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1.
Forensic examination results play an increasingly important role in bringing many criminal investigations to a successful
conclusion. The quality of the results of examinations performed in forensic science laboratories has always been the concern
of the individual forensic scientist. The interpretations and results are presented in court to non-experts. Therefore, it
is essential to ensure and maintain the highest standards of achievements and accuracy in forensic science. Many factors are
important contributors to quality assurance in forensic science. Some unique subjects affect not only the mode of inquiry
but also the way in which information is presented to the court, i.e. exhibits collection and sample handling, investigation,
examination techniques, report writing and court testimony. 相似文献
2.
Terry Antony Gough 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1997,2(5):216-223
The contribution to the debate on the quality of forensic science in the UK by various bodies including government, professional
and accreditation organisations, is discussed. The practical steps that have been taken over many years to improve quality
and to ensure that there are well-documented systems in place are considered. These include laboratory quality systems, proficiency
testing and the training of forensic scientists.
Received: 6 November 1996 Accepted: 12 December 1996 相似文献
3.
L. Mouillet 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1998,3(1):11-13
The implementation of a quality assurance system is fraught with difficulties. However, these difficulties may be overcome
if the laboratory uses suitable means to facilitate the process. It is necessary to mobilise the intelligence and energy of
all members of the laboratory. In order to command adherence, the project must be shared, and this necessitates a major effort
by all concerned. Communication is a major factor in obtaining the support of all parties. Six important steps must be distinguished:
– Defining quality policy
– Creating awareness, information, training
– Creating a quality structure
– Establishing a deadline for obtaining accreditation
– Progressive implementation
– Experimentation and validation.
Even if the task of obtaining and maintaining accreditation remains difficult, it clearly promotes a minimum level of organisation
and stepwise progress in quality assurance. The laboratory must keep improving its quality system, using European Standard
EN 45001 as an effective management model.
Received: 9 April 1997 · Accepted: 11 September 1997 相似文献
4.
Research and development activities are carried out by various types of laboratories that are not the typical testing and
calibration laboratories for which the ISO/IEC 17025 is the quality assurance implementation reference. In this paper, such
laboratories engaged in R&D activities are classified and different approaches they can adopt with a view to implementing
a quality system that are suited to their characteristics and the type of work they conduct are proposed. These approaches
take account of existing standards for the certification/accreditation of laboratories and of guides on quality assurance
for non-routine analytical laboratories.
Received: 11 July 2002 Accepted: 29 November 2002
Presented at Analytica Conference, 23–26 April 2002, Munich, Germany
Correspondence to M. Valcárcel 相似文献
5.
W. Jäger 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1997,2(4):199-202
The necessity for analytical quality assurance is primarily a feature of the analytical process itself. With the full establishment
of the EU domestic market, it is also becoming a legal necessity for an increasing number of analytical laboratories. The
requirements which laboratories will need to fulfil are stipulated in DIN EN 45 001. Accredited testing laboratories must
in fact provide evidence that they work solely in accordance with this standard. National and EU commissions, which are legislative
authorities, tend therefore to specify analytical methods, e.g. in the form of regulations or appendices thereto, intended
to ensure that results from different laboratories will be comparable and hence will stand up in a court of law. The analytical
quality assurance system (AQS), introduced by the Baden-Württemberg Ministry for the Environment in 1984, obliges laboratories
to regularly participate in collaborative studies and thereby demonstrate their ability to provide suitably accurate analyses.
This alone, however, does not sufficiently demonstrate the competence of a laboratory. Only personal appraisal of the laboratory
by an auditor, together with the successful analysis of a sample provided by the same and performed under his observation,
can provide proof of the competence of the laboratory. From an analytical point of view, the competence of a laboratory must
be regarded as the decisive factor. Competence can only be attained through analytical quality assurance, which thus must
be demanded of all laboratories.
Received: 4 October 1996 Accepted: 15 January 1997 相似文献
6.
A report based on the workshop on "Quality Assurance in Daily Practice", organised by the study group "Quality Assurance
and Accreditation" from the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the Federation of European Chemical Societies (SGQAA/DAC/FECS)
held at the EUROANALYSIS-10 conference in Basle, 6–11 September 1998. 相似文献
7.
Keith W. Davies 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1999,4(1-2):18-26
Since the mid-1960s quality assurance in clinical chemistry has progressed from a need to define and improve precision and
accuracy in analytical test procedures to an all-embracing process of assuring that the whole process of pre-analytical, analytical
and post-analytical phases of handling patient samples is managed effectively and efficiently. Automated and computer-controlled
equipment has reduced many of the analytical errors, in particular in imprecision, that were present in manual analysis. New
management techniques have been developed to control the quality and appropriateness of results. Developments in internal
quality control and external quality assessment procedures have enabled laboratories to continually improve the quality of
assays. Laboratory accreditation and external quality assessment scheme accreditation have ensured that peer review and peer
pressure have been applied to both laboratory and external quality assessment scheme performance. As the NHS reviews its priorities
and places more emphasis on primary care provider demands, hospital laboratories will of necessity assist with near patient
testing outside the laboratory. This will provide new challenges to the quality of the service provided.
Received: 2 July 1998 · Accepted: 1 August 1998 相似文献
8.
Jean-Claude Libeer 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2001,6(4-5):151-153
Medical laboratories have a long tradition of external quality assessment. Starting from pure quality control of laboratory
performances, most schemes have evolved to a powerful tool for improving quality of clinical outcome of results. External
quality assurance in medical laboratories not only includes laboratory performance evaluation, but also evaluation of method
performance, post-marked vigilance, training and help. In the future, the quality of programmes must further be improved by
accreditation of schemes and by using electronic data interchange.
Received: 9 December 2000 Accepted: 14 December 2000 相似文献
9.
A. Ríos D. Barceló L. Buydens S. Cárdenas K. Heydorn B. Karlberg K. Klemm B. Lendl B. Milman B. Neidhart R. W. Stephany A. Townshend A. Zschunke M. Valcárcel 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2003,8(2):68-77
The European Commission has supported the G6MA-CT-2000–01012 project on ”Metrology of Qualitative Chemical Analysis” (MEQUALAN),
which was developed during 2000–2002. The final result is a document produced by a group of scientists with expertise in different
areas of chemical analysis, metrology and quality assurance. One important part of this document deals, therefore, with aspects
involved in analytical quality assurance of qualitative analysis. This article shows the main conclusions reported in the
document referring to the implementation of quality principles in qualitative analysis: traceability, reliability (uncertainty),
validation, and internal/external quality control for qualitative methods.
Received: 15 October 2002 Accepted: 20 October 2002
This paper is a summary of the Quality Assurance section included in the final report of the MEQUALAN project. The authors
of this paper correspond to the members of the MEQUALAN Consortium. One of them (K.H.) does not fully agree with some parts
of the text.
Correspondence to A. Ríos 相似文献
10.
Quality assurance in analytical measurement 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The peculiarities of analytical measurement require to check characteristics of the error (its components) of the obtained
analysis results to assure the quality of the measurements. This article deals with the various quality assurance procedures
and algorithms which are used to check the quality indices, i.e. the accuracy, reproducibility, certainty and repeatability
of analytical measurements: These procedures include: laboratory rapid control; Intra-laboratory statistical control (statistical
selection control by alternative attribute, statistical selection control by quantity method of periodic check of the analysis
procedure for conformity to the specified requirements) and external control (inter-laboratory control checks, inter-laboratory
comparison tests, and intra-laboratory control algorithms carried out by the appropriate supervisory body.) in the separately
taken laboratory. The respective algorithms, control plans and control requirements, specified according to the different
control aims and assurance tasks, enable the quality and certianty of analytical information obtained in laboratories in Russia
to be assured.
Received: 9 November 1998 / Accepted: 24 November 1998 相似文献
11.
The quality assurance system (QASKI) developed and implemented in the National Institute of Chemistry is presented. It tries
to eliminate the incompatibilies between the present methods of quality assurance used in research and development institutes
such as good laboratory practice and accreditation. Since 1991, QASKI has been used for internal accreditation of laboratories
located in the institute, regardless of the fact that some of them deal with routine analyses and others with research and
development. Every laboratory that wishes to ensure the credibility of its research or routine work enters QASKI and at the
same time chooses an external method of approval. All interested laboratories, study directors, principal investigators, internal
auditing staff, heads of documentation, quality assurance unit staff, the Director of the institute and the Quality Management
Board participate in the internal system. 相似文献
12.
H. C. Wallin 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1996,1(4):163-170
Most sophisticated products require testing for compliance with specifications and safety regulations before release into
many markets, and trade in many simpler commodities and products also requires supporting technical information. Test documentation
has become an essential element in this trade. Food intended for human consumption certainly falls into the "sophisticated
products" category. Lack of acceptance of laboratory test data across national borders may be a significant barrier to trade.
In order to avoid such barriers and unnecessary duplication of laboratory tests, mutual recognition of laboratory results
should be regarded as an important means of facilitating international trade in food products. It is difficult to envisage
recognition of test data across borders without internationally agreed criteria for assessing the competence of testing. These
criteria should, as a minimum, require that a laboratory involved in the analysis of foods operates a suitable quality system.
The laboratory must create a quality system appropriate to the type, range and volume of work performed. It is necessary for
the elements of this system to be documented in a quality manual which is available for use by the laboratory personnel. The
quality manual must be kept up-to-date by a person or persons having responsibility for quality assurance within the laboratory.
This paper describes and discusses the elements of a quality system in a food laboratory, including suitable quality assurance
measures, the use of validated analytical methods and participation in proficiency testing schemes.
Received: 24 February 1996 Accepted: 13 March 1996 相似文献
13.
Dermot Hayes 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1996,1(1):18-23
The pertinent issues necessary for the establishment of quality assurance in the microbiology laboratory are discussed. Quality
assurance is a planned system of control measures that enables management to ensure that the analytical data produced in the
laboratory are valid. To introduce quality assurance, all activities in the laboratory that affect the production of analytical
data must be documented and controlled. These include sampling, method selection, laboratory environment, equipment, reagents
and media, staff, reference materials and internal and external quality control. Laboratory accrediation in accordance with
EN45001 and ISO Guide 25 enables laboratories demonstrate to an external agency their ability to perform analytical work and
produce valid analytical data. This gives creditability to the laboratory and allows management to have confidence in the
data produced.
Received: 6 June 1995 Accepted: 3 July 1995 相似文献
14.
The micro element content of food is an important quality index due to the action of these elements on human health. In this
article, we discuss how to ensure the reliability of analytical data on micro elements in order to truly represent the condition
of food. Sampling, treatment of the analytical sample, selection of the analytical method, standard solution, and certified
reference material, blank test, calibration of the instrument and equipment, application of the quality control chart, assessment
of the final analytical result, and quality assurance system are briefly described.
Received: 5 July 2001 Accepted: 19 November 2001 相似文献
15.
16.
A five-step model for a quality assurance system is developed for an internal quality control check. It includes the quality
control of the decomposition method and the detection method as steps belonging together. The Wickbold combustion technique
as decomposition method in combination with atomic absorption spectrometry was chosen. The vaporization of the elements mercury,
arsenic, lead, antimony and selenium is based on combustion in an oxyhydrogen flame. To check the efficiency of the analytical
system, the uncertainty of results was calculated on the basis of the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement".
Received: 13 January 1997 · Accepted: 29 March 1997 相似文献
17.
C. L. Burns 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1997,2(7):327-331
The accreditation procedure that the Department of Laboratory Sciences, CHPPM-Europe underwent is described. The laboratory
obtained ISO/IEC 25 accreditation through the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) and the Deutsches Akkreditierungssystem
Prüfwesen (DAP) as well as EN 45001 from DAP following the A2LA and DAP joint inspection. The accreditation process and the
importance of obtaining national and international accreditation are discussed.
Received: 30 May 1997 · Accepted: 16 June 1997 相似文献
18.
L. Huber 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1996,1(1):24-34
The quality process for commercial analytical equipment starts with the selection of the vendor. It is recommended that vendors
be selected who are recognized as having quality processes in place for instrument design, development, manufacturing, testing,
service, and support, for example, ISO 9001 registration. When the instrument arrives in the laboratory, the installation
process should follow well-documented procedures. This includes a visual inspection that the instrument is not damaged and
checking that the instrument, documentation and accessories such as cables and tubings are complete. Before the instrument
is used it should be verified that it meets functional and performance specification. During operation the instruments should
be periodically inspected and tested, verified to meet performance, and calibrated. The instrument should be labeled with
the calibration status, indicating the dates of the last successful and the next performance verification and calibration.
Defective instruments should be removed from the testing area or should at least be labeled as being "out of order."
Received 23 August 1995 Accepted 6 September 1995 相似文献
19.
L. K. Isaev V. M. Lakhov Y. A. Karpov I. V. Boldyrev B. I. Paneva G. I. Fridman 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1999,4(5):169-173
The history and the present state of the national system for accreditation of analytical laboratories in Russia are described.
Received: 1 September 1998 / Accepted: 1 September 1998 相似文献
20.
G. Mertens Maria Gielis Denise De Smet Gert Van Cleynenbreugel 《Accreditation and quality assurance》2000,5(9):381-382
The European Federation for Immunogenetics (EFI) has its own standards for histocompatibility testing. Compared with EN 45001
and ISO Standards, EFI Standards are more detailed, actually stating "what to do" in the laboratory. The decision of Eurotransplant
that all its organ transplantation programmes must be EFI-accredited by the year 2000, illustrates the importance of the these
standards. It took us 11 months to prepare the EFI questionnaire, describing the main features of our laboratory and how they
complied with EFI Standards. After approval of this file, inspection was performed by a team of two peers who routinely worked
in an EFI-accredited tissue typing laboratory. The pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases were inspected during
a one day visit. Furthermore, a checklist was reviewed against the laboratory's documentation system. Within 1 month of reception
of the inspection report, we were expected to send a reply listing the corrective actions taken. Upon acknowledgement of the
latter, EFI Accreditation was granted, for 1 year. We feel that detailed standards, specifically designed for a certain type
of laboratory, offer many advantages.
Received: 15 April 2000 · Accepted: 15 April 2000 相似文献