Transient thermal elastic fracture of a piezoelectric cylinder specimen

A finite piezoelectric cylinder with an embedded penny-shaped crack is investigated for a thermal shock load on the outer surface of the cylinder. The theory of linear electro-elasticity is applied to solve the transient temperature field and the associated thermal stresses and electrical displacements without crack. These thermal stresses and electrical displacements are added to the surfaces of the crack to form an electromechanical coupling and mixed mode boundary-value problem. The electrically permeable crack face boundary condition assumption is used, and the thermal stress intensity factor and electrical displacement intensity factor at the crack border are evaluated. The thermal shock resistance of the piezoelectric cylinder is evaluated for the analysis of piezoelectric material failure in practical engineering applications.     

Experimental investigation of dynamic punch tests on isotropic and composite materials

An experimental investigation is conducted on the two-dimensional punch problem for isotropic materials and unidirectional fiber-reinforced composite materials under quasi-static and impact loading. Singular stresses are generated in the specimen near the punch corners, and the stress intensity factorK _Iis introduced to describe the singular stress field. Laser interferometry is used to measure in-plane stresses (transmission mode) and out-of-plane displacements (reflection mode) and then estimate the stress intensity factor. In the dynamic case, a high-speed photography technique was employed to capture the transient response of the specimen and measureK(t) just after the impact. In all the cases, a good agreement between the measurements ofK and theoretical predictions was found.     

Study of a Crack at a Fastener Hole by Digital Image Correlation

In this work the efficacy of using digital image correlation to determine stress intensity factors for a crack emanating from a fastener hole has been investigated. To this end a fatigue crack was grown in pure mode I from a 50 mm diameter hole in an Al 7010 alloy plate test-piece. This crack was then loaded elastically under several combinations of mixed mode (I + II) displacements. In each case, images of the sample surface before and after the deformation were recorded using a high resolution digital camera. The surface preparation consisted only of scratching the surface lightly with silicon carbide abrasive paper. The crack location and resulting displacements were then calculated using digital image correlation. The analytical displacement fields for a traction free crack under arbitrary loading conditions based on the Muskhelishvili’s complex function approach were fitted to the experimentally measured displacement fields and the mixed mode stress intensity factor was determined in each case. Good agreement with the nominal applied values was obtained. The uncertainty of the crack tip position has a major influence on the accuracy of the stress intensity factors and so the Sobel edge finding filter was successfully applied to experimental displacement fields to establish precisely the crack tip location. This paper was presented at the 2007 SEM Congress held in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA     

GIS技术在区域地震滑坡危险性预测中的应用——以龙陵地震滑坡为例

地震滑坡是一种有着严重危害的次生地震灾害形式,形成机制复杂,涉及因素众多。运用G IS丰富的空间分析功能,对地震滑坡的影响因素进行研究,并进行潜在地震滑坡区的预测,是地震滑坡研究领域的一种新的发展趋势。本文在对1976年龙陵地震引发的地震滑坡分布特征研究的基础上,结合前人有关中国西南地区地震滑坡特征的研究成果,应用G IS对该区潜在地震滑坡危险区进行了预测。     

A novel method based on maximum likelihood estimation for the construction of seismic fragility curves using numerical simulations

Seismic fragility curves presenting some probability of failure or of a damage state exceedance versus seismic intensity can be established by engineering judgment, empirical or numerical approaches. This paper focuses on the latter issue. In recent studies, three popular methods based on numerical simulations, comprising scaled seismic intensity, maximum likelihood estimation and probabilistic seismic demand/capacity models, have been studied and compared. The results obtained show that the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method is in general better than other ones. However, previous publications also indicated the dependence of the MLE method on the ground excitation input. The objective of this paper is thus to propose a novel method improving the existing MLE one. Improvements are based on probabilistic ground motion information, which is taken into account in the proposed procedure. The validity of this new approach is verified by analytical tests and numerical examples.     

结构多点随机地震响应分析及拟静位移计算

给出了大跨度结构多点随机地震响应虚拟激励算法的若干实施细节，并讨论了将拟静位移项用自振振型和广义坐标来表达的做法。表明将拟静位移用自振振型和广义坐标来表达时，可能导致结构位移和内力响应非常大的误差，在实际应用时应予重视。     

基于新建筑抗震设计规范考虑场地土特性的人工波生成及可靠性研究

基于新《建筑抗震设计规范》对场地土特性和人工波选择的要求,将地震动作为随机过程,利用修正胡聿贤-周锡元模型以及基于Hartley正交基的地震动随机过程经双调制生成不同场地土特性的人工地震波,以6层钢筋混凝土结构非线性随机地震反应分析为例,研究了不同场地土特性人工波对结构位移可靠度的影响。结果表明,场地土因素对人工波生成以及结构的动力响应影响较大,不同场地土人工波具有明显的统计学特性,均满足建筑抗震设计规范的选波要求,为最新《建筑抗震设计规范》要求考虑大量不同场地土效应的地震波生成提供了新的解决办法。     

地震波作用下埋地管道截面应力偏移效应研究

PE管广泛应用于城镇燃气、水和浆体等输送领域，地震灾害下埋地管道易发生失效。为此，提出了一种地震波作用下埋地PE管-土耦合数值建模方法，研究PE管力学特性，探究管道内压、地震烈度、围土和覆土厚度等对其力学响应影响规律。结果表明，地震波作用下管道截面应力出现偏移效应，而非0°,90°,180°和270°位置；内压作用下管壁应力增加；管道环向应力随着地震烈度增加而增大，且应力偏移效应更加显著。研究结果可为PE管道敷设和安全评价等提供理论依据。     

考虑地基侧向永久位移的钢筋混凝土框架结构地震反应分析

定量评价场地破坏对建筑物震害的影响是一个亟需解决的难点问题,现阶段结构震害预测以及灾情再现等震害防御技术中多未考虑场地破坏的影响。地基侧向永久位移（变形）是场地破坏的一种典型破坏形式,往往会引起较严重的建（构）筑物震害。采用OpenSees软件构建一个简化的6层2跨钢筋混凝土框架结构模型,通过输入不同强度且含有永久位移的位移时程,模拟地震中地基侧向永久位移对结构震害的影响。分析结果显示：（1）地基侧向永久位移对结构底层的最大层间位移角起控制作用,即使地基产生0.05 m的侧向永久位移,在地震动强度小于0.4g情况下,底层的最大层间位移角远大于地基未发生永久位移的工况;在地震动强度为0.4g时,结构的最大层间位移角发生在第二层,此时地震动强度决定结构的破坏状态;（2）地基发生0.1 m的永久位移时,永久位移对结构的破坏等级起决定性影响,且影响主要体现在底层的层间位移角,对其他楼层破坏等级影响较小;（3）通过简化模型的数值计算,分析地基侧向永久位移对结构震害等级的影响,解释了地震中场地破坏多会加重房屋结构震害的现象。

     

Numerical solutions of two-dimensional anisotropic crack problems

A complete set of series form solutions of stress and displacement functions, including all higher order terms, around the crack tip for anisotropic crack problems have been newly derived by eigenfunction expansion approach. The analytical solutions of displacement functions were classified into four cases with respect to different types of complex parameters and different corresponding physical meanings. By employing these displacement functions as global interpolation functions, fractal two-level finite element method (F2LFEM) was applied to evaluate the stress intensity factors (SIFs) for various kinds of anisotropic crack problems. In the method of F2LFEM, the infinite number of nodal displacements was transformed to a small set of generalized coordinates by fractal transformation technique. New element matrices need not be generated and the singular numerical integration was avoided completely. Numerical examples of the four cases were studied and high accurate results of SIFs were obtained.     

Determination of stress intensity factors in three-dimensional problems of fracture mechanics

Dependences of displacements of the surface of a notch on the corresponding stress intensity factors were obtained for axisymmetric bodies with internal and external notches under different deformations (tensile, shear, bending, and torsion). An algorithm is proposed to determine the stress intensity factors of three types (opening mode, longitudinal shear, and transverse shear) from displacements of the notch surface near its tip. The effectiveness of the algorithm is shown, as an example, for numerical analysis of various three-dimensional problems of fracture mechanics.     

Opening-Function Simulation of the Three-Dimensional Nonstationary Interaction of Cracks in an Elastic Body

Integral relations between three-dimensional dynamic displacements (stresses) in an infinite elastic body with arbitrarily located plane cracks and discontinuities in the displacements of the opposite crack faces are presented. The influence of opening cracks on each other is considered in the problem on crack faces loaded by pulse forces. This problem is reduced to a system of boundary integral equations of the wave-potential type in a time domain. The dynamic mode I stress intensity factors are determined for two coplanar elliptic cracks under forces in the form of the Heaviside function     

含界面裂纹的不可压缩双金属胶接件的解析变分－守恒积分解法

本文根据平面问题的复变函数理论推导了含界面裂纹双金属胶接件满足微分方程、开裂界面边界条件与未开裂界面连续条件的应力与位移本征函数展开式，并建立了不可压缩双金属界面裂纹的复合型守恒积分及其与应力强度因子之关系，进而利用分区广义变分原理满足其余边界条件确定包含应力强度因子在内的展开式系数，得到守恒积分并求出应力强度因子．数值计算表明，沿不同回路的在恒积分具有很好的守恒性而且由这两种方法所得应力强度因子具有很好的一致性．     

Seismic Evaluation of Multi-Storey RC Frame Using Modal Pushover Analysis

The recently developed pushover analysis procedure has led a new dimension to performance-based design in structural engineering practices. With the increase in the magnitude of monotonic loading, weak links and failure modes in the multi-storey RC frames are usually formed. The force distribution and storey displacements are evaluated using static pushover analysis based on the assumption that the response is controlled by fundamental mode and no mode shift takes place. Himalayan-Nagalushai region, Indo-Gangetic plain, Western India, Kutch and Kathiawar regions are geologically unstable parts of India and some devastating earthquakes of remarkable intensity have occurred here. In view of the intensive construction activity in India, where even a medium intensity tremor can cause a calamity, the authors feel that a completely up-to-date, versatile method of aseismic analysis and design of structures are essential. A detailed dynamic analysis of a 10-storey RC frame building is therefore performed using response spectrum method based on Indian Standard Codal Provisions and base shear, storey shear and storey drifts are computed. A modal pushover analysis (MPA) is also carried out to determine the structural response of the same model for the same acceleration spectra used in the earlier case. The major focus of study is to bring out the superiority of pushover analysis method over the conventional dynamic analysis method recommended by the code. The results obtained from the numerical studies show that the response spectrum method underestimates the response of the model in comparison with modal pushover analysis. It is also seen that modal participation of higher modes contributes to better results of the response distribution along the height of the building. Also pushover curves are plotted to illustrate the displacement as a function of base shear.     

From period-doubling to folding in stiff film/soft substrate system: The role of substrate nonlinearity

Uniaxial compressed stiff films on soft substrates can evolve into the period-doubling and folding instabilities, beyond the onset of sinusoidal wrinkling. The substrate is modeled as a neo-Hookean solid with a pre-stretch prior to film attachment, and its nonlinearity is obtained. Both the pre-stretch and the external nominal strain imposed on the film/substrate system can induce different substrate nonlinearity, and thus have different effects on the post-buckling mode evolution of the system. This study shows that the critical strain of period-doubling instability is linear to the pre-stretch. As the compressive nominal strain increases, the folding mode occurs beyond the onset of period-doubling in both the pre-tension and the pre-compression case, due to the softening/hardening effects for the inward/outward displacements generated by the positive substrate nonlinearity.     

船-冰作用中海冰典型破坏模式的离散元数值模拟

在破冰船破冰过程中,冰排主要表现为挤压与弯曲两种破坏模式.本文基于黏结离散单元法对船-冰作用中的这两种典型破坏模式进行数值模拟.海冰离散元数值试样采用随机排布方式生成,采用单轴压缩试验与三点弯曲试验相结合的方式标定模型中的细观参数.将船-冰碰撞中的挤压和弯曲作用方式简化为直立或倾斜 平板与海冰的作用模式,构建挤压与弯曲...     

Debonding of graded coatings under in-plane compression

Graded materials are multiphase composites with continuously varying thermophysical properties. The concept provides material scientists and engineers with an important tool to develop new materials tailored for some specific applications. One such application of this new class of materials is as top coats or interfacial regions in thermal barrier systems. A widely observed failure mode in these layered materials is known to be interfacial cracking that leads to spallation. In many cases it is the buckling instability of coating under mechanically or thermally induced compressive stresses that triggers spallation. Under in-plane loading since the linear elastic small deformation theory gives only a trivial solution, in this study the plane strain interface crack problem for a graded coating bonded to a homogeneous substrate is formulated by using a kinematically nonlinear continuum theory. Both the instability and the postbuckling problems are considered. The main objective of the study is the investigation of the influence of material nonhomogeneity, kinematic nonlinearity and plate approximation on the critical instability load and on such fracture mechanics parameters as strain energy release rate, stress intensity factors and crack opening displacements.     

高速冲击载荷下梯度金属泡沫夹芯梁的动态响应与失效

采用泡沫弹冲击加载实验对梯度金属泡沫夹芯梁结构开展了不同冲击强度下的动态响应和失效研究,分析了由三种不同密度泡沫铝组成的等面密度的五种不同梯度的夹芯结构在夹支边界条件下的抗高速冲击性能,结合三点弯曲实验,研究梯度效应对夹芯结构抗冲击性能的影响。研究表明：密度梯度对结构的失效过程和失效模式有着明显的影响,且夹芯梁结构的初始失效模式对结构整体响应和主要的能量吸收机制起着主导作用;当冲击条件不足以使得均质芯材发生压缩时,均质及负梯度夹芯结构初始失效模式为整体弯曲变形,低强度芯层位于前两层的梯度结构随着冲击强度的变化出现不同程度的局部芯层压缩;当冲击强度较低时,梯度结构通过丰富的局部失效表现出明显优于均质结构的抗冲击变形能力;当冲击强度大于临界值时,均质结构具有更好的抗冲击变形能力。通过合理地设计密度梯度实现逐层压缩吸能,能够有效的提升防护结构的抗冲击性能。     

燃气爆炸作用下蒸压加气混凝土砌体墙的加固性能

为研究燃气爆炸作用下蒸压加气混凝土砌体墙的加固性能,基于有限元软件LS-DYNA,建立了砌体墙简化数值模型,分析了GB 50779-2012 石油化工控制室抗爆设计规范中建议的荷载作用下砌体墙高度和厚度的影响,对比了玄武岩纤维(basalt fiber reinforced plastic, BFRP)布与喷涂式聚脲对蒸压加气混凝土单向砌体墙的加固效果,并以防止砌体墙倒塌为设计目标,给出了加固建议。研究表明,本文中建立的简化数值模型能较好地模拟燃气爆炸作用下蒸压加气混凝土砌体墙的变形和破坏模式,计算结果与试验吻合良好;《规范》建议荷载作用下,未加固砌体墙以弯曲破坏为主,随着墙体高度增加,破坏模式由弯曲破坏向剪切破坏转变;BFRP布条加固可以有效提高墙体抗弯刚度和压拱效应,而聚脲涂层加固对抗弯刚度提高有限但墙体拉拱效应明显,二者均能显著提高墙体抗爆性能;加固墙体均发生弯曲破坏,BFRP布条材料的断裂一般发生在墙体位移最大处,而聚脲涂层材料的断裂发生在跨端边界处。