On the structure and dynamics of the hydrated sulfite ion in aqueous solution--an ab initio QMCF MD simulation and large angle X-ray scattering study

Theoretical ab initio quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics (QMCF MD) formalism has been applied in conjunction to experimental large angle X-ray scattering to study the structure and dynamics of the hydrated sulfite ion in aqueous solution. The results show that there is a considerable effect of the lone electron-pair on sulfur concerning structure and dynamics in comparison with the sulfate ion with higher oxidation number and symmetry of the hydration shell. The S-O bond distance in the hydrated sulfite ion has been determined to 1.53(1) ? by both methods. The hydrogen bonds between the three water molecules bound to each sulfite oxygen are only slightly stronger than those in bulk water. The sulfite ion can therefore be regarded as a weak structure maker. The water exchange rate is somewhat slower for the sulfite ion than for the sulfate ion, τ(0.5) = 3.2 and 2.6 ps, respectively. An even more striking observation in the angular radial distribution (ARD) functions is that the for sulfite ion the water exchange takes place in close vicinity of the lone electron-pair directed at its sides, while in principle no water exchange did take place of the water molecules hydrogen bound to sulfite oxygens during the simulation time. This is also confirmed when detailed pathway analysis is conducted. The simulation showed that the water molecules hydrogen bound to the sulfite oxygens can move inside the hydration shell to the area outside the lone electron-pair and there be exchanged. On the other hand, for the hydrated sulfate ion in aqueous solution one can clearly see from the ARD that the distribution of exchange events is symmetrical around the entire hydration sphere.     

Hydration-induced changes of structure and vibrational frequencies of methylphosphocholine studied as a model of biomembrane lipids

The chemical characteristics of the polar parts of phospholipids as the main components of biological membranes were investigated by using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and theoretical calculations with water as a probe molecule. The logical key molecule used in this study is methylphosphocholine (MePC) as it is not only a representative model for a polar lipid headgroup but itself has biological significance. Isolated MePC forms a compact (folded) structure which is essentially stabilized by two intramolecular C-H...O type hydrogen bonds. At lower hydration, considerable wavenumber shifts were revealed by IR spectroscopy: the frequencies of the (O-P-O)- stretches were strongly redshifted, whereas methyl and methylene C-H and O-P-O stretches shifted surprisingly to blue. The origin of both red- and blueshifts was rationalized, on the basis of molecular-dynamics and quantum-chemistry calculations. In more detail, the hydration-induced blueshifts of C-H stretches could be shown to arise from several origins: disruption of the intramolecular C-H...O hydrogen bonds, formation of intermolecular C-H...O(water) H-bonds. The stepwise disruption of the intramolecular hydrogen bonds appeared to be the main feature that causes partial unfolding of the compact structure. However, the transition from a folded to extended MePC structure was completed only at high hydration. One might hypothesize that the mechanism of hydration-driven conformational changes as described here for MePC could be transferred to other zwitterions with relevant internal C-H...O hydrogen bonds.     

Circular hydrogen bond networks on the surface of beta-ribofuranose in aqueous solution

This paper examines the hydration structure on the surface of beta-ribofuranose in aqueous solution, using the ab initio molecular dynamics method. In particular, we focus on circular hydrogen bond networks involving two ribofuranose oxygens and three water molecules. In our simulations, the circular hydrogen bond networks near the ring oxygen of beta-ribofuranose are found to be significantly influenced by the orientation of the hydroxymethyl group. The arrangements of hydrogen bonds observed in the circular hydrogen bond networks are both homodromic and antidromic. To explain these observations, we analyze the electronic properties of the first-hydration-shell water molecules and the OH groups of beta-ribofuranose, using the centers of their maximally localized Wannier functions. The dipole moments of the proton-accepting first-hydration-shell water molecules in our well-defined circular hydrogen bond networks are found to increase by about 0.3 D compared with that of liquid water, indicating the relatively strong polarization effects created by the interactions between the OH groups of the solute and the surrounding water molecules. Our analysis also implies that circular H-bond networks cannot be fully explained from a simple geometrical point of view.     

Molecular modeling of the short-side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid membrane

Presented here is a first principles based molecular modeling investigation of the possible role of the side chain in effecting proton transfer in the short-side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid fuel cell membrane under minimal hydration conditions. Extensive searches for the global minimum energy structures of fragments of the polymer having two pendant side chains of distinct separation (with chemical formula: CF(3)CF(O(CF(2))(2)SO(3)H)(CF(2))(n)CF(O(CF(2))(2)SO(3)H)CF(3), where n = 5, 7, and 9) with and without explicit water molecules have shown that the side chain separation influences both the extent and nature of the hydrogen bonding between the terminal sulfonic acid groups and the number of water molecules required to transfer the proton to the water molecules of the first hydration shell. Specifically, we have found that fully optimized structures at the B3LYP/6-311G** level revealed that the number of water molecules needed to connect the sulfonic acid groups scaled as a function of the number of fluoromethylene groups in the backbone, with one, two, and three water molecules required to connect the sulfonic acid groups in fragments with n = 5, 7, and 9, respectively. With the addition of explicit water molecules to each of the polymeric fragments, we found that the minimum number of water molecules required to effect proton transfer also increases as the number of separating tetrafluoroethylene units in the backbone is increased. Furthermore, calculation of water binding energies on CP-corrected potential energy surfaces showed that the water molecules bound more strongly after proton dissociation had occurred from the terminal sulfonic acid groups independent of the degree of separation of the side chains. Our calculations provide a baseline for molecular results that can be used to assess the impact of changes of polymer chemistry on proton conduction, including the side chain length and acidic functional group.     

锌与烟酰胺苦味酸根配合物的合成与晶体结构

烟酰胺（NA）与苦味酸锌（Zn（Pic）2）在乙醇水混合液中反应,制得氢键连接的超分子配合物[Zn（NA）2·4H2O]·（Pic）2。该配合物的晶体属三斜晶系,空间群为P1,晶胞参数为a=0.7050（1）,b=0.8839（3）,c= 1.4035（3）nm,α=81.16（2）,β=81.92（2）,γ=66.55（2）°,V=0.7898（3）nm3,Z=1,Dc=1.762g/cm3,F（000）=428;μ=0.886mm-1,最终偏离因子R=0.0419,wR=0.1094。结构单元中Zn原子与两个NA和四个水分子配位,配位水又通过氢键与Pic-和相邻单元的NA结合,同时NA上的氨基又与本单元和相邻结构单元中的Pic-上硝基氧形成氢键,形成了三维网状氢键的超分子化合物。     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Tris(N-p- methylphenyl-3-hydroxy- 2-ethyl-4-pyridinonato)iron(III)

1 INTRODUCTION A number of hydroxypyrones and hydroxypyridinones are being assessed or considered as orally effective chelators for treatment iron or aluminum overload[1,2]. Almost all present and potential applications involve the tris-ligand complexes of metal(III) cations, as for example in administration of iron(III) complexes for the treatment of anaemia[3], and the appropriate isotopes (e.g. 67Ga, 111In, 90Y) for radiotherapy or the isotopes of gadolinium for magnetic resonance …     

Effect of surfactant conformation on the structures of small size nonionic reverse micelles: a molecular dynamics simulation study

We used constant pressure (P=0.1 MPa) and temperature (T=298 K) molecular dynamics simulations to study the structures and dynamics of small size reverse micelles (RMs) with poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether (CmEn) surfactants. The water-to-surfactant molar ratio was 3, with decane as the apolar solvent. We focused on the effect of the two possible imposed conformations (trans vs gauche) for the surfactant headgroups on RMs structures and water dynamics. For this purpose, we built up two RMs, which only differ by their surfactant headgroup conformations. The results obtained for the two RMs were compared to what is known in the literature. Here, we show that the surfactant headgroup conformation affects mainly the water-related properties such as the water core size, the area per surfactant headgroup, the headgroup hydration, and the water core translational diffusion. The properties computed for the RM with the surfactant in trans conformation fit better with the experimental data than the gauche conformation. We further show that the surfactant hydrophilic headgroup plays a crucial role in the micellar structures, favors the entrapment of the micellar water, and reduces strongly their diffusion compared to the bulk water.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Tris(N-p- methylphenyl-3-hydroxy- 2-ethyl-4-pyridinonato)iron(III)①

The complex [Fe(C14H14NO2)3](2H2O has been prepared by reaction of N-p-methylphenyl-3-hydroxy-2-ethyl-4-pyridinone with FeCl3(6H2O. A single-crystal X-ray study shows that the iron atoms lie in a trigonally distorted octahedral environment coordinated to the hydroxy and ketone oxygen atoms of three ligands in the mer configuration Mr=773.57(C42H46N3O8Fe). The crystal is hexagonal with space group P1c; a=15.943(2), c=17.612(4)?, V=3877.0(12)?3, Z=4, Dc=1.325g/cm3, (=0.445mm－1, F(000)=1634, R=0.0446, wR= 0.1154 for 3085 reflections with I >2((I). The bond lengths from iron to oxygens are 1.980(1)? for the ketone oxygens and 2.071(1)? for the hydroxy oxygens. The molecule exhibits the expected propeller shape, and the angle of the trigonal twist is 48.37(. The dihedral angles are 0.5(2)° between chelate ring plane and pyridine ring plane and 71.31(7)° between pyridine ring plane and benzene ring plane. The solvent H2O(O(3) and O(4)) molecules are linked with O(2) and O(1) by hydrogen bonds with bond lengths 2.900(1) and 2.999(1), respectively.     

Mimicking protein-protein electron transfer: voltammetry of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin and the Thermus thermophilus Cu(A) domain at omega-derivatized self-assembled-monolayer gold electrodes

Well-defined voltammetric responses of redox proteins with acidic-to-neutral pI values have been obtained on pure alkanethiol as well as on mixed self-assembled-monolayer (SAM) omega-derivatized alkanethiol/gold bead electrodes. Both azurin (P. aeruginosa) (pI = 5.6) and subunit II (Cu(A) domain) of ba(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase (T. thermophilus) (pI = 6.0) exhibit optimal voltammetric responses on 1:1 mixtures of [H(3)C(CH(2))(n)()SH + HO(CH(2))(n)()SH] SAMs. The electron transfer (ET) rate vs distance behavior of azurin and Cu(A) is independent of the omega-derivatized alkanethiol SAM headgroups. Strikingly, only wild-type azurin and mutants containing Trp48 give voltammetric responses: based on modeling, we suggest that electronic coupling with the SAM headgroup (H(3)C- and/or HO-) occurs at the Asn47 side chain carbonyl oxygen and that an Asn47-Cys112 hydrogen bond promotes intramolecular ET to the copper. Inspection of models also indicates that the Cu(A) domain of ba(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase is coupled to the SAM headgroup (H(3)C- and/or HO-) near the main chain carbonyl oxygen of Cys153 and that Phe88 (analogous to Trp143 in subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase from R. sphaeroides) is not involved in the dominant tunneling pathway. Our work suggests that hydrogen bonds from hydroxyl or other proton-donor groups to carbonyl oxygens potentially can facilitate intermolecular ET between physiological redox partners.     

Microsolvation of formamide: a rotational study

Microsolvated formamide clusters have been generated in a supersonic jet expansion and characterized using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Three conformers of the monohydrated cluster and one of the dihydrated complex have been observed. Seven monosubstituted isotopic species have been measured for the most stable conformer of formamide...H(2)O, which adopts a closed planar ring structure stabilized by two intermolecular hydrogen bonds (N-H...O(H)-H...O=C). The two higher energy forms of formamide...H(2)O have been observed for the first time. The second most stable conformer is stabilized by a O-H...O=C and a weak C-H...O hydrogen bond, while, in the less stable form, water accepts a hydrogen bond from the anti hydrogen of the amino group. For formamide...(H(2)O)(2), the parent and nine monosubstituted isotopic species have been observed. In this cluster the two water molecules close a cycle with the amide group through three intermolecular hydrogen bonds (N-H...O(H)-H...O(H)-H...O=C), the nonbonded hydrogen atoms of water adopting an up-down configuration. Substitution (r(s)) and effective (r(0)) structures have been determined for formamide, the most stable form of formamide...H(2)O and formamide...(H(2)O)(2). The results on monohydrated formamide clusters can help to explain the observed preferences of bound water in proteins. Clear evidence of sigma-bond cooperativity effects emerges when comparing the structures of the mono- and dihydrated formamide clusters. No detectable structural changes due to pi-bond cooperativity are observed on formamide upon hydration.     

The structure of zwitterionic phosphocholine surfactant monolayers

The structure of a zwitterionic phosphocholine (PC) surfactant monolayer adsorbed on the surface of water has been determined using neutron reflectivity in combination with H/D isotopic substitution. The most significant results of this study are the level of hydration of the PC headgroup and the lack of dehydration with increasing temperature and salt addition. The fraction of the alkyl chain (f(c)) immersed in water for all three chain isomers studied was found to be around 0.15, suggesting that the PC headgroup geometries influenced not only the headgroup hydration but also the degree of immersion of the alkyl chain in water. At the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the number of water molecules associated with the PC headgroup in C(m)PC (m = 12, 14, 16) was on order of 15. This value was significantly greater than that obtained for nonionic and ionic surfactants with similar limiting area per molecule at the CMC (A(cmc)). However, the fraction of the chain immersed in water for the ionic and nonionic surfactants was much greater. This suggests that the unique surface biocompatibility of PC surfactants arises from their strong affinity for water, and the relatively low fraction of mixing with the alkyl chain arises from the higher structural order within the PC monolayer. As surface coverage decreased, the number of water molecules associated with each PC headgroup increased, but f(c) remained constant for all the surfactants. This observation was consistent with the small variation in the thickness of the headgroup region, and the entire layer changed little with surfactant concentration. This is attributed to the role of PC headgroup geometries to maintain the conformational order within the layer as packing density varies. Further structural analysis based on a kinematic approach showed that, as the chain length was increased from C12 to C14 to C16 at the CMC, the angle of tilt for the alkyl chain increased from 40 degrees to 48 degrees to 53 degrees , respectively, whereas the thickness of the whole layer and that of the PC head region was largely constant. The almost vertical projection of the PC headgroup from these single alkyl chain surfactants is in sharp contrast to its strongly tilted conformation, as reported for dichain phospholipids such as dipalmitoyl glycerol phosphocholine (DPPC).     

Microscopic wetting of self-assembled monolayers with different surfaces: a combined molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics study

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the micronature of the organization of water molecules on the flat surface of well-ordered self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 18-carbon alkanethiolate chains bound to a silicon (111) substrate. Six different headgroups (-CH(3), -C═C, -OCH(3), -CN, -NH(2), -COOH) are used to tune the character of the surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, while the level of hydration is consistent on all six SAM surfaces. Quantum mechanics calculations are employed to optimize each alkyl chain of the different SAMs with one water molecule and to investigate changes in the configuration of each headgroup under hydration. We report the changes of the structure of the six SAMs with different surfaces in the presence of water, and the area of the wetted surface of each SAM, depending on the terminal group. Our results suggest that a corrugated and hydrophobic surface will be formed if the headgroups of SAM surface are not able to form H-bonds either with water molecules or between adjacent groups. In contrast, the formation of hydrogen bonds not only among polar heads but also between polar heads and water may enhance the SAM surface hydrophilicity and corrugation. We explicitly discuss the micromechanisms for the hydration of three hydrophilic SAM (CN-, NH(2)- and COOH-terminated) surfaces, which is helpful to superhydrophilic surface design of SAM in biomimetic materials.     

Solution and solid-state models of peptide CH...O hydrogen bonds

Fumaramide derivatives were analyzed in solution by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by X-ray crystallography in order to characterize the formation of CH...O interactions under each condition and to thereby serve as models for these interactions in peptide and protein structure. Solutions of fumaramides at 10 mM in CDCl(3) were titrated with DMSO-d(6), resulting in chemical shifts that moved downfield for the CH groups thought to participate in CH...O=S(CD(3))(2) hydrogen bonds concurrent with NH...O=S(CD(3))(2) hydrogen bonding. In this model, nonparticipating CH groups under the same conditions showed no significant change in chemical shifts between 0.0 and 1.0 M DMSO-d(6) and then moved upfield at higher DMSO-d(6) concentrations. At concentrations above 1.0 M DMSO-d(6), the directed CH...O=S(CD(3))(2) hydrogen bonds provide protection from random DMSO-d(6) contact and prevent the chemical shifts for participating CH groups from moving upfield beyond the original value observed in CDCl(3). X-ray crystal structures identified CH...O=C hydrogen bonds alongside intermolecular NH...O=C hydrogen bonding, a result that supports the solution (1)H NMR spectroscopy results. The solution and solid-state data therefore both provide evidence for the presence of CH...O hydrogen bonds formed concurrent with NH...O hydrogen bonding in these structures. The CH...O=C hydrogen bonds in the X-ray crystal structures are similar to those described for antiparallel beta-sheet structure observed in protein X-ray crystal structures.     

Molecular dynamics study of the hydration of the hydroxyl radical at body temperature

Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of ˙OH in liquid water at 37 °C has been performed using flexible models of the solute and solvent molecules. We derived the Morse function describing the bond stretching of the radical and the potential for ˙OH-H(2)O interactions, including short-range interactions of hydrogen atoms. Scans of the potential energy surface of the ˙OH-H(2)O complex have been performed using the DFT method with the B3LYP functional and the 6-311G(d,p) basis set. The DFT-derived partial charges, ±0.375e, and the equilibrium bond-length, 0.975 ?, of ˙OH resulted in the dipole moment of 1.76 D. The radical-water radial distribution functions revealed that ˙OH is not built into the solvent structure but it rather occupies distortions or cavities in the hydrogen-bonded network. The solvent structure at 37 °C has been found to be the same as that of pure water. The hydration cage of the radical comprises 13-14 water molecules. The estimated hydration enthalpy -42 ± 5 kJ mol(-1) is comparable with the experimental value -39 ± 6 kJ mol(-1) for 25 °C. Inspection of hydrogen bonds showed the importance of short-range interaction of hydrogen atoms and indicated that neglect of the angular condition greatly overestimates the number of the H-acceptor radical-water bonds. The mean number ?n = 0.85 of radical-water H-bonds has been calculated using geometric definition of H-bond and ?n = 0.62 has been obtained when the energetic condition, E(da)≤-8 kJ mol(-1), was additionally considered. The continuous lifetimes of 0.033 ps and 0.024 ps have been estimated for the radical H-donor and the H-acceptor bonds, respectively. Within statistical uncertainty the radical self-diffusion coefficient, (2.9 ± 0.6) × 10(-9) m(2) s(-1), is the same as (3.1 ± 0.5) × 10(-9) m(2) s(-1) calculated for water in solution and in pure solvent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the ˙OH(aq) properties at a biologically relevant body temperature.     

Hydrated alizarin complexes: hydrogen bonding and proton transfer

We investigated the hydrogen bonding structures and proton transfer for the hydration complexes of alizarin (Az) produced in a supersonic jet using fluorescence excitation (FE), dispersed laser induced fluorescence (LIF), visible-visible hole burning (HB), and fluorescence detected infrared (FDIR) spectroscopy. The FDIR spectrum of bare Az with two O-H groups exhibits two vibrational bands at 3092 and 3579 cm(-1), which, respectively, correspond to the stretching vibration of O1-H1 that forms a strong intramolecular hydrogen bond with the C9=O9 carbonyl group and the stretching vibration of O2-H2 that is weakly hydrogen-bonded to O1-H1. For the 1:1 hydration complex Az(H(2)O)(1), we identified three conformers. In the most stable conformer, the water molecule forms hydrogen bonds with the O1-H1 and O2-H2 groups of Az as a proton donor and proton acceptor, respectively. In the other conformers, the water binds to the C10=O10 group in two nearly isoenergetic configurations. In contrast to the sharp vibronic peaks in the FE spectra of Az and Az(H(2)O)(1), only broad, structureless absorption was observed for Az(H(2)O)(n) (n≥ 2), indicating a facile decay process, possibly due to proton transfer in the electronic excited state. The FDIR spectrum with the wavelength of the probe laser fixed at the broad band exhibited a broad vibrational band near the O2-H2 stretching vibration frequency of the most stable conformer of Az(H(2)O)(1). With the help of theoretical calculations, we suggest that the broad vibrational band may represent the occurrence of proton transfer by tunnelling in the electronic ground state of Az(H(2)O)(n) (n≥ 2) upon excitation of the O2-H2 vibration.     

Synthesis and X-ray Powder Structures of Two Lamellar Copper Arylenebis(phosphonates)

Reaction of copper salts with 1,4-phenylenebis(phosphonic acid) yielded a conventional layered compound, Cu(2)[(O(3)PC(6)H(4)PO(3))(H(2)O)(2)], while a similar reaction with 4,4'-biphenylenebis(phosphonic acid) resulted in a new lamellar structure with composition Cu[HO(3)P(C(6)H(4))(2)PO(3)H]. The structures of these compounds were solved ab initio by using X-ray powder diffraction data. The crystals of the phenylenebis(phosphonate) compound are monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 18.8892(4) ?, b = 7.6222(2) ?, c = 7.4641(2) ?, beta = 90.402(2) degrees, and Z = 4. The layer structure in this case is similar to that in copper phenylphosphonate, Cu[O(3)PC(6)H(5)]. The metal atoms display a distorted square pyramidal geometry where four of the coordination sites are occupied by the phosphonate oxygens. The remaining site is filled by an oxygen atom of the water molecule. Adjacent metal-O(3)PC layers are covalently pillared by the phenyl group of the phosphonates to create a 3-dimensional structure. Cu[HO(3)P(C(6)H(4))(2)PO(3)H] is triclinic, space group P&onemacr;, with a = 4.856(2) ?, b = 14.225(5) ?, c = 4.788(2) ?, alpha = 97.85(1) degrees, beta = 110.14(1) degrees, gamma = 89.38(1) degrees, and Z = 1. The structure in this case, ideally consists of linear chains of copper atoms. The copper atoms are bridged by centrosymmetrically related phosphonate groups utilizing two of their oxygen atoms. This binding mode leads to square planar geometry for the copper atoms. The third oxygen atom of the phosphonate is protonated and is involved in linking adjacent linear chains through hydrogen bonds. At the same time, these hydroxyl oxygens interact weakly (Cu-O = 3.14 ?) with the copper atoms of the adjacent chain. Considering these long Cu-O interactions, the geometry of the copper atom may be described as distorted square bipyramidal. As in the phenylphosphonate structure, the biphenyl groups covalently link the Cu-O(3)PC networks in the perpendicular direction.     

Hydration changes of poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) during thermosensitive phase separation in water

Hydration changes of poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl methacrylate) (PMoEoEMa) during thermosensitive phase separation in water have been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The C=O stretching band can be separated into three components assigned to non-hydrated carbonyl groups and singly and doubly hydrogen-bonded carbonyl groups (1728, 1709, and 1685 cm-1, respectively). Relatively large parts of the carbonyl groups (50% in 30 wt % solution) do not form hydrogen bonds even below the transition temperature (Tp) probably because they possess crowded positions near the backbone. The fraction of hydrogen-bonding carbonyl groups decreased during phase separation by approximately 0.2. Among five nu(C-H) bands, the highest- and the lowest-frequency bands (nu(C-H)A and nu(C-H)E) exhibited relatively large red shifts of 8 and 11 cm(-1), respectively. DFT calculations indicate that the formation of a H-bond between the ether oxygen and water leads to blue shifts of nu(C-H) of adjacent alkyl groups and has a larger effect than a direct H-bond to the alkyl groups, namely, C-H...O H-bonds. The fraction of hydrogen-bonding methoxy oxygens estimated from the position of the nu(C-H)A is 1 at Tp. This result indicates that the methoxy oxygens and the carbonyl are more favorably hydrated than the other at Tp, respectively.     

NMR studies of aggregation and hydration of surfactants containing amide bonds

The consequences of including amide bonds into the structure of short-chain nonionic surfactants have been studied. Of particular interest were the possible effects of the hydrogen bonding ability of the amide group on the micellar shape. The aggregate structure and hydration of two different amide-containing surfactants, C7H15CO-NH-(CH2CH2O)4H and C7H15CO-(NH-C3H6-CO)2N(CH3)2, were investigated using NMR diffusometry (pulsed gradient spin echo NMR) as the main technique. Data from experiments on the surfactants, the hydrophobic probe molecule hexamethyldisilane (HMDS), and water were interpreted to gain information about the solution structures, and the results were compared to those on a previously studied alcohol ethoxylate surfactant of similar size, C8E4. Both of the amide-containing surfactants form small micelles within the whole investigated concentration range. At the critical micelle concentration, the aggregates are most probably spherical, and with increasing surfactant concentration there are indications of either a minor aggregate growth or agglomeration of the micelles. In addition, it was found that the presence of amide groups in the surfactant inhibits the intermicellar transport of HMDS, which occurs in the C8E4 system. From measurements on water diffusion in the three surfactant systems, it could be concluded that the surfactant hydration is higher when amide bonds are present.     

Ab initio and NMR studies on the effect of hydration on the chemical shift of hydroxy protons in carbohydrates using disaccharides and water/methanol/ethers as model systems

Density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) quantum mechanical calculations have been performed on the disaccharides, [small beta]-l-Fucp-(1[rightward arrow]4)-[small alpha]-d-Galp-OMe, [small beta]-l-Fucp-(1[rightward arrow]4)-[small alpha]-d-Glcp-OMe, and [small beta]-l-Fucp-(1[rightward arrow]3)-[small alpha]-d-Glcp-OMe. The [capital Delta][small delta]-values (difference between the chemical shift in the disaccharide and the corresponding monosaccharide methyl glycoside) for the exchangeable hydroxy protons have been calculated and compared to experimental values previously measured by NMR spectroscopy for samples in aqueous solutions. The calculations performed on molecules in vacuum showed that hydroxy protons hydrogen bonded to the neighboring ring oxygens have large positive [capital Delta][small delta]-values, indicating that they are deshielded relative to those in the corresponding methyl glycoside. The NMR experiments showed instead that these hydroxy protons close to the neighboring ring oxygens were shielded. This discrepancy between calculated and experimental data was attributed to solvent effects, and this hypothesis has been confirmed in this work by monitoring the chemical shift of the hydroxy proton of methanol in water, ethers and water/ether solutions. Shielding of the hydroxy proton of methanol is observed for increased ether concentrations, whereas deshielding is observed for increased concentration of water. The shielding observed for hydroxy protons in disaccharides is a consequence of reduced hydration due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding or steric effects. In strongly hydrated systems such as carbohydrates, the hydration state of a hydroxy proton is the key factor determining the value of the chemical shift of its NMR signal, and the [capital Delta][small delta] will be a direct measure of the change in hydration state.     

(+)‐Gibberellin C: hydrogen‐bonding pattern of the monohydrate of a non‐racemic pentacyclic diterpenoid

In the monohydrate of the title compound, (+)‐2β,4aα‐di­hydroxy‐1,7‐di­methyl‐8‐oxo‐4bβ,7α‐gibbane‐1α,10β‐di­carb­ox­yl­ic acid‐1,4a‐lactone, C₁₉H₂₄O₆·H₂O, intermolecular hydrogen bonding progresses helically along b from carboxyl to ketone [O?O = 2.694 (5) Å]. The carboxyl and lactone carbonyl groups in translationally related mol­ecules within a helix both accept hydrogen bonds from the same water of hydration. The oxy­gen of this water in turn accepts a hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group of a third screw‐related mol­ecule in an adjacent counterdirectionally oriented helix, yielding a complex three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonding array. Intermolecular O?H—C close contacts were found to the carboxyl and lactone carbonyls, the hydroxyl, and the water.