溶液中结晶生长的动力学模拟:化学键合方法

基于化学键合的角度对晶体生长过程的理解,提出了一个由动力学因素控制的形貌预测模型.该模型同时考虑了晶体内部结构和环境生长因素对晶体最终形貌的影响.对磷酸二氢钾 (KDP) 和磷酸二氢铵 (ADP) 晶体在不同动力学条件下的生长形貌进行了理论模拟,所预测的结果与实验观测结果基本一致.同时比较了相同过饱和度条件下KDP和ADP晶体的生长形貌,认为晶体局部成键性质不同是导致两者形貌差异的根本原因.本文通过对动力学因素控制的生长形貌的分析,为实际晶体生长过程中的形貌调控研究及应用提供理论依据.     

The heteroepitaxial growth of KDP/ADP

Crystal growth rules of mixture crystals KADP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)) have been analyzed based on the solubility product principle. The heteroepitaxial layers have been obtained by immersing KDP (ADP) substrate into the ADP (KDP) saturated solution at 313 K. The micromorphology indicates that small growing points on different planes show the self‐similar property compared to the bulk crystal's morphology. The process of epitaxial growth depends on not only form the lattice match but also form crystallizing kinetics which is the main influencing factor. Moreover, it can infer from the micromorphology on the surface of the mixed crystal that the dissolving of substrates will form mixed solution on epitaxial surface. What's more, corrosion phenomenon gets more and more evident with increasing times of epitaxial growth and it will be harder to form transparent epitaxial layers due to the increasing tension of epitaxial layers. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Investigation of the transport processes in tetramethoxysilane gel by the moiré fringes method

Moiré fringes method have been used in order to study the mass transport processes in tetramethoxysilane (TMS) gel in respect of crystal growth experiments. Diffusion coefficients of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) solution and ethanol in pure and soaked TMS gel have been measured.     

ADP晶体的化学键和微观生长规律

本文分析了磷酸二氢铵(ADP)晶体中各种可能晶面的结构,并引入键价理论计算了各个可能晶面的相对切向生长速度,以此为基础,推导出了ADP晶体的理想晶型.结合实际晶面结构及其与乙醇分子的相互作用,在不同比率的水-乙醇混和溶液中考察了ADP晶体的微观形貌变化规律.     

The effect of pH on the growth of the {100} faces of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate crystals

The velocity and shape of growth layers on the {100} faces of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals growing in aqueous solution at pH = 5.0 are compared with those previously reported for growth at pH = 3.8. The results are interpreted in terms of the adsorption of hydrated hydroxonium ions on the crystal surface.     

A new method of enlarging the cross-section of KDP using ADP crystals as seed

A new method of enlarging the cross-section of KDP crystals using an easily enlarged ADP crystal as seed for a KDP crystal, has been investigated. The growth characteristics of the ADP seeds (Z-plate, cap, and parallelly spliced seeds) at KDP supersaturation have been observed. Chemical etching was used to characterize the grown crystals, and chemical analysis to determine the composition of both the region of the seed and the grown crystal. The mechanism of this kind of growth is discussed. In conclusion this growing method should be qualified for enlarging the cross-section of KDP crystals.     

Synergy of organic dyes for KDP crystal growth

Single potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals were grown in a supersaturated solution containing an organic dye (sunset yellow FCF, brilliant blue FCF, and sky blue). The growth rate, morphology, and impurity dye distribution of faces, (100) and (101) in a KDP crystal were measured as dye concentration and the supersatutation of KDP were changed. Complete expressions for the effect of dye on all aspects of the growth of KDP crystals were discussed. The growth rates of (100) and (101) faces were well correlated by the empirical equation, and resulted in good estimation of the morphology. The distribution of dye in a KDP crystal was represented by the distribution model containing the minimum growth rate for coloring. The growth rate equation and distribution equation were expressed by functions of the supersaturation and dye concentration, and they could effectively provide the operational conditions with coloring the KDP crystal. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Distribution of metallic ions in a single KDP crystal grown from aqueous solution

A single KDP (potassium dihydrogen phosphate) crystal was grown in a supersaturated solution containing a metallic ion (Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, or Cr³⁺). The growth rate, morphology, and distribution of the metallic ions into the KDP crystal were measured as the ionic concentration and supersaturation in the solution changed. It was found that in the KDP crystal, Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ were greatly concentrated, but Cr³⁺ was diluted. Complete expressions for the effect of metallic ions on all aspects of the growth of KDP crystal were suggested. The growth rates of (100) and (101) faces were well correlated by the empirical equation and resulted in good estimation of morphology. The distribution of metallic ions into KDP crystal was also correlated by the distribution model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Potassium and ammonium dihydrogen phosphates activated with thallium: Growth and luminescence and scintillation properties

The conditions for the growth of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals with concentrations of the thallium activator in the initial solution of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 wt % are investigated. It is shown that the character of incorporation and distribution of thallium in the KDP and ADP lattices is limited, apparently, by the difference in the ionic radii of K⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , and Tl⁺ cations and the charge state of prismatic {100} and pyramidal {101} growth planes. Doping of KDP and ADP with thallium (to 0.1 and 1.0 wt %, respectively) does not deteriorate the structural quality of these crystals. The dependence of the lattice parameters a and c on the thallium impurity concentration is investigated. The absorption bands of thallium in the KDP:Tl⁺ and ADP:Tl⁺ crystals peak at 218 and 215 nm, respectively, while the photoluminescence band peaks at 280 nm for both types of crystals. The relative light yield upon excitation of scintillations by α particles (Pu²³⁹) and β particles (Bi²⁰⁷) is measured.     

Growth imperfections in oriented grown KDP crystals by X‐ray topographic analysis

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals were restrained to grow in two dimensions only, using a specially designed platform. This enables us to grow the blanks of frequency conversion elements that satisfy type‐II phase matching direction out of a type‐II phase‐matched seed crystal. Synchrotron radiation topography was used to study the growth mechanism of these profiling grown KDP crystals. It is found that both dislocation growth mechanism and layer growth mechanism were involved in the growing process. Inclusions, growth striations and dislocations were the main defects that influenced the crystalline quality of these crystals. High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction was employed to study the lattice integrality of the crystal.     

Growth and electrical characterization of L‐arginine added KDP and ADP single crystals

Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP) and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (ADP) single crystals added with L‐arginine have been grown by the solution methods. DC and AC electrical measurements were carried out at various temperatures along both a‐ and c‐ directions. Results indicate an increase of the electrical parameters with the increase of temperature which can be attributed mainly to the increase of thermally generated hydrogen bond vacancies (L. defects). Also, the present study indicates that L‐arginine addition leads to reduction of electrical parameters of KDP and ADP single crystals which can be attributed mainly to the decrease of L‐defects due to creation of additional hydrogen bonds by the impurity in random directions. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Growth and thermal studies on pure ADP,KDP and mixed K1‐x(NH4)xH2PO4 crystals

The investigations on the formation of mixed crystals of ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate (ADP) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP) i.e. potassium ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, K_1‐x(NH₄)_xH₂PO₄ have been presented in this paper. Pure and mixed crystals of ADP and KDP have been grown by slow evaporation technique from the supersaturated solution at an ambient temperature 26±1 °C for ammonium concentration x in the range 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0 in the case of mixed crystals. Crystal compositions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The results of the X‐ray analysis of the grown crystals are also reported. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to study the kinetic process of dehydration and the high temperature phase behaviour. DTA showed the distinct thermal events attributed to dehydration of ADP, KDP and K_1‐x(NH₄)_xH₂PO₄. The results of thermal analysis and chemical analysis are consistent with each other. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

An Investigation on the Lattice Distortion in Urea and KCl Doped KDP Single Crystals by X‐ray Diffraction Studies

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) doped with different mole concentrations of Urea and KCl were grown using low temperature solution growth technique. X‐ray diffraction studies were carried out on the grown crystals using a Shimadzu X‐ray diffractometer with CuKD radiation. X‐ray study revealed that the structures of the doped crystals are slightly distorted compared to the pure KDP crystal. This may be attributed to strains on the lattice by the adsorption of urea and KCl.     

Dendritic Growth of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals in Silica Gels

Dendritic growth of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals in silica gels at room temperature is reported. Branching along directions perpendicular to the arms and dendrites growing in mutually perpendicular 〈100〉 and 〈010〉 directions are illustrated. Initial stages and surface of a dendrite are illustrated and described. Also explained are the crystallites growing on the dendrite which finally lead to the formation of platelets.     

The combined effects of supersaturation and Ba2+ on the batch cooling crystallization of potassium dihydrogen phosphate

The combined effects of supersaturation and Ba²⁺ on potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) were investigated in batch cooling suspension crystallization. Growth size, morphology, and impurity Ba²⁺ adsorbed in the KDP crystals were measured with changing Ba²⁺ concentration and supersaturation. Significant changes in shapes and volume of the grown crystals have been observed. The results further confirmed that the size and shape of crystals were greatly determined by supersaturation. Ba²⁺ ions significantly modified the growth habit of KDP crystals. The concentration of Ba²⁺ ions adsorbed in the crystals increases with the increasing Ba²⁺ ions in the solutions and supersaturation. The foggy phenomena caused by the addition of Ba to the KDP solution were also described. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

CFD modelling of single crystal growth of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) from binary water solution at 30 °C

Crystal growth rate depends on both diffusion and surface reaction. In industrial crystallizers, there exist conditions for diffusion-controlled growth and surface reaction-controlled growth. Using mathematical modelling and experimental information obtained from growth studies of single crystals, it is possible to separate these phenomena and study how they are affected by concentration, slip velocities of particles, temperature and finally estimate the parameters for crystal growth models.In this study, a power-law growth model using activity-based driving force is created. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to evaluate the thickness of a diffusion layer around the crystal. Parameters of the crystal growth model were estimated using a non-linear optimization package KINFIT. Experimental data on growth rate of the (1 0 1) face of a potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystal and simulated data on the thickness of a diffusion layer at the same crystal face were used in parameter estimation. The new surface reaction model was implemented into the CFD code. The model was used to study the effect of flow direction on growth rate of the whole crystal with various slip velocities and solute concentrations.The developed method itself is valid in general but the parameters of crystal growth model are dependent on the system. In this study, the model parameters were estimated and verified for KDP crystal growth from binary water solution.     

KDP晶体中包裹体形成机制的探讨

本文介绍了包裹体对KDP晶体质量的影响,并从两个方面探讨了KDP晶体生长过程中包裹体的形成机制.通过分析KDP晶体表面原子结构研究了不同杂质的吸附情况以及杂质对生长台阶的阻碍作用,通过分析晶体生长过程中流体动力学和质量输运条件的变化研究了旋转晶体的流体切应力和表面过饱和度,结果表明吸附杂质对生长台阶的阻碍和表面过饱和度的不均匀造成了生长台阶的弯曲和宏观台阶的形成,导致生长台阶形貌的不稳定是包裹体形成的重要原因.     

KDP single crystal growth via three‐dimensional motion growth method

A novel system for rapid crystal growth, namely three‐dimensional motion growth method (“3D MGM”) was proposed. Using this system, a potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) seed was grown to a single crystal with a final size of 50×55×85 mm³. The KDP crystal was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, UV‐vis‐NIR spectroscopy, extinction ratio, laser damage threshold, and etching studies. Raman spectrum shows KDP crystal grown by “3D MGM” maintains good crystallinity as that grown by rotating‐crystal method (“RCM”). The “3D MGM” grown KDP crystal has much better transmittance, higher extinction ratio, higher damage threshold and less dislocation density, compared to “RCM” grown crystal.     

Single crystal growth,structural, optical,mechanical, dielectric and thermal studies of formic acid doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal for NLO applications

Optically transparent formic acid (FA) doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal of dimension 21×15×9 mm³ has been grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST). The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) technique was used to confirm the cell parameters and the shifts in peak positions of identified reflecting planes. The incorporation of FA in KDP has been qualitatively analyzed by fourier transform infrared analysis. The UV‐visible absorption spectrum of crystals has been recorded in the range of 200 to 900 nm and the doped KDP crystal is found to have improved optical parameters than pure KDP. The color centered photoluminescence emission spectrum of grown crystal has been illustrated in visible region. The mechanical behavior of pure and doped KDP crystal has been investigated using the Vicker's microhardness analyzer and hardness parameters have been calculated. The effect of FA on thermal stability of KDP crystal was examined by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The temperature dependent dielectric behavior of crystals was studied.     

Improvement of growth habit and optical properties of rapidly grown KDP crystal by adding diethylene triamine pentacetate acid in growth solution

By altering the concentration of a new additive ‐ diethylene triamine pentacetate acid (DTPA) in the growth solution, a series of KDP crystals were obtained by the “point seed” rapid growth method. The growth rates up to about 20 mm/day. Effects of DTPA on the growth habit and optical properties of these as‐grown KDP crystals were investigated. The results reveal that, with the increase of DTPA concentration in growth solution, the contents of impurity metal ions incorporated into crystal and aspect ratio of crystal morphology were both decreased gradually, while the UV transmittance of crystal was enhanced continually. In the presence of moderate concentration of DTPA (100–200 ppm), the solution stability was increased and optical properties of crystal (including optical homogeneity, light scattering and laser damage threshold) were all improved. However excessive doping (>500 ppm) has opposite effects. The impact mechanism was also analyzed combining with the structure of KDP crystal and chemical characteristics of DTPA molecular.