Enhanced measurement of strain distributions

A theoretical approach is presented that uses multiple strain gages to accurately measure complicated strain distributions. The technique is based on the method of weighted residuals in conjunction with measured strain data and is applicable for arbitrary in-plane strain distributions. Conventional measurements using strain gages are shown to represent a particular case of the approach presented. The experimental characterization of unidimensional strain fields is discussed in detail. Two approaches are presented; these are based on linear and quadratic approximations of the strain field. The strain distribution for two important practical problems is evaluated assuming ideal conditions to assess the performance of the proposed approach. In both cases, the simulated results demonstrate that measurement error resulting from the finite size of a strain gage may be reduced. That is, a larger strain gage may be used for a given maximum admissible error. The method also allows a minimal error of measured nonlinear strains.     

光纤陀螺用保偏光纤温度敏感性测试与分析

针对高精度光纤陀螺的温度敏感性问题,重点研究了光纤陀螺用保偏光纤温度性能。利用具有高空间分辨率的脉冲预泵浦光时域分析技术,测量不同温度点光纤的长度变化量,再根据光纤长度随温度的变化量与折射率温度系数的关系,给出光纤的折射率温度系数。试验共测量了8种国内和国外主流保偏光纤的折射率温度系数,测试结果显示:8种光纤折射率温度系数的最大值与最小值之间相差14%;某型国内保偏光纤与某型国外保偏光纤的折射率温度系数最小,量值基本相同。这种不同类型的保偏光纤折射率温度系数的差异与光纤纤芯的掺杂元素及掺杂浓度是直接相关的。该项测试技术可在基础材料层面提升光纤陀螺的温度性能;通过折射率温度系数测试,优选出更加适用于光纤环圈制作的保偏光纤,从而减小光纤陀螺温度Shupe效应误差,对于提高光纤陀螺的温度性能具有重要意义。     

Radial angular temperature distributions for nonisothermal two-phase filtration of oil and water

The distributions of phase saturations, pressure, and temperature in a porous medium of nonuniform permeability are studied by numerical modeling of nonisothermal two-phase filtration of oil and water with the Joule-Thomson effect and adiabatic effect taken into account. It is shown that the presence of nonuniformity in the near-well zone of the reservoir results in nonmonotonic angular and radial distributions of temperature and phase saturations. During oil and water filtration, there is transition from negative to positive temperature anomalies or vice versa, depending on the ratio of the reservoir permeabilities and the presence of a segment on which the angular temperature distribution in the well is nonuniform. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 124–130, November–December, 2008.     

Polarigraphic measurement of liquid-phase species distributions

In this study, the optical rotatory power of sucrose-water solutions is exploited and digital, spectral image analysis is used to nonintrusively measure one-dimensional species distributions within a liquid. The measurement scheme is described and is used in experiments ranging from one-dimensional isothermal diffusion to layered double-diffusive convection.     

Flow-driven orientation dynamics of semiflexible fiber systems

We study the flow-induced orientation dynamics of semiflexible fibers in dilute fiber suspensions. Starting from the equations of motion for a two-rod model of flexible fibers in Stokes flow, the Smoluchowski equation for a connected monomer orientation distribution function is derived. We then obtain a set of equations for the time dependence of the first and second moments of the orientation distribution function, thus extending the Folgar Tucker equations for short rigid fiber suspensions to flexible fiber suspensions. The resulting generalized equations for the orientation dynamics of a suspension of flexible fibers are solved for simple channel flow. It is shown that all qualitative effects of bending and straightening of fibers and their influence on the orientation of flexible fibers are captured within our model. A scalar measure for the distribution of bending in a flow is introduced, which allows to detect the degree of bending of fibers. Paper was presented at the 3rd Annual Rheology Conference, AERC 2006, April 27–29, 2006, Crete, Greece.     

An experimental study of flow-induced fiber orientation and concentration distributions in a concentrated suspension flow through a slit channel containing a cylinder

Flow-induced fiber orientation and concentration distributions were measured in a concentrated fiber suspension (CFS) and a dilute one (DFS). The channel has a thin slit geometry containing a circular cylinder. In the previous work, many researchers have qualitatively studied fiber orientation and concentration distributions in injection-molded products of fiber-reinforced plastics. In the present work, however, they are quantitatively estimated by direct observation of fibers in the concentrated suspension flow. For the CFS, some fibers rotate in an expansion part between the channel wall and the circular cylinder, and the fiber orientation becomes almost random state. On the other hand, fibers are perfectly aligned along the flow direction owing to the elongational flow near the centerline downstream of the cylinder. The fiber concentration has a flat distribution except near the channel wall and the centerline. For the DFS a minimum in the fiber concentration distribution was clearly observed on the centerline, and two peaks beside the centerline and near the channel wall. This characteristic distribution is caused by the fiber-wall and fiber-cylinder interactions. It is found that the obstacle such as the circular cylinder in the channel significantly affects the fiber orientation downstream of the obstacle for the CFD, while it affects the fiber concentration distribution for the DFS.     

分布式光纤传感器测量数据可靠性分析方法

分析了分布式光纤传感器测量结果的可靠性,提出从应变系数和温度系数标定到分布式光纤传感器物理量测量以及结果评价的方法,设计了分布式光纤传感器的应变系数和温度系数标定装置,同时分析了应变标定装置的不确定度来源,采用基于光频域反射技术的分布式光纤解调仪进行了实验验证.应变标定范围为-5000με?5000με,温度标定范围为...     

Displacement and strain measurement with automated grid methods

An image-processing-based automated grid method is investigated to determine the method's displacement and strain accuracy limits, and how these limits are influenced by the choice of camera-calibration models. A CCD camera and a PC-based frame grabber are used to record grid spot motion, then ordering and centroiding are used to identify each spot and calculate their individual displacements. The displacements are fitted with a moving biquadratic surface, and the strains are obtained by analytical differentiation of that surface. Camera-calibration models which are considered include various combinations of image-perspective transformation, image stretching, and elliptical-lens distortion. The strain and displacement accuracy are explored through rigid-body motion and uniaxial tension tests. In the process, sensitivity to in-plane and out-of-plane rigid-body translation, and extreme sensitivity to in-plane rigid-body rotation (for non-synchronized frame grabbers) are confirmed. It is found that under the best conditions the displacement accuracy is 015 pixels and that the strain accuracy is 120 microstrain. Finally, the automated grid method is used to investigate the strains developed in an aluminum perforated strip subjected to uniaxial tension.     

炮用寻北方位测量系统

采用直流力矩电动机和数字控制技术,拖动一个装有挠性陀螺、石英挠性加表的转盘连续转动四个位置,测量每个位置上陀螺和加速度计的输出,从而计算出定位面和北向的夹角。推导了北向角计算公式、方位角增量计算公式,分析了系统组成,给出了原理框图。为了缩短寻北时间,克服地基抖动和风扰等影响,采用数字滤波、平稳过程建模、小波滤波、Kalman滤波等技术对陀螺信号进行预处理。试验证明:求平均和经典数字滤波可减小陀螺数据方差10倍左右,Kalman滤波可以减小30倍。目前该系统样机已经研制成功,控制器和计算平台采用PC104,显示器为可在野外使用的EL屏,4×4小键盘采用不锈钢防水设计,具有抗低温能力,系统内置GPS接受机、蓄电池,可实现野外定位定向自动化。测试表明:样机定向精度优于2 mil,定向时间小于2.5 min。     

The influence of fiber length and fiber orientation on damping and stiffness of polymer composite materials

This paper describes the theoretical analysis, the experimental results and the curve-fitting of the analytical model to the experimental results on the influence of fiber length and fiber orientation on damping and stiffness of polymer-composite materials. The experimental results show that, as predicted, very low fiber aspect ratios are required to produce significant improvements in damping. Measurements and predictions also indicate that the control of lamina orientation in a continuous fiber-reinforced laminate may be a better approach to the improvement of damping than the control of the fiber aspect ratio. Paper was presented at 1985 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Las Vegas, NV on June 9–14, 1985.     

An automated dynamic viscometer with air bearing and inductive transducers for angular displacement detection

A dynamic viscometer is described, with which the dynamic moduli in the frequency range from 2 × 10^–3 to 10 Hz can be determined for liquids with 10^–3 Pa< |G ^* | <10² Pa. Due to the application of an air bearing and inductive transducers for the detection of the angular displacement of both the drive and the measuring cylinder a sensitive apparatus has been made. Very small strains (₀ 10^–3) can be applied and only a small amount of sample (4 ml) is needed. The operation of the apparatus is fully computer-controlled, thus, long runs at various frequencies and temperatures are possible without operator intervention. The theoretical background, calibration procedure, and operation window are described. A presentation of some measurements on two polyisoprene/polystyrene triblock copolymer solutions concludes the work.     

圆锥运动下磁场辅助角速度测量方法与实验

利用磁场传感器可辅助载体进行角速度测量.在用于飞行载体时,由于载体通常伴随有圆锥运动,并且载体自身会对内部磁场产生干扰,使磁场传感器输出产生畸变,从而导致利用磁场辅助测量的载体角速度的误差较大.针对这个问题,提出了一种基于实时误差补偿的在圆锥运动及磁场干扰影响条件下利用磁场辅助进行角速度测量的方法.该方法利用载体过去1周旋转的数据,实时对圆锥运动与磁场干扰进行补偿,然后根据补偿结果计算当前载体的角速度.当载体角速度越大时,精度越高.通过飞行实验对该方法进行了验证,实验结果表明,在角速度大于300 (°)/s时,角速度误差小于1(°)/s.     

Numerical simulation of flow kinematics and fiber orientation for multi-disperse suspension

The development of flow kinematics and fiber orientation distribution from the parabolic velocity profile and isotropic orientation at the channel inlet was computed in multi-disperse suspension flow through a parallel plate channel and their predictions were compared with those of mono- and bi-disperse suspensions. A statistical scheme (orientations of a large number of fibers are evaluated from the solution of the Jeffery equation along the streamlines) was confirmed to be very useful and feasible method to analyze accurately the orientation distribution of fibers in multi-disperse fiber suspension flow as well as mono- and bi-dispersions, instead of direct solutions of the orientation distribution function of fibers or the evolution equation of the orientation tensor which involves a closure equation. It was found that the flow kinematics and the fiber orientation depend completely on both the fiber aspect-ratio and the fiber parameter for multi-disperse suspension when the fiber–fiber and fiber-wall interactions are neglected. Furthermore, the addition of large aspect-ratio fibers as well as an increase in the fiber parameter related to the large aspect-ratio fibers could suppress the complex velocity field and stress distributions which are observed in suspensions containing small aspect-ratio fibers. From a practical point of view, therefore, the mechanical and physical properties of fiber composites should be improved with an increase in the volume fraction of large aspect-ratio fibers.     

Experimental and theoretical study of short fiber orientation in diverging flows

Two types of experiments have been carried out to study the fiber orientation in flow through a divergent channel. First, a reinforced polyamid mold sprue containing two types of orientation was investigated: near the center, the fibers are mostly oriented perpendicular to the flow lines, whereas on the periphery, they are oriented parallel to them. Second, direct observation of copper fibers moving in a corn syrup was performed in a transparent diverging device: the fibers rapidly become oriented transverse to the flow lines. The solution of Stokes equations for the undisturbed fluid motion gives the shear rate and elongation rate, which are then substituted in Jeffery's orientation equations. The resolution shows two types of behavior: in a large area in the center, the fiber tends to a stable equilibrium position which depends strongly on the flow line on which it moves. On the periphery, the fiber follows a shear-like behavior. The strong influence of the elongational component relative to the shear component is demonstrated and the time necessary for orientation is calculated. The theoretical results are found to be in agreement with the observations.     

Global measurement of water waves by Fourier transform profilometry

In this paper, we present an optical profilometric technique that allows for single-shot global measurement of free-surface deformations. This system consists of a high-resolution system composed of a videoprojector and a digital camera. A fringe pattern of known characteristics is projected onto the free surface and its image is registered by the camera. The deformed fringe pattern arising from the surface deformations is later compared to the undeformed (reference) one, leading to a phase map from which the free surface can be reconstructed. Particularly, we are able to project wavelength-controlled sinusoidal fringe patterns, which considerably increase the overall performance of the technique and the quality of the reconstruction compared to that obtained with a Ronchi grating. In comparison to other profilometric techniques, it allows for single-shot non-intrusive measurement of surface deformations over large areas. In particular, our measurement system and analysis technique is able to measure free surface deformations with sharp slopes up to 10 with a 0.2 mm vertical resolution over an interrogation window of size 450 × 300 mm² sampled on approximately 6.1 × 10⁶ measurement points. Some illustrative examples of the application of this measuring system to fluid dynamics problems are presented.

---

An automated simultaneous measurement of thickness and wave velocity by ultrasound

The measurement of wave velocity in a sample requires an accurate determination of the sample thickness at the points of interrogation. The theory of an automated technique is presented. In its application, the thickness of the sample is first calculated by the knowledge of the wave velocity in the immersion fluid. This thickness is then used to calculate the wave velocity in the sample. The results of the application of the technique to isotropic and anisotropic materials are presented.     

高精度陀螺经纬仪在阵地定向测量中的应用

战略武器的试验与发射是一项复杂精密的特殊工程，基准射向标定是该工程中的关键之一。基准射向的标定方法有多种，而采用Gyromat2000陀螺经纬仪是目前高精度阵地测量定向的最简捷方法。与传统定向方式相比较，高精度陀螺经纬仪的使用为发射阵地的射向标定提供了更为有效的测量和检核途径。在简述了Gyromat2000陀螺经纬仪在战略武器发射阵地的测量应用情况的同时，提出了对于该仪器测量前后仪器常数“e”的标定、测量成果F检核方式和仪器测量不确定度分析的内容，说明Gyromat2000陀螺经纬仪可以作为战略武器发射射向标定的高精度测量仪器，同时为该仪器的使用提供了重要而积极的作用。     

Elasticity solution for free vibration analysis of four-parameter functionally graded fiber orientation cylindrical panels using differential quadrature method

In this paper, three-dimensional free vibrations analysis of a four-parameter functionally graded fiber orientation cylindrical panel is presented. The panel is simply supported at the edges and assumed to have an arbitrary variation of fiber orientation in the radial direction. A generalization of the power-law distribution presented in literature is proposed. Symmetric and asymmetric fiber orientation profiles are studied in this paper. Suitable displacement functions that identically satisfy the boundary conditions at the simply supported edges are used to reduce the equilibrium equations to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients, which can be solved by differential quadrature method to obtain the natural frequency. The main contribution of this work is to illustrate the influence of the power-law exponent, of the power-law distribution choice and of the choice of the four parameters on the natural frequencies of continuous grading fiber orientation cylindrical panels. Numerical results are presented for a cylindrical panel with arbitrary variation of fiber orientation in the shell’s thickness and compared with discrete laminates composite panels. It is shown maximum natural frequencies will be obtained by using symmetric fiber orientation profiles.     

时间同步误差对船体角形变测量的影响

针对激光陀螺船体角形变测量,分析评估了两组激光陀螺组合体时间同步误差的影响,并提出了一种时间同步误差的在线估计算法.严格推导了考虑了时间同步误差的惯性姿态匹配方程,从方程可见,船体在波浪摇摆条件下时间同步误差将导致额外的Kalman滤波观测量波动误差,直接影响船体角形变测量精度.另一方面,基于新推导的惯性姿态匹配方程,在滤波状态中增加时间延迟变量,通过Kalman滤波能够在线估计时间延迟大小.基于实测远望船体姿态和角变形数据进行了仿真,仿真测试表明大的时间延迟将导致大的船体角形变测量误差,同时验证了时间延迟在线估计方法的有效性.