强迫谐振动下连续体结构拓扑优化

应用结构拓扑优化ICM(独立连续映射)方法,对强迫谐振动下结构拓扑优化问题建立了以重量极小为目标,位移幅值为约束的优化模型.位移幅值采用一阶泰勒展式近似,由于拓扑优化中设计变量数目通常很多,对强迫谐振动位移幅值的敏度分析推导了伴随法公式,使得一次敏度分析可以计算出对所有设计变量的偏导数,克服了采用直接法敏度分析中一次只能计算出对一个设计变量的偏导数的不足.算例表明用伴随法分析敏度在结构拓扑优化中可以大幅提高计算效率,ICM方法采用独立于截面及形状参数的拓扑优化设计变量更清晰地反映了拓扑优化的本质.     

Design sensitivity and finite element analysis of free surface flows with application to optimal design of casting rigging systems

A novel, fully-analytical design sensitivity formulation for transient, turbulent, free surface flows is derived and implemented in the context of finite element analysis. The time-averaged, turbulent form of the Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a mixing length model, in conjunction with the volume of fluid (VOF) method to model the free surface movement. The design derivatives of these governing equations are computed and solved to find the analytical sensitivities of the fluid position, velocity and pressure fields with respect to shape design variables. The computational efficiency produced by evaluating the sensitivities analytically is demonstrated. The design of the runner and gating system of a simple block casting is presented as an example application for using sensitivity information in design. The analytical sensitivity routine is coupled to a numerical optimizer to yield an automated method for optimal design of the casting rigging system. The results produce runner shapes which eliminate mold-gas aspiration. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

形状设计灵敏度分析的改进的再生核质点法

基于物质导数概念和直接微分法,将再生核质点法应用于形状设计灵敏度分析（DSA）中。导出了基于无网格近似的灵敏度方程,特别强调了在考虑形状函数关于设计变量的物质导数时无网格方法与有限元法的不同。通过对RKPM形状函数及其物质导数进行矩式显式表述,提高了无网格方法的计算效率。对两个二维线弹性问题进行了位移灵敏度和应力灵敏度分析,计算结果与解析解吻合的很好;同时通过对通常的RKPM和改进的RKPM计算耗时的比较,显示了该方法不仅有效,而且可以显著地提高计算效率。     

A multi-length scale sensitivity analysis for the control of texture-dependent properties in deformation processing

Material property evolution during processing is governed by the evolution of the underlying microstructure. We present an efficient technique for tailoring texture development and thus, optimizing properties in forming processes involving polycrystalline materials. The deformation process simulator allows simulation of texture formation using a continuum representation of the orientation distribution function. An efficient multi-scale sensitivity analysis technique is then introduced that allows computation of the sensitivity of microstructure field variables such as slip resistances and texture with respect to perturbations in macro-scale forming parameters such as forging rates, die shapes and preform shapes. These sensitivities are used within a gradient-based optimization framework for computational design of material property distribution during metal forming processes. Effectiveness of the developed computational scheme is demonstrated through computationally intensive examples that address control of properties such as Young’s modulus, strength and magnetic hysteresis loss in finished products.     

三维声学特征频率灵敏度分析的边界元法

声系统特征频率的灵敏度分析为其优化设计提供了基础,具有重要意义。边界元法在声学问题的求解中具有独特优势,但因其系统方程系数矩阵的频率相关性导致的非线性特征值问题给声学特征频率的灵敏度分析带来了很大困难。为此,本文首先对非线性特征值问题进行了线性化处理,利用围道积分投影方法将非线性特征方程转换为小规模广义特征方程,然后对其关于设计变量直接求导,并引入左特征向量和转换矩阵构造了一种适用于内外声场的三维声学单/重特征频率灵敏度分析的边界元法。数值算例验证了该方法的适用性,以及对单/重特征频率灵敏度的计算精度。     

基于双向演化的局部水平集组合算法用于拓扑优化

本文基于双向渐进结构优化(BESO)方法和局部水平集方法(LLSM),提出局部水平集组合算法,在拓扑优化中实现双向演化。为改进LLSM的孔洞成核能力,新算法以所提离散水平集函数为节点设计变量,拓扑导数为灵敏度,按照BESO优化准则进行双向演化得到稳定拓扑解。然后通过迭代求解距离正则化方程(DRE)来组合LLSM获得最终拓扑。在LLSM中,DRE用来代替重生成步骤,并构造条件稳定差分格式求解DRE。最终给出典型实例验证所提算法的收敛性和数值稳定性。     

Robust design in aerodynamics using third‐order sensitivity analysis based on discrete adjoint. Application to quasi‐1D flows

In this paper, the second‐order second moment approach, coupled with an adjoint‐based steepest descent algorithm, for the solution of the so‐called robust design problem in aerodynamics is proposed. Because the objective function for the robust design problem comprises first‐order and second‐order sensitivity derivatives with respect to the environmental parameters, the application of a gradient‐based method , which requires the sensitivities of this function with respect to the design variables, calls for the computation of third‐order mixed derivatives. To compute these derivatives with the minimum CPU cost, a combination of the direct differentiation and the discrete adjoint variable method is proposed. This is presented for the first time in the relevant literature and is the most efficient among other possible schemes on condition that the design variables are much more than the environmental ones; this is definitely true in most engineering design problems. The proposed approach was used for the robust design of a duct, assuming a quasi‐1D flow model; the coordinates of the Bézier control points parameterizing the duct shape are used as design variables, whereas the outlet Mach number and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient are used as environmental ones. The extension to 2D and 3D flow problems, after developing the corresponding direct differentiation and adjoint variable methods and software, is straightforward. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimum design and sensitivity analysis of piezoelectric truss structures

This paper is concerned with the optimum design and sensitivity analysis methods of piezoelectric intelligent trusses on the structural stiffness and free-vibration frequency. On the basis of the finite element method and taking into account the mechanical-electric coupling effect under electric load and mechanical load, the computational formula of sensitivities of structural displacement and free-vibration frequency with respect to the size and shape design variables are proposed. A new kind of design variable of the electric voltage and the calculating method of displacement sensitivity with respect to the electric voltage variable is presented. The new method for structural deformation control by optimizing the voltages of piezoelectric active bars is given. The numerical methods of optimum design and sensitivity analysis for piezoelectric truss structures are implemented in JIFEX software. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods and the program. Project supported by the Special Funds for National Key Basic Research of China (No. G1999032805) and the Foundation for University Key Teachers by the Ministry of Education of China.     

Third‐order sensitivity analysis for robust aerodynamic design using continuous adjoint

Robust design problems in aerodynamics are associated with the design variables, which control the shape of an aerodynamic body, and also with the so‐called environmental variables, which account for uncertainties. In this kind of problems, the set of design variables, which leads to optimal performance, taking into account possible variations in the environmental variables, is sought. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is by means of the second‐order second‐moment approach, which requires first‐order and second‐order derivatives of the objective function with respect to the environmental variables. Should the minimization problem be solved using a gradient‐based method, algorithms for the computation of up to third‐order sensitivity derivatives (twice with respect to the environmental variables and once with respect to the shape controlling design variables) must be devised. In this paper, a combination of the continuous adjoint variable method and direct differentiation to compute the third‐order sensitivities is proposed. This is shown to be the most efficient among all alternative methods provided that the environmental variables are much less than the design ones. Apart from presenting the method formulation, this paper focuses on the assessment of the so‐computed up‐to third‐order mixed derivatives through comparison with costly finite‐difference schemes. To this end, the robust design of a two‐dimensional duct is performed. Then, using the validated method, the robust design of a two‐dimensional cascade airfoil is demonstrated. Although both cases are handled as inverse design problems, the method can be extended to other objective functions or three‐dimensional problems in a straightforward manner. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

相变传热问题的灵敏度分析与优化设计方法

研究了相变传热问题的优化设计及其灵敏度分析方法. 在有限元-时间差分和等效热容 法求解相变温度场的基础上,提出了相变温度场对设计变量一阶灵敏度的计算方法,给出直 接法和伴随法两种计算格式并分析了它们的特点,建立了相变温度场优化的模型和算法,在有限元分析与优化设计软件JIFEX中实现了该方法. 数值算例表明了灵敏度计算的精度和优 化方法的有效性.     

压电智能桁架的灵敏度分析与优化设计

在压电桁架结构的有限元分析方法基础上，考虑电荷载和机械荷载联合作用的机电耦合效应，给出了压电智能桁架的位移和自振频率对常规尺寸设计变量和形状设计变量的灵敏度计算公式，增加了电压这一类新的设计变量，给出了位移对电压的灵敏度计算方法。在此基础上实现了通过优化压电主动桁架的电压进行变形控制的方法，并在JIFEX软件中实现了压电桁架的灵敏度分析与优化设计。文中给出的数值算例验证了算法和程序的有效性。     

密闭腔体声-结构耦合系统的动力灵敏度分析

以密闭空腔为对象,开展了声-结构耦合系统的动力分析和灵敏度计算,为系统性态优化设计提供理论和算法基础。分别把结构和声场进行离散化,推导了声-结构耦合系统的有限元方程,求解了耦合系统的频率和声压级响应。在此基础上,以结构尺寸为设计变量,计算了耦合系统的固有频率和声压级响应的灵敏度,解决了声-结构耦合系统动力灵敏度的数值算法问题。     

Sensitivity and randomness in homogenization of periodic fiber-reinforced composites via the response function method

The main issue this paper addresses is the derivation and implementation of a general homogenization method, including the simultaneous determination of sensitivity gradients and probabilistic moments of the effective elasticity tensor. This is possible with an application of the perturbation method based on Taylor expansion and with the effective modules method. The computational procedure is implemented using plane strain analysis carried out with the finite element method (program MCCEFF) and the symbolic computations system MAPLE. The sensitivity gradients and probabilistic moments are commonly determined on the basis of partial derivatives for the homogenized elasticity tensor, calculated using the response function method with respect to some composite parameters. They are subjected separately to a normalization procedure (in deterministic analysis) and the relevant algebraic combinations (for the stochastic case). This enriched homogenization procedure is tested on a periodic fiber-reinforced two component composite, where the material parameters are taken as design variables and then, the input random quantities. The results of computational analysis are compared against the results of the central finite difference approach in the case of sensitivity gradients determination as well as the direct Monte-Carlo simulation approach. This numerical methodology may be further applied not only in the context of the homogenization method, but also to extend various discrete computational techniques, such as Boundary/Finite element and finite difference together with various meshless methods.     

热结构稳态响应的耦合灵敏度分析方法

研究结构稳态热变形和热应力的灵敏度分析方法，给出了直接法和伴随法两种算法。考虑了温度场的耦合作用，在直接法中需要计算温度场对设计变量的导数，在伴随法中需要计算热载荷对温度场的导数。对尺寸和形状两类设计变量的灵敏度分析算例，验证了本文方法的精度。伴随法在应用程序中的实现，为大型结构优化提供了高效率的灵敏度计算方法。     

非线性随机过程的有限元分析

本文根据实际复杂工程结构独立随机变量多，计算工作量大的特点，提出了用广义随机变量替代一般的独立随机变量以减少基本随机变量的数目，用响应曲面法替代敏度法或摄动法以提高计算效率。算例证明，以上措施取得了良好的效果，有助于非线性随机有限元法在实际工程结构可靠性分析中的应用。     

Accuracy Analysis of the Semi-Analytical Method for Shape Sensitivity Calculation∗

ABSTRACT

The semi-analytical method of design sensitivity analysis that is widely used for calculating derivatives of static response with respect to design variables for structures modeled by finite elements is studied in this paper. It is shown that the method can have serious accuracy problems for shape design variables in structures modeled by beam, plate, truss, frame, and solid elements. Errors are shown to be associated with an incompatibility of the sensitivity field with the structure. An error index is developed to test the accuracy of the semi-analytical method. It characterizes the difference in errors between a general finite difference method and the semi-analytical method. A method for improving the accuracy of the semi-analytical method (when possible) is provided. Examples are presented to demonstrate the use of the error index.     

线性常微分方程灵敏度分析的精细积分法

利用指数矩阵的导数计算来求解一类一阶线性常系数微分方程组对某一设计变量的灵敏度计算问题。对于初值问题,利用指数矩阵的导数,递推得到状态向量的灵敏度;对于线性两点边值问题,通过两点之间的状态向量的导数关系,得到全部初始条件,进而转化为初值问题计算。指数矩阵及其导数阵的高精度计算基于2N类算法,在此基础上可实施灵敏度分析的计算。本文给出了初值和两点边值常微分方程的高精度灵敏度计算方法,计算结果可认为是计算机上的精确解,算例验证了算法的有效性。     

考虑结构自重的基于NURBS插值的3D拓扑描述函数法

在许多如大坝、桥梁等大型土木工程结构中,结构的自重是初始设计阶段必须考虑的重要载荷之一,因此研究自重载荷作用下的结构拓扑优化设计问题具有十分重要的意义.针对考虑自重载荷作用的拓扑优化问题所面临的主要困难,总结了现有处理考虑自重载荷的拓扑优化问题的三类主要方法;提出一种基于非均匀有理B样条(non-uniform rational B-splines,NURBS)基函数插值的拓扑描述函数方法,基于此方法研究了考虑设计依赖自重载荷作用的2D/3D结构优化设计问题.在列式下,高阶NURBS基函数被同时用于三维NURBS实体片中的几何场、位移场及设计变量场插值,实现了几何模型、分析模型和优化模型的有效统一,确保了位移场及设计变量场的高阶连续性;详细推导了基于NURBS基函数插值的考虑自重载荷作用的三维结构拓扑优化模型及其灵敏度列式,并采用移动渐进线方法(method of moving asymptotes,MMA)进行了优化求解;多个算例验证了方法的有效性和稳定性,结果表明,优化迭代过程稳健,收敛快,能够有效地克服自重载荷作用下连续体结构拓扑优化中经常遇到的低密度区域材料的寄生效应及目标函数的非单调性等问题.     

考虑材料设计变量的热-固耦合结构的优化设计

从材料-结构协同设计的角度研究了热-固耦合结构的优化设计问题,将决定结构材料性质的细观参数与结构宏观几何参数作为设计变量,利用均匀化方法推导了细观设计变量灵敏度显式计算式,并结合耦合场有限元方程构造了耦合场设计变量灵敏度计算式;提出了材料-结构协同设计的三种优化设计模型.利用结构响应最小优化模型对算例进行了计算,比较了宏观设计变量优化和材料-结构协同设计优化的效果.计算结果显示,材料-结构协同优化设计可以取得较单一宏观设计变量更好的优化效果.