Three-dimensional free vibration analysis of four-parameter continuous grading fiber reinforced cylindrical panels resting on Pasternak foundations

This research investigates three-dimensional free vibration analysis of four-parameter continuous grading fiber reinforced (CGFR) cylindrical panels resting on Pasternak foundations by using generalized power-law distribution. The functionally graded orthotropic panel is simply supported at the edges, and it is assumed to have an arbitrary variation of matrix volume fraction in the radial direction. A four-parameter power-law distribution presented in literature is proposed. Symmetric and asymmetric volume fraction profiles are presented. Suitable displacement functions that identically satisfy the boundary conditions at the simply supported edges are used to reduce the equilibrium equations to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients, which are solved by generalized differential quadrature method, and natural frequency is obtained. The fast rate of convergence of the method is demonstrated, and to validate the results, comparisons are made with the available solutions for functionally graded isotropic shells with/without elastic foundations. The effect of the elastic foundation stiffness parameters and various geometrical parameters on the vibration behavior of the CGFR cylindrical panels is investigated. This work mainly contributes to illustrate the influence of the four parameters of power-law distributions on the vibration behavior of functionally graded orthotropic cylindrical panels resting on elastic foundation. This paper is also supposed to present useful results for continuous grading of matrix volume fraction in the thickness direction of a cylindrical panel on elastic foundation and comparison with similar discrete laminated composite cylindrical panel.     

Elasticity solution for free vibration analysis of four-parameter functionally graded fiber orientation cylindrical panels using differential quadrature method

In this paper, three-dimensional free vibrations analysis of a four-parameter functionally graded fiber orientation cylindrical panel is presented. The panel is simply supported at the edges and assumed to have an arbitrary variation of fiber orientation in the radial direction. A generalization of the power-law distribution presented in literature is proposed. Symmetric and asymmetric fiber orientation profiles are studied in this paper. Suitable displacement functions that identically satisfy the boundary conditions at the simply supported edges are used to reduce the equilibrium equations to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients, which can be solved by differential quadrature method to obtain the natural frequency. The main contribution of this work is to illustrate the influence of the power-law exponent, of the power-law distribution choice and of the choice of the four parameters on the natural frequencies of continuous grading fiber orientation cylindrical panels. Numerical results are presented for a cylindrical panel with arbitrary variation of fiber orientation in the shell’s thickness and compared with discrete laminates composite panels. It is shown maximum natural frequencies will be obtained by using symmetric fiber orientation profiles.     

Elasticity solution for an FGM cylindrical panel integrated with piezoelectric layers

The three-dimensional elasticity solution for static analysis of a functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical panel with simply supported edges is developed. The modulus of elasticity varies continuously throughout the thickness direction in the form of an exponential function. The panel is bonded with piezoelectric layers. Using Fourier series expansions in the axial and circumferential directions, the state equations are derived. The stress, displacement and electric potential distributions are obtained by solving these state equations. The influences of the material gradient index, applied voltage, and radius to thickness ratio on the static behavior of FGM shell are also studied.     

Vibration analysis of bi-layered FGM cylindrical shells

In the present study, a vibration frequency analysis of a bi-layered cylindrical shell composed of two independent functionally graded layers is presented. The thickness of the shell layers is assumed to be equal and constant. Material properties of the constituents of bi-layered functionally graded cylindrical shell are assumed to vary smoothly and continuously through the thickness of the layers of the shell and are controlled by volume fraction power law distribution. The expressions for strain–displacement and curvature–displacement relationships are utilized from Love’s first approximation linear thin shell theory. The versatile Rayleigh–Ritz approach is employed to formulate the frequency equations in the form of eigenvalue problem. Influence of material distribution in the two functionally graded layers of the cylindrical shells is investigated on shell natural frequencies for various shell parameters with simply supported end conditions. To check the validity, accuracy and efficiency of the present methodology, results obtained are compared with those available in the literature.     

Analysis for the thermoelastic bending of a functionally graded material cylindrical shell

An analytic study for thermoelastic bending of a functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shell subjected to a uniform transverse mechanical load and non-uniform thermal loads is presented. Based on the classical linear shell theory, the equations with the radial deflection and horizontal displacement are derived out. An arbitrary material property of the FGM cylindrical shell is assumed to vary through the thickness of the cylindrical shell, and exact solution of the problem is obtained by using an analytic method. For the FGM cylindrical shell with fixed and simply supported boundary conditions, the effects of mechanical load, thermal load and the power law exponent on the deformation of the FGM cylindrical shell are analyzed and discussed.     

Thermomechanical vibration analysis of a functionally graded shell with flowing fluid

This paper reports the results of an investigation into the vibration of functionally graded cylindrical shells with flowing fluid, embedded in an elastic medium, under mechanical and thermal loads. By considering rotary inertia, the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and the fluid velocity potential, the dynamic equation of functionally graded cylindrical shells with flowing fluid is derived. Here, heat conduction equation along the thickness of the shell is applied to determine the temperature distribution and material properties are assumed to be graded distribution along the thickness direction according to a power-law in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The equations of eigenvalue problem are obtained by using a modal expansion method. In numerical examples, effects of material composition, thermal loading, static axial loading, flow velocity, medium stiffness and shell geometry parameters on the free vibration characteristics are described. The new features in this paper are helpful for the application and the design of functionally graded cylindrical shells containing fluid flow.     

Natural frequencies of rotating functionally graded cylindrical shells

Love’s first approximation theory is used to analyze the natural frequencies of rotating functionally graded cylindrical shells.To verify the validity of the present method,the natural frequencies of the simply supported non-rotating isotropic cylindrical shell and the functionally graded cylindrical shell are compared with available published results.Good agreement is obtained.The effects of the power law index,the wave numbers along the x-and θ-directions,and the thickness-to-radius ratio on the natural frequencies of the simply supported rotating functionally graded cylindrical shell are investigated by several numerical examples.It is found that the fundamental frequencies of the backward waves increase with the increasing rotating speed,the fundamental frequencies of the forward waves decrease with the increasing rotating speed,and the forward and backward waves frequencies increase with the increasing thickness-to-radius ratio.     

Postbuckling of FGM cylindrical shells under combined axial and radial mechanical loads in thermal environments

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a shear deformable functionally graded cylindrical shell of finite length subjected to combined axial and radial loads in thermal environments. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the shell surface and varied in the thickness direction only. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent, and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The formulations are based on a higher order shear deformation shell theory with von Kármán–Donnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity. A boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the effects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large deflections in the postbuckling range, and initial geometric imperfections of the shell, is extended to the case of functionally graded cylindrical shells. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the interactive buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling response of perfect and imperfect cylindrical shells with two constituent materials subjected to combined axial and radial mechanical loads and under different sets of thermal environments. The results reveal that the temperature field and volume fraction distribution have a significant effect on the postbuckling behavior, but they have a small effect on the imperfection sensitivity of the functionally graded shell.     

Three-dimensional solutions for the stress fields in functionally graded cylindrical panel with finite length and subjected to thermal/mechanical loads

Three-dimensional thermo-elastic analysis of a functionally graded cylindrical panel with finite length and subjected to nonuniform mechanical and steady-state thermal loads are carried out in this paper. Thermal and mechanical properties of the functionally graded material are assumed to be temperature independent and continuously vary in the radial direction of the panel. Analytical solutions for the temperature and stress fields expressed in terms of trigonometric and power series for the simply supported boundary conditions are derived and graphically presented.     

Torsional buckling and postbuckling of FGM cylindrical shells in thermal environments

A postbuckling analysis is presented for a functionally graded cylindrical shell subjected to torsion in thermal environments. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The temperature field considered is assumed to be a uniform distribution over the shell surface and varied in the thickness direction. The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents, and are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The governing equations are based on a higher order shear deformation theory with a von Kármán–Donnell-type of kinematic non-linearity. The non-linear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the shell are both taken into account. A singular perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling load and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The numerical illustrations concern the postbuckling behavior of twist, perfect and imperfect, FGM cylindrical shells under different sets of thermal fields. The results reveal that the volume fraction distribution of FGMs has a significant effect on the buckling load and postbuckling behavior of FGM cylindrical shells subjected to torsion. They also confirm that the torsional postbuckling equilibrium path is weakly unstable and the shell structure is virtually imperfection–insensitive.     

功能梯度压电、压磁柱对称问题的振动分析

本文在不考虑体力、体电流和体电荷的情况下, 假定压电、压磁柱壳的材料参数沿圆柱厚度方向呈幂函数分布时, 研究了径向载荷作用下功能梯度压电、压磁空心柱壳的空间柱对称径向振动问题. 首先在柱坐标系下, 由功能梯度材料的参数、本构、梯度和平衡方程推导得出外激励作用下以Bessel函数表示圆柱壳的应力、电势、磁势等物理量的稳态解, 进而对空间柱对称的压电、压磁功能梯度材料动力控制问题进行了理论分析. 可以看出, 当梯度参数时, 即完全退化为横观各项同性压电、压磁柱对称的振动问题, 与文献[16]的基本方程为柱坐标下得出的结果一致. 最后给出数值算例, 结果表明材料不均匀性对沿径向振动各物理量的显著影响, 且用一个特定不均匀性参数值可以优化电磁力耦合的性能, 这在现代工程设计中尤为重要.     

功能梯度压电、压磁柱对称问题的振动分析

本文在不考虑体力、体电流和体电荷的情况下, 假定压电、压磁柱壳的材料参数沿圆柱厚度方向呈幂函数分布时, 研究了径向载荷作用下功能梯度压电、压磁空心柱壳的空间柱对称径向振动问题. 首先在柱坐标系下, 由功能梯度材料的参数、本构、梯度和平衡方程推导得出外激励作用下以Bessel函数表示圆柱壳的应力、电势、磁势等物理量的稳态解, 进而对空间柱对称的压电、压磁功能梯度材料动力控制问题进行了理论分析. 可以看出, 当梯度参数时, 即完全退化为横观各项同性压电、压磁柱对称的振动问题, 与文献[16]的基本方程为柱坐标下得出的结果一致. 最后给出数值算例, 结果表明材料不均匀性对沿径向振动各物理量的显著影响, 且用一个特定不均匀性参数值可以优化电磁力耦合的性能, 这在现代工程设计中尤为重要.     

Thermal instability of functionally graded deep spherical shell

Thermal instability of deep spherical shells made of functionally graded material (FGM) is studied in this paper. The governing equations are based on the first-order theory of shells and the Sanders nonlinear kinematics equations. It is assumed that the mechanical properties are linear functions of thickness coordinate. The constituent material of the functionally graded shell is assumed to be a mixture of ceramic and metal. The analytical solutions are obtained for three types of thermal loadings including the uniform temperature rise (UTR), the linear radial temperature (LRT), and the nonlinear radial temperature (NRT). Results are validated with the known data in literature.     

压电板壳自由振动的三维精确分析

本文简要评述了压电材料板壳结构的研究现状,着重介绍了近年来我们在压电板壳三维分析方面所做的工作：（1）四边简支横观各向同性压电矩形板的状态空间分析方法：（2）横观各向同性压电圆板和环板的状态空间分析方法;（3）横观各向同性压电圆柱壳和球面各向同性压电球壳耦合振动的精确分析。这些工作都直接从压电弹性力学三维基本方程出发,不引进任何变形假设,因此可作为二维简化理论和数值计算方法的校核标准。文末对今后压电材料板壳的研究方向也作了展望。     

Post-buckling analysis of FGM annular sector plates based on three dimensional elasticity graded finite elements

In this article, post-buckling and non-linear bending analysis of functionally graded annular sector plates based on three dimensional theory of elasticity in conjunction with non-linear Green strain tensor is considered. In-plane normal compressive loads have been applied to either radial, circumferential, or all edges of annular sector plates. Material properties are graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of constituents while Poisson׳s ratio is assumed to be constant. The governing equations are developed based on the principle of minimum total potential energy and solved based on graded finite element method. Non-linear equilibrium equations are solved based on iterative Newton–Raphson method. The effects of material gradient exponent, different sector angles, thickness ratio, loading condition and two different boundary conditions on the post-buckling behavior of FGM annular sector plates have been investigated. Results denote that due to the stretching–bending coupling effects of the FGMs, the post-buckling behavior of movable simply supported FGM plates is not of the bifurcation-type buckling. Moreover, FGM annular sector plates subjected to uniaxial compression at radial edges show a non-linear bending behavior with unique and stable equilibrium paths following a flattening feature.     

A comprehensive analysis of functionally graded sandwich plates: Part 1—Deflection and stresses

A two-dimensional solution is presented for bending analysis of simply supported functionally graded ceramic–metal sandwich plates. The sandwich plate faces are assumed to have isotropic, two-constituent material distribution through the thickness, and the modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of the faces are assumed to vary according to a power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The core layer is still homogeneous and made of an isotropic ceramic material. Several kinds of sandwich plates are used taking into account the symmetry of the plate and the thickness of each layer. We derive field equations for functionally graded sandwich plates whose deformations are governed by either the shear deformation theories or the classical theory. Displacement functions that identically satisfy boundary conditions are used to reduce the governing equations to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. Numerical results of the sinusoidal, third-order, first-order and classical theories are presented to show the effect of material distribution on the deflections and stresses.     

Nonlinear stability of advanced sandwich cylindrical shells comprising porous functionally graded material and carbon nanotube reinforced composite layers under elevated temperature

The nonlinear stability of sandwich cylindrical shells comprising porous functionally graded material(FGM) and carbon nanotube reinforced composite(CNTRC)layers subjected to uniform temperature rise is investigated. Two sandwich models corresponding to CNTRC and FGM face sheets are proposed. Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) in the CNTRC layer are embedded into a matrix according to functionally graded distributions. The effects of porosity in the FGM and the temperature dependence of properties of all constituent materials are considered. The effective properties of the porous FGM and CNTRC are determined by using the modified and extended versions of a linear mixture rule, respectively. The basic equations governing the stability problem of thin sandwich cylindrical shells are established within the framework of the Donnell shell theory including the von K'arm'an-Donnell nonlinearity. These equations are solved by using the multi-term analytical solutions and the Galerkin method for simply supported shells.The critical buckling temperatures and postbuckling paths are determined through an iteration procedure. The study reveals that the sandwich shell model with a CNTRC core layer and relatively thin porous FGM face sheets can have the best capacity of thermal load carrying. In addition, unlike the cases of mechanical loads, porosities have beneficial effects on the nonlinear stability of sandwich shells under the thermal load. It is suggested that an appropriate combination of advantages of FGM and CNTRC can result in optimal efficiency for advanced sandwich structures.     

An analytical solution for buckling of moderately thick functionally graded sector and annular sector plates

In this article, an analytical solution for buckling of moderately thick functionally graded (FG) sectorial plates is presented. It is assumed that the material properties of the FG plate vary through the thickness of the plate as a power function. The stability equations are derived according to the Mindlin plate theory. By introducing four new functions, the stability equations are decoupled. The decoupled stability equations are solved analytically for both sector and annular sector plates with two simply supported radial edges. Satisfying the edges conditions along the circular edges of the plate, an eigenvalue problem for finding the critical buckling load is obtained. Solving the eigenvalue problem, the numerical results for the critical buckling load and mode shapes are obtained for both sector and annular sector plates. Finally, the effects of boundary conditions, volume fraction, inner to outer radius ratio (annularity) and plate thickness are studied. The results for critical buckling load of functionally graded sectorial plates are reported for the first time and can be used as benchmark.     

Axisymmetric bending of functionally graded circular magneto-electro-elastic plates

Axisymmetric bending of functionally graded circular magneto-electro-elastic plates of transversely isotropic materials is analyzed based on linear three-dimensional theory of elasticity coupled with magnetic and electric fields. The transverse loads are expanded in Fourier-Bessel series and therefore can be arbitrarily distributed along the radial direction. The radial distributions of the displacements are assumed in combination of Fourier-Bessel series and polynomials as well as the electric potential and magnetic potential. If the material properties obey the exponential law along the thickness of the plate, two three-dimensional exact solutions for two unusual boundary conditions can be derived since they satisfy the governing equations and specified boundary conditions point by point. For simply supported or clamped boundary, the obtained solutions satisfy the governing equations exactly and the boundary conditions approximately. A layer wise model is also introduced to treat with the plates whose material property components vary independently and arbitrarily along the thickness of the plates. The numerical results are finally tabulated and plotted to demonstrate the presented method and agree well with those from finite element methods.     

Rotating sandwich cylindrical shells with an FGM core and two FGPM layers: free vibration analysis

The free vibration analysis of a rotating cylindrical shell with an analytical method is investigated. The shell is considered as a sandwich structure, where the middle layer is a functionally graded material(FGM) shell, and it is surrounded by two piezoelectric layers. Considering piezoelectric materials to be functionally graded(FG),the material properties vary along the thickness direction as one innovation of this study.Applying the first-order shear deformation theory(FSDT), the equations of motion of this electromechanical system are derived as the partial differential equations(PDEs) using Hamilton's principle. Then, the Galerkin procedure is used to discretize the governing equations, and the present results are compared with the previously published results for both isotropic and FGM shells to verify the analytical method. Finally, the effects of FGM and functionally graded piezoelectric material(FGPM) properties as well as the thickness ratio and the axial and circumferential wave numbers on the natural frequencies are studied. Moreover, the Campbell diagram is plotted and discussed through the governing equations. The present results show that increasing the non-homogeneous index of the FGM decreases the natural frequencies on the contrary of the effect of non-homogeneous index of the FGPM.