MORPHOLOGY OF BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS AND UBIQUITY OF 50-NANOMETER BLACK CARBON AEROSOLS IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Different-sized aerosols were collected by an Andersen air sampler to observe the detailed morphology of the black carbon （BC） aerosols which were separated chemically from the other accompanying aerosols, using a Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer （SEM-EDX）. The results indicate that most BC aerosols are spherical particles of about 50 nm in diameter and with a homogeneous surface. Results also show that these particles aggregate with other aerosols or with themselves to form larger agglomerates in the micrometer range. The shape of these 50-nm BC spherical particles was found to be very similar to that of BC particles released from petroleum-powered vehicular internal combustion engines. These spherical BC particles were shown to be different from the previously reported fullerenes found using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry （MALDI-TOF-MS）.     

Mass and isotopic concentrations of water-insoluble refractory carbon in total suspended particulates at Mt. Waliguan Observatory (China)

Mass concentration and isotopic values δ¹³C and ¹⁴C are presented for the water-insoluble refractory carbon (WIRC) component of total suspended particulates (TSP), collected weekly during 2003, as well as from October 2005 to May 2006 at the WMO-GAW Mt. Waliguan (WLG) site. The overall average WIRC mass concentration was (1183 ± 120) ng/m³ (n = 79), while seasonal averages were 2081 ± 1707 (spring), 454 ± 205 (summer), 650 ± 411 (autumn), and 1019 ± 703 (winter) ng/m³. Seasonal variations in WIRC mass concentrations were consistent with black carbon measurements from an aethalometer, although WIRC concentrations were typically higher, especially in winter and spring. The δ¹³C PDB value (−25.3 ± 0.8)‰ determined for WIRC suggests that its sources are C₃ biomass or fossil fuel combustion. No seasonal change in δ¹³C PDB was evident. The average percent Modern Carbon (pMC) for ¹⁴C in WIRC for winter and spring was (67.2 ± 7.7)% (n = 29). Lower pMC values were associated with air masses transported from the area east of WLG, while higher pMC values were associated with air masses from the Tibetan Plateau, southwest of WLG. Elevated pMC values with abnormally high mass concentrations of TSP and WIRC were measured during a dust storm event.     

Large-scale distribution of elements in Chinese aerosol

In spite of increasing attention on Chinese aerosol, there has never been a country-wide survey of its general characteristics. This paper presents elemental data for aerosol at 23 sites in and around China, mostly drawn from the literature, and shows some of the large-scale patterns. Al, Na, and Se are used to represent the crustal, marine, and pollution components, respectively. Most of the patterns are aligned in SW-NE. Al and Na are highest to the NW and the SE, respectively, and their ratio changes rapidly near the coast. Se has a broad maximum over Central China, and the Se/Al ratio （an indicator of pollution vs. crustal aerosol） increases progressively from the NW to the SE. A simple index for simulating pollution aerosol, which uses population density, annual precipitation, and mean wind speed, adequately reproduces the large-scale pattern of pollution aerosol and shows how crustal Al in the NW gradually gives way to flyash Al toward the SE.     

ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MASS CONCENTRATION, AEROSOL NUMBER CONCENTRATION AND VISIBILITY IN BEIJING

1.IntroductionAtmosphericaerosolsplayanimportantroleinatmos-phericvisibility,irradiationbalanceandclimate.Thenum-berconcentrationofsmallparticulatesisusuallyveryhigh,butitsmassconcentrationisrelativelylow.Buzoriusetal.(1999)andPetersetal.(1997)havereportedthatparticu-latehealtheffectsmaybemoresensitivetothenumberthantothemassconcentration.Thispaperstudiestheaverageddiurnalvariationsofparticulatemassconcentra-tion,numberconcentration,atmosphericvisibility,andtheaerosolsizedistribution,n(r),und…     

Calculation of the particle concentration field in the problem of aerosol aspiration from moving air

A mathematical model of a slot sampler is proposed and the aspiration coefficient and the particle concentration field are studied numerically for the problem of aerosol aspiration from a moving gas. In the absence of a particle effect on the gas, the carrier flow is calculated in the viscous incompressible fluid approximation using the FLUENT program package for solving the Navier-Stokes equations. The particle motion equations are supplemented by the equations for determining the particle concentration along the particle trajectories. The particle concentration distribution in the neighborhood of and inside the slot sampler is investigated. Parametric studies of the aspiration coefficient as a function of the ratio of the wind velocity and the aspiration rate are carried out for different Stokes numbers.     

Characteristics of black carbon aerosol in Jiaxing,China during autumn 2013

We conducted measurements of black carbon (BC) aerosol in Jiaxing, China during autumn from September 26 to November 30, 2013. We investigated temporal and diurnal variations of BC, and its correlations with meteorological parameters and other major pollutants. Results showed that hourly mass concentrations of BC ranged from 0.2 to 22.0 μg/m³, with an average of 5.1 μg/m³. The diurnal variation of BC exhibited a bimodal distribution, with peaks at 07:00 and 18:00. The morning peak was larger than the evening peak. The mass percentages of BC in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 7.1% and 4.8%, respectively. The absorption coefficient of BC was calculated to be 44.4 Mm⁻¹, which accounted for 11.1% of the total aerosol extinction. BC was mainly emitted from local sources in southwestern Jiaxing where BC concentrations were generally greater than 11 μg/m³ during the measurement period. Correlation analysis indicated that the main sources of BC were motor vehicle exhaust, and domestic and industrial combustion.     

DEM simulations of die filling during pharmaceutical tabletting

The flow behaviour of powders from a stationary shoe into a moving die, which mimics the die filling process in a rotary tablet press, was analysed using a discrete element method (DEM), in which 2D irregular shaped particles were considered. The influence of the particle shape,size and size distribution, the number of particles used in the simulation, the initial height of powder bed in the shoe, and the filling speed on the average mass flow rate and the critical filling speed (the highest speed at which the die can be completely filled) were explored. It has been found that a maximum flow rate is obtained at the critical filling speed for all systems investigated and poly-disperse systems have higher mass flow rates and higher critical filling speeds than mono-disperse systems. In addition, the powder with particles which can tessellate generally has a lower filling rate and a lower critical filling speed.     

DEM simulations of die filling during pharmaceutical tabletting

The flow behaviour of powders from a stationary shoe into a moving die, which mimics the die filling process in a rotary tablet press, was analysed using a discrete element method （DEM）, in which 2D irregular shaped particles were considered. The influence of the particle shape, size and size distribution, the number of particles used in the simulation, the initial height of powder bed in the shoe, and the filling speed on the average mass flow rate and the critical filling speed （the highest speed at which the die can be completely filled） were explored. It has been found that a maximum flow rate is obtained at the critical filling speed for all systems investigated and poly-disperse systems have higher mass flow rates and higher critical filling speeds than mono-disperse systems. In addition, the powder with particles which can tessellate generally has a lower filling rate and a lower critical titling speed.     

流场结构对过氧化氢产量影响的模拟和实验研究

阴极膜还原法制备过氧化氢是通过阴极膜上氧气的二电子还原反应生成过氧化氢。阴极膜上氧气发生还原反应时,二电子还原反应产物过氧化氢积聚在膜面会抑制后续反应,影响制备效果。为进一步提高制备过氧化氢的效率,本文通过改变阴极室结构与阴极液流速,并采用数值模拟分析相应条件下流场结构与过氧化氢浓度分布情况,筛选出有利于过氧化氢制备的结构和流速条件;通过研究阴极室结构和流速对过氧化氢产量的影响,提出了更高效制备过氧化氢的方案,所得结果可为阴极膜还原法制备过氧化氢的工业化进程提供理论依据。     

基于多功率源梯度过渡层的Si-DLC的制备及水润滑性能研究

采用溅射、反应溅射与RF-CVD技术相结合的多功率源沉积了梯度过渡层,在此基础上用RF-CVD法沉积了掺硅类金刚石膜,研究了梯度过渡层对薄膜结构、力学性能及水中摩擦学性能的影响.结果表明:梯度过渡层的引入可在一定程度上提高薄膜的sp3成分含量、硬度和杨氏模量,对增强膜基结合力,提高薄膜在水中的抗剥落性能有较显著的效果.     

研磨抛光表面微孔织构的影响因素分析

表面织构是一种改善摩擦学性能的有效手段.通过研磨抛光方法开发了一种新型表面织构技术,此表面织构的特点是表面微孔成型和抛光过程同步进行.同时利用此织构技术着重研究了研磨时间(0~120 min)、研磨速度(1.45~10.47 m/s)、研磨液质量分数(1%~15%)对织构参数(微孔面积密度、孔径分布及表面粗糙度)的影响规律.结果表明:表面微孔面积密度随着研磨时间增长而逐渐下降并最终趋于稳定;当研磨速度从1.45~10.47 m/s变化时,微孔面积密度从2.59%增至16.92%,微孔孔径及表面粗糙度随着研磨速度的增加而增加,当研磨速度低于2.09 m/s时容易获得10μm以下的微孔;当研磨液质量分数从1%~15%变化时,微孔面积密度从3.76%~11.70%变化,近似呈线性增加关系,质量分数高于9%时易于获得10μm以上孔径的分布表面.     

高碳高钢系高速钢的耐磨性研究

制备了不同成分的新型高碳高钢系高速钢,并与高铬铸铁对比考察了其耐磨性和磨损机理。结果表明：高碳高钡系高速钢的耐磨性明显优于高铬铸铁;其组织中的碳化物形态对耐磨性具有显著影响,其中具有细小及弥散分布的颗粒状ＭＣ型碳化物组织的试样的耐磨性最佳;其磨损机理为犁削和应力作用下碳化物的脆性碎裂及脱落。