil-in-water gel emulsions were prepared by the hydrogel at a concentration above its CGC, and the oil mass fraction of the oil-in-water gel emulsions could be freely adjusted between 5% and 70%. This work provides a convenient way to prepare bio-based supramolecular hydrogels and provides a new method for the application of rosin.     

Enzymatic Hydrolysis-Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels Composed of Maltose-Coupled Amphiphilic Ureas

Maltose is a ubiquitous disaccharide produced by the hydrolysis of starch. Amphiphilic ureas bearing hydrophilic maltose moiety were synthesized via the following three steps: I) construction of urea derivatives by the condensation of 4-nitrophenyl isocyanate and alkylamines, II) reduction of the nitro group by hydrogenation, and III) an aminoglycosylation reaction of the amino group and the unprotected maltose. These amphiphilic ureas functioned as low molecular weight hydrogelators, and the mixtures of the amphipathic ureas and water formed supramolecular hydrogels. The gelation ability largely depended on the chain length of the alkyl group of the amphiphilic urea; amphipathic urea having a decyl group had the highest gelation ability (minimum gelation concentration=0.4 mM). The physical properties of the supramolecular hydrogels were evaluated by measuring their thermal stability and dynamic viscoelasticity. These supramolecular hydrogels underwent gel-to-sol phase transition upon the addition of α-glucosidase as a result of the α-glucosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the maltose moiety of the amphipathic urea.