The effect of fluoride on the Fe2+/Fe3+-redox equilibrium in glass melts in the system Na2O/NaF/CaO/Al2O3/SiO2

Liquids with the base compositions (16 − x/2)Na₂O · xNaF · 10CaO · 74SiO₂ (x = 0, 1, 3, and 4) and (10 − x/2) · Na₂O · xNaF · 10CaO · yAl₂O₃ · (80 − y)SiO₂ (x = 0, 1, 3, 5 and y = 5 and 15) doped with 0.25 mol% Fe₂O₃ were studied by means of square-wave voltammetry in the temperature range from 1000 to 1500 °C. With increasing temperature, the redox equilibria were shifted to the reduced state. Also while increasing the alumina concentration, the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺-redox equilibrium is shifted to the reduced state. In the soda-lime–silica melt the addition of fluoride shifts the equilibrium to the oxidized state, while in the aluminosilicate melts with 15 mol% Al₂O₃, the equilibrium is shifted to the reduced state. In the aluminosilicate melts with 5 mol% Al₂O₃, the equilibrium was not affected by the fluoride concentration. This is explained by the structure of the respective glass compositions.     

Bond character,optical properties and ionic conductivity of Li2O/B2O3/SiO2/Al2O3 glass: Effect of structural substitution of Li2O for LiCl

A glass of composition (20 ? x)Li₂O–xLiCl–65B₂O₃–10SiO₂–5Al₂O₃ where 0 ? x ? 12.5 wt% is prepared using the normal melt-quenching technique. The optical constants and electrical conductivity and their correlation are investigated, furnished and discussed with the substitution of Li₂O for LiCl. The mechanism of the optical absorption and the calculated Urbach energy follow the rule of phonon-assisted transitions. The ionic conduction mechanism is determined by activation energy process. Substitution up to 10 wt% LiCl provides high ionic conductivity (1.9 × 10^?2 Ω^?1 m^?1) due to the high average electronegativity of LiCl which increases the polarizability of lithium ions. The small cation–anion distance approach confirmed the enhancement in ionic conductivity of LiCl containing glass compared to that of Li₂O. Due to the large size of Cl^? ions, there is an expansion of the lattice which in turn broadens the available path windows. For 12.5 wt% LiCl, anomalous density behavior is observed and a reduction in conductivity is occurred, σ = 5.4 × 10^?3 Ω^?1 m^?1. Owing to the model of bond fluctuation, the reduction is attributed to the increase in the alkali halide concentration which creates bottlenecks that hinder the motion of Li⁺ ions. The ionic conductivity character is strongly supported by the behavior of the glass ionicity factor, density, molar volume, refractive index, average boron–boron separation, molar refraction, metallization criterion and non-bridging oxygen concentration of the studied glass.     

Al2O3膜层制备参数对SiO2/Al2O3/PET复合膜透湿性能的影响

采用磁控溅射工艺在PET衬底上依次沉积了Al2 O3和SiO2薄膜,制备出SiO2/Al2 O3/PET复合膜.利用扫描电镜和透湿仪对复合膜的表面形貌和透湿性能进行表征.研究了制备Al2 O3膜层的射频功率、氩气流量、本底真空度和溅射时间4个参数对复合膜透湿率的影响.结果表明:复合膜的透湿率随着本底真空度的升高而减小,随着射频功率、氩气流量和溅射时间的增加均呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势;4个制备参数对复合膜透湿率的影响程度由大到小依次是本底真空度、氩气流量、射频功率、溅射时间;4个制备参数的较优组合为本地真空度0.5×10-3 Pa,射频功率300 W,溅射时间6 min,氩气流量70 mL·min-1.     

TOPCon太阳电池发射极Al2O3/SiNx与SiO2/Al2O3/SiNx叠层膜钝化性能的比较

本文对TOPCon电池发射结的叠层钝化膜进行了研究,对比了3种不同叠层钝化膜(SiO₂/SiN_x、Al₂O₃(1.5 nm)/SiN_x、SiO₂/Al₂O₃(1.5 nm)/SiN_x)的钝化性能。结果表明:Al₂O₃(1.5 nm)/SiN_x的钝化性能优于SiO₂/SiN_x,SiO₂/Al₂O₃(1.5 nm)/SiN_x的钝化水平最佳,隐开路电压均值可达到705 mV。基于Al₂O₃/SiN_x叠层膜研究了Al₂O₃厚度(1.5 nm、3 nm和5 nm)对钝化性能和电池转换效率的影响。当Al₂O₃厚度由1.5 nm增加到3 nm时,钝化性能得到明显提升,隐开路电压均值提高了20 mV,达到707 mV,对应电池的光电转换效率升高了0.23个百分点,与SiO₂/Al₂O₃(1.5 nm)/SiN_x叠层膜电池的转换效率持平。然而,当Al₂O₃厚度继续增加至5 nm时,隐开路电压均值保持不变。因此可以使用Al₂O₃(3 nm)/SiN_x叠层膜代替SiO₂/Al₂O₃(1.5 nm)/SiN_x叠层膜,不仅简化了电池的工艺步骤,而且降低了生产成本。     

Thermal expansion of glass–ceramics in the system BaO/Al2O3/B2O3

Glasses in the system BaO/Al₂O₃/B₂O₃ with and without the addition of platinum were melted. In one sample series, the BaO-concentration was varied while the ratio [Al₂O₃]/[B₂O₃] was kept constant. In another sample series, the [BaO]/[Al₂O₃]-ratio (= 0.9) was kept constant and the B₂O₃ concentration was varied. The samples were thermally treated at 720 °C for 24 h and subsequently at 780 °C for 4 h. In most thermally treated samples, the crystalline phase BaO · Al₂O₃ · B₂O₃ occurred. At some compositions, the platinum-doped samples showed larger concentrations of the crystalline phases. The most remarkable property of the obtained glass–ceramics is their zero or negative thermal expansion coefficient. Here, notable differences were observed: samples with fine grained microstructures showed thermal expansion coefficients approximately zero up to temperatures of around 80 °C. By contrast, samples with coarser microstructures and large spheroidal crystals exhibit negative expansion coefficients up to temperatures of around 280–375 °C. The thermal expansions of these samples were close to those of the mean thermal expansion of the unit cell of the BaO · Al₂O₃ · B₂O₃ phase. The thermal expansion of the fine grained samples was approximately equal to that of the crystallographic a-axis of the BaO · Al₂O₃ · B₂O₃ phase.     

Infrared reflection spectra of selected modifications of SiO2 and Al2O3

Infrared reflection spectra were measured within the wave number range of 1400 – −400 cm⁻¹ for following SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ modifications: quartz, opal, quartz glass, cristobalite, tridymite, corundum, sapphire, ruby, gibbsite, boehmite, and diaspore. The spectral bands were attributed, according to literature quotations, to individual vibrations of bonds Si O, O Si O, Si O Si, Al O, O Al O, and Al O Al. The evaluation of infrared reflection spectra has shown that they are very sensitive to internal vibrations of Si O, Al O, which are affected by the symmetry of the surrounding crystal field. They are therefore selective for individual minerals and thus suitable for quick identifying purposes.     

Glass-ceramics in the system BaO/TiO2(ZrO2)/Al2O3/B2O3 and their thermal expansion

Glasses in the system BaO/TiO₂(ZrO₂)/Al₂O₃/B₂O₃ were melted from the raw materials with and without the addition of platinum. They were crystallized in two steps at 720 and 780 °C. TiO₂ does not act as nucleating agent in this system, but widely prevents crystallization. Samples additionally doped with platinum show the crystallization of BaAl₂B₂O₇. However, samples containing equimolar quantities of TiO₂ and ZrO₂ showed the crystallization of this phase without the addition of platinum. The thermal expansion coefficients of samples with TiO₂-concentration ⩽7 mol% or TiO₂/ZrO₂-concentrations ⩽5 mol% exhibit zero or even slightly negative thermal expansion coefficients.     

Properties and structure of (1 − x)Li2O–xNa2O–Al2O3–4SiO2 glass systems

(1 − x)Li₂O–xNa₂O–Al₂O₃–4SiO₂ glasses were studied for the progressive percentage substitution of Na₂O for Li₂O at the constant mole of Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. The crystallization temperature at the exothermic peak increased from 898 to 939 °C when the Na₂O content increases from 0 to 0.6 mol. The coefficient of thermal expansion and density of these as-quenched glasses increase from 6.54 × 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹ to 10.1 × 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹ and 2.378 g cm⁻³ to 2.533 g cm⁻³ when the Na₂O content increases from 0 to 0.4 mol, respectively. The electrical resistivity has a maximum value at Na₂O · (Li₂O + Na₂O)⁻¹ = 0.4. The activation energy of crystallization decreases from 444 to 284 kJ mol⁻¹ when the Na₂O content increased from 0 to 0.4 mol. Moreover, the activation energy increases from 284 kJ mol⁻¹ to 446 kJ mol⁻¹ when the Na₂O content increased from 0.4 to 0.6 mol. The FT-IR spectra show that the symmetric stretching mode of the SiO₄ tetrahedra (1035–1054 cm⁻¹) and AlO₄ octahedra (713–763 cm⁻¹) exhibiting that the network structure is built by SiO₄ tetrahedra and AlO₄.     

Effect of Al2O3 on the viscosity and structure of calcium silicate-based melts containing Na2O and CaF2

The effect of Al₂O₃ on viscosity in the calcium silicate melt-based system containing Na₂O and CaF₂ was investigated and correlated with the melt structure using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy, XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and Raman spectroscopy. Substituting SiO₂ with Al₂O₃ modified the dominant silicate network into a highly structured alumino-silicate structure with the aluminate structure being particularly prevalent at 20 mass% of Al₂O₃ and higher. As the melts become increasingly polymerized with higher Al₂O₃ content, the fraction of symmetric Al–O⁰ stretching vibrations significantly increased and the viscosity increased. XPS showed a decrease in the amount of non-bridged oxygen (O^?) but an increase in bridged oxygen (O⁰) and free oxygen (O^2?) with higher Al₂O₃. Although changes in the structure and viscosity with higher CaO/(SiO₂ + Al₂O₃) were not significant, the symmetric Al–O⁰ stretching in the [AlO₄]^5?-tetrahedral units decreased. The apparent activation energy for viscous flow varied from 118 to 190 kJ/mol.     

Crystallization of amorphous Al2O3–SiO2 precursors doped with nickel

The crystallization of amorphous diphasic Al₂O₃–SiO₂ precursors doped with nickel has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), XRD diffraction (XRD) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Diphasic gels with constant atomic ratio (Al + Ni)/Si = 3:1, where 0, 1, 2 and 3 at.% of aluminum were replaced by nickel, have been prepared by hydrolyzing of TEOS in aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate. Crystallization of Ni-containing γ-Al₂O₃ preceded the crystallization of Al–Si spinel. Activation energy of 603 ± 16 kJ mol⁻¹ for crystallization of Ni-containing γ-Al₂O₃ was obtained in non-isothermal conditions. Ni-incorporated γ-Al₂O₃ transforms gradually with the temperature increase into Ni aluminate spinel, while Al–Si spinel reacts with amorphous silica forming mullite at about 1200 °C. Rietveld structure refinement of phases present in the samples annealed at 1600 °C and SEM-EDS and TEM-EDS analyses of related phases have shown that nickel predominantly crystallizes as NiAl₂O₄, but small amount of nickel is incorporated in mullite structure, as well as, dissolved in the glassy phase of the system.     

Investigation of plasma interaction with carbon impurities on SiO2- and Al2O3 surfaces by EPR-, Mass- and emission spectroscopy

Carbon impurities on highly disperse SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ are detected by their interaction with low pressure plasmas, with aid of mass-, emission- and epr-spectroscopic methods. The formation of surface defects on SiO₂ by plasma treatment is strongly influenced by these impurities. Some of these defects are caused by the impurities also. These effects depend on the time of plasma interaction and on plasma gas, where Ar, O₂, H₂ and CO plasmas are investigated. By H₂ plasma and the reaction products of the other mentioned above plasmas a partial hydrogenation of the carbon impurities is detected.     

Thermal properties and glass formation in the SiO2–B2O3–Bi2O3–ZnO quaternary system

Lead-free glasses in the SiO₂–B₂O₃–Bi₂O₃–ZnO quaternary system were studied. The glass formation region, as determined by XRD patterns of bulk samples, was limited to glasses having more than 40 mol% of the glass-forming oxides SiO₂ and B₂O₃. Crystalline phases of Zn₂SiO₄ (willemite) were detected in compositions of 30SiO₂ · 10B₂O₃ · 20Bi₂O₃ · 40ZnO and 20SiO₂ · 10B₂O₃ · 25Bi₂O₃ · 45ZnO. Glass transition temperatures (T_g), dilatometric softening points (T_d) and linear coefficients of expansion in the temperatures range of 25–300 °C (α_25–300) were measured for subsystems along the B₂O₃ join of 10, 20 and 30 mol%. For these subsystems, T_g ranged from 411 to 522 °C, and T_d ranged from 453 to 563 °C, both decreasing with increasing Bi₂O₃ content. The measured α_25–300 ranged from 53 to 95 × 10⁻⁷ °C⁻¹, with values increasing with increasing Bi₂O₃ content. The ZnO content had the opposite effect to the Bi₂O₃ content. It appears that Bi³⁺ acts as a glass-modifier in this quaternary system.     

还原气氛下SiO2在Al2O3-Al-C材料中作用机理研究

本试验借助金属过渡塑性相理论,在Al2O3-C系耐火材料中引入中金属铝粉和SiO2粉,研究空气气氛埋碳条件,不同烧成温度下Al、SiO2的高温反应行为及产物的变化.对烧成后的试样进行XRD物相检测及SEM显微结构分析,发现不添加SiO2的试样中单质Al已经不存在,在材料的气孔中生成大量A1N纤维;添加SiO2的试样中单质A1和SiO2都已经不存在,且形成了大量纤维及六方片状晶体,经XRD及EDS检测,确定该物相为SiAl5O2N5.     

Ce3+∶GdLu2Al5O12/Al2O3共晶微结构及其发光性能

稀土共晶闪烁体是通过定向凝固晶体生长技术,将具有不同折射率的两相制备成具有射线探测功能的共晶材料,其中含有激活离子的闪烁体相的折射率高于基质相。在高能射线辐照下,闪烁体相将入射高能射线转换成荧光,然后,荧光在闪烁体相和基底相的界面以全反射的形式实现定向输出,从而有效提高辐射探测成像的空间分辨率。本工作采用微下降法成功生长得到φ3 mm×117.0 mm 的1.0%(原子数分数)Ce∶GdLu₂Al₅O₁₂/Al₂O₃闪烁共晶样品。通过切割抛光加工得到φ3 mm×2.0 mm的共晶薄片,并将该共晶薄片进行微观结构、能谱分析和荧光性能等表征和测试,结果表明所得到的共晶样品由Ce∶GdLuAG和Al₂O₃两晶相构成,微观结构呈现出“中国结”结构,并在生长方向呈现出一定的有序排列。荧光光谱测试表明该共晶材料存在Gd³⁺-Ce³⁺间的能量传递,具有典型的Ce³⁺辐射跃迁,其中双宽峰发射峰最强位于560 nm。此外,根据生长速率对共晶样品发射峰强、峰位以及荧光寿命影响,优化出最佳下拉生长速率为4.0 mm/min。     

Phase trajectories in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 melts

A technique for constructing a phase diagram of the CaO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system on a computer using the kinematic approach to describe surfaces is proposed. The geometric structure of the diagram and its phase regions is described. Crystallization paths are considered for different parts of the diagram.     

Al2O3-TiC/Al2O3-TiC-CaF2叠层陶瓷拉拔模具坯体的叠层结构优化分析

采用真空热压烧结的方式制备出Al2O3-TiC/Al2O3-TiC-CaF2叠层陶瓷拉拔模具坯体.通过显微压痕强度实验,研究Al2O3-TiC层和Al2 O3-TiC-CaF2层的叠层厚度和层厚比对陶瓷材料硬度和断裂韧性的影响,并且用有限元方法对叠层陶瓷材料烧结过程中的残余应力进行分析.结果表明:Al2O3-TiC/Al2O3-TiC-CaF2叠层陶瓷拉拔模具坯体具有良好的层间界面,晶粒结合紧密;在模具坯体叠层部分总高度不变的情况下,当叠层数目为5,层厚比(Al2O3-TiC层:Al2O3-TiC-CaF2层)为1∶1时,叠层陶瓷拉拔模具坯体的硬度值和断裂韧性值达到最大,分别为18.2 ±0.3 GPa和5.7 ±0.2 MPa·m1/2;在烧结冷却过程中,由于不同材料层的热膨胀系数和弹性模量而引起的残余应力是该叠层陶瓷拉拔模具坯体具有良好机械性能的原因.     

nc-Si∶(Al_2O_3+SiO_2)复合膜的制备及其热电特性

采用真空热蒸发技术在石英玻璃衬底上蒸镀约400 nm的铝膜,并在空气中580℃的条件下退火1 h。在退火过程中Al与石英中的SiO2反应形成纳米硅nc-Si∶(Al2O3+SiO2)复合膜。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼散射(Raman)及扫描电镜(SEM)等方法研究了薄膜的结构特性。测得膜厚约为760 nm,估算出薄膜中纳米硅(nc-Si)的平均尺寸约为25 nm。实验发现该nc-Si∶(Al2O3+SiO2)复合膜有热电特性,研究了其电阻率及Seebeck系数随温度(293~413 K)的变化关系,在293 K和413 K该薄膜的Seebeck系数分别约为-624μV/K和-225μV/K。