Submonolayer structures of Ce adsorbed on Mo(110) surface

The surface structure of Ce adsorbed on a Mo(110) surface was studied by reflection high energy electron diffraction. Five kinds of surface structures were found with different deposition coverages in the submonolayer region. These structures have a common feature that Ce atoms possess a periodicity with double spacing at the atomic rows in the Mo[ 10] direction. Observed at 1 ML of Ce coverage was a surface structure related to a deformed fcc Ce(111) plane.     

Surface channeling of swift light ions

A fast computer code is developed to provide information about the trajectories of swift light particles incident on crystalline targets under surface channeling conditions. The approximations used in the model are tested by comparison of trajectory calculations with the MARLOWE simulation program. The simulation of experimental energy distributions allows discussing various inelastic energy loss models for the interaction of 150 keV protons with a nickel surface. The results suggest that plasmon excitations are not sufficient to account for the measured energy losses. It is found that the Oen-Robinson formula, including inelastic energy losses by single electron excitations in dense materials reasonably well applies to the reflection of light ions from metallic surfaces in channeling conditions. The measured light intensity emitted from 200 keV He⁺ reflected ions in various directions close to compact atomic surface rows is compared with the calculated reflection coefficient. The results suggest that most of the particles reflected in ionic state do not penetrate the target surface. Detailed comparison between light emission measurements and calculated reflection intensities, however, requires accurate modelling of the surface topography as well as of the deexcitation mechanisms involved in the surface reflection of light ions.     

Scattering of CO and N(2) molecules by a graphite surface

Measurements of angular distributions for the scattering of well-defined incident beams of CO and N(2) molecules from a graphite surface are presented. The measurements were carried out over a range of graphite surface temperatures from 150 to 400?K and a range of incident translational energies from 275 to over 600?meV. The behavior of the widths, positions and relative intensities of the angular distributions for both CO and N(2) were found to be quite similar. The experimental measurements are discussed in comparison with calculations using a classical mechanical model that describes single collisions with a surface. Based on the behavior of the angular distributions as functions of temperature and incident translational energy, and the agreement between measured data and calculations of the single-collision model, it is concluded that the scattering process is predominantly a single collision with a collective surface for which the effective mass is significantly larger than that of a single carbon atom. This conclusion is consistent with that of earlier experiments for molecular beams of O(2) molecules and Xe atoms scattering from graphite. Further calculations are carried out with the theoretical molecular scattering model in order to predict translational and rotational energy transfers to and from the molecule during scattering events under similar initial conditions.     

微带阵列天线的时域散射特性

本文用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)研究了微带阵列天线的时域散射场,分析了入射脉冲极化方向不同以及入射方向不同时的散射场的分布情况;讨论了时域散射场的时域波形以及频谱与微带阵列天线结构的关系;用散射场分离算法讨论了地板对于微带贴片阵列散射场的影响.研究发现,有限大地板的微带阵列天线的散射场主要是由地板的边沿电流产生的,同时微带贴片阵列的谐振频率与入射脉冲的极化方向有关,因此不同的极化方向对应于不同的散射频谱. 关键词： 时域散射 微带天线 FDTD     

Features of the scattering of protons and relativistic electrons intersecting a thin planar target at a small angle to its surface

The processes of scattering of protons and relativistic electrons incident on a planar target at a small angle to its surface have been simulated by the Monte Carlo method. The spatial and energy distributions of the beams of particles both passed through the target and reflected from it have been calculated. The dependence of the characteristics of beams on the initial energy and direction of injection of particles, as well as on the material and thickness of the target, has been considered. The transmission, reflection, and absorption coefficients for electrons in the target have been calculated. The initial energy in the calculations is varied in the range of 7–100 MeV and the angle between the trajectory of particles and the surface of the target is in the range of 1°–45°. The thickness of the target varies from 0.2 to 3 mm. Aluminum, iron, and copper targets have been considered. It has been shown that the intersection of targets at small angles not only increases the transverse dimensions of a beam, but also changes the direction of its motion. The results of the reported calculations of the scattering of relativistic electrons intersecting a foil at small angles to its surface are in qualitative agreement with experimental data.     

Scattering of monoenergetic argon beams from heated platinum: Out-of-plane time-of-flight measurements

Time-of-flight measurements were made in and out of the plane of incidence, with initially monoenergetic argon beams (speed 5.75 × 10⁴ cm/sec.; incident angle 55° from target normal) before and after reflection from heated platinum. The data were used to compute low order moments of velocity distribution : relative number flux, momentum and energy flux. Flux ratios yield mean speed, mean energy and speed distribution as functions of angle of reflection. The data are consistent with the hypotheses that the tangentical component of momentum of the incident beam is nearly preserved on collision and that dispersion out of the plane of incidence is caused by surface roughness.     

Reconstruction of the Ir(110) surface: A mixed faceted (1 × 3) and (1 × 1) structure

Time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS) has been used to show that the reconstructed Ir(110) surface, following annealing to 1400 ° C, consists primarily of domains of faceted (1 × 3) structures (with two missing first-layer rows and one missing second-layer row); the data are consistent with secondary domains of (1 × 1) structures (with no missing rows). This structure is determined from scans of (i) backscattering (BS) versus incidence angle , (ii) forwardscattering (FS) versus , and (iii) FS versus scattering angle Θ.     

Experimental and computer study of ion scattering from single crystals

The spatial distribution of reflected particles was experimentally studied in the case of oblique incidence of 4.5 keV Ar ions on a (001) Cu face along the (110) and (100) planes. The distribution in ejection angles of the reflected particles was found to have several peaks and minima. To explain the results of these reflection experiments a computer study was performed. The shape of the calculated spatial distribution curves appears to be very sensitive to variations of the constants in the interaction potentials. Some features of the spatial distribution of the reflected ions have been shown to be connected to the motion of ions in surface semichannels. The spatial distribution of the neutral component of scattered and sputtered particles was also studied in the experiments. A predominant yield of the sputtered particles was observed not only in the low-index but also in high-index directions.     

具有不同涂层的样品表面双向反射分布函数的三维测量

利用半球空间双向反射分布函数测量装置,采用样本比值法,实验测量了不同材质及涂层表面对激光束在整个半球空间内的双向反射分布函数.分析了漫反射板与无涂层铝板（裸板）表面,以及不同涂层和不同入射角下同一涂层对入射光的反射光强的空间分布,得出了所测几种样品在特定波长激光照射下的表面反射与散射特性.     

Ion beam triangulation of ultrathin Mn and CoMn films grown on Cu(001)

Total target currents for grazing scattering of keV protons from a crystal target are used to investigate the structure of surfaces and ultrathin films. This current shows pronounced maxima whenever the azimuthal incidence angle coincides with close-packed rows of atoms in the surface and subsurface layers. The real-space method is applied to study monolayer and bilayer films of Mn and of CoMn epitaxially grown on a Cu(001) surface.     

A theory of rheed

Elastic Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) by solid surfaces is studied theoretically. First, the problem of finding the electron reflection and transmission coefficients of a crystal slab is formally solved. Following this, it is shown how the formal solution may be used in a practical computation of the diffracted beam intensities. These two results are applied to a study of high energy (20 keV) electron diffraction by the Ag(001) surface. Rocking curves are computed to illustrate the dependence of the reflection coefficients on the glancing angle of the incident beam, the incident beam azimuth being in the [110] direction. The curves are shown to have several features in common with a typical set of LEED I-V plots: primary Bragg peaks, secondary Bragg peaks and resonance peaks are all present. The dependence of the reflection coefficients on the deviation of the incident beam azimuth from the [110] direction is also described. Additional computations are made to illustrate the sensitivity of the RHEED pattern to the details of the surface structure: the relative heights of the peaks in the rocking curves are shown to be quite sensitive to the spacing of the topmost atomic layers.     

Multiple scattering and neutralization aspects of low energy noble gas ions incident on a Cu (110) crystal

Experiments have been done with 1 keV Ne⁺ ions bombarding a Cu (110) single crystal in a (111) plane. From the measured energy spectra of the scattered ions the minimum and maximum scattering angles for multiple scattering on the surface are determined. These minimum and maximum scattering angles were also calculated using a computer model. The parameters for an interatomic potential function between ion and metal atom are determined by comparison of the experimental and calculated scattering angles. A neutralization model for an energetic ion at an atomic surface is given. The reliability of this model is tested by comparison of the results of computer calculations and the measured peak intensity distributions as a function of the scattering angle.     

computer simulations of ion scattering spectra for 2.4 keV Ne+ incident on Ni(001)

Monte-Carlo computer simulations of Buck's Time-of-Flight Ion Scattering Spectroscopy data collected for 2.4 keV Ne⁺ incident on a Ni (001) surface were used to examine the importance of various input parameters in the computational model. The binary collision approximation was found to yield satisfactory results for this particular projectile, energy, and target. The calculated energy spectra were quite sensitive to the screening length of the Molière potential used for calculating the binary collision interactions and to the magnitude of the mean square vibrational amplitudes chosen for the Ni atoms in the lattice. The agreement between the calculated and experimental spectra was good, but the calculations probably could have been improved a little further by fine tuning the parameters in the simulation. The simulations showed that the ISS spectra for 2.4 keV Ne⁺ ion beam incidence directions along the [110] azimuth of Ni(001) were dominated by multiple scattering events and that the second layer of the surface contributed most to the backscattering because of the focusing effect of the first layer atoms.     

Quantitative interpretation of EELS and REELS spectra

A critical analysis of the present day Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) data interpretation methods has been done. The necessity for the consideration of a target as a multilayered structure with different inelastic energy loss cross sections in the surface and the bulk layers has been shown to be a reality both for the transmission EELS and the reflection EELS (REELS). A method to reconstruct inelastic energy loss cross sections in various target layers from the experimental data has been presented. Essential qualitative and quantitative dependence of the path length distribution function for reflected electrons as a function of scattering angle has been revealed. The tested method for extraction of the information from REELS experiments with angular resolution has been presented.Received: 9 October 2003, Published online: 19 February 2004PACS: 34.80.-i Electron scattering - 34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power - 25.30.Fj Inelastic electron scattering to continuum     

Field emission spectroscopy of gold on the (110) and (211) planes of tungsten

Adsorption of Au up to monolayer amounts on the (110) plane of a tungsten field emitter leads to a decrease in work function, and also to a decrease in effective emitting area. Energy distributions of field emitted electrons show no structure attributable to Au. These results can be explained by postulating that there is no tunneling from Au atoms or from beneath Au atoms. The most probable reason for this is that in (110) tunneling matrix elements from outward normal tungsten d-orbitals are stronger than the tunneling matrix element from the non-directional 6s Au orbital. Experiments on the (211) plane show behavior similar to that previously found on (111), i.e. a work function increase but strong emission from Au atoms.     

Scattering of waves from nonlinear media with rough surfaces

Abstract

Reflection and scattering of waves from plane and statistically rough interfaces between nonlinear media are studied theoretically. New hysteresis-type dependences of the reflection and transmission coefficients on the amplitude of the incident wave and on the angle of incidence are predicted. Scattering diagrams for diffusely reflected and transmitted fields are calculated. It is found that when the dielectric constant is a steep function of the incident amplitude, nonlinearity suppresses the Bragg resonant scattering mechanism. Smooth roughness of the boundary is shown to enhance the penetration of evanescent waves into nonlinear media.     

Relation between surface structures and sputtering ratios of copper single crystals

Polished (100) Cu crystals have been bombarded at target temperatures of 204 K, 294 K and 456 K by 10 and 20 keV Ne⁺ ions up to a total dose of 1.7 × 10¹⁹ ions/cm². The plane of incidence was chosen to be a {100} plane perpendicular to the surface. Measurements have been performed for incident angles between 36° and 44° with respect to the surface normal. In this angular interval the sputtering ratio and the surface structure have been studied by weightloss and replica electron microscope techniques respectively. At target temperatures of 204 K and 294 K an anomaly was observed in the curve of the sputtering ratio versus angle of incidence. A small peak appears where the curve slopes towards the 〈110〉 minimum. The position and height of the peak is a function of target temperature and ion energy.

This sputtering submaximum is accompanied by the formation of {100} orientated furrows perpendicular to the ion beam. The nucleation of this relief is tentatively discussed in terms of local deviations from perfection of the surface, which might be due to a singularity in the production of focusing collisions influencing the damage structure. The growth of the furrows and the submaximum in the sputtering ratio are discussed in terms of the angle between the ion beam and the characteristic {110} side of the furrows.

These sputtering and faceting phenomena have not been observed at 20 keV Ar⁺ ion bombardment nor generally under bombardment at a target temperature of 456 K.     

平面上方二维介质目标对高斯波束的电磁散射研究

基于矩量法、互易性定理及镜像理论,提出了一种新的混合方法用于研究水平分界面上方二维介质目标对垂直入射高斯波束的差值散射场.应用镜像理论,介质水平分界面可被原始目标相对于该分界面的镜像目标所替代,从而给出散射问题的等效模型.在等效模型中,应用矩量法求解了原始目标及镜像目标对高斯波束的散射场,同时结合互易性定理得到了原目标与其镜像目标之间的耦合散射场.数值计算结果与相关文献方法及MoM所得结果进行了比较,验证了该混合方法的有效性. 关键词： 互易性定理 电磁散射 高斯波束 二维目标     

Scattering of an electromagnetic wave from a slightly random dielectric surface: Yoneda peak and Brewster angle in incoherent scattering

Abstract

The scattering of an electromagnetic wave from a two-dimensional, slightly rough dielectric surface is studied based on the stochastic functional approach. It is shown that in the case of TM(p)-polarized incidence there exists a zero in the incoherent scattering at the angle we call the ‘Brewster scattering angle’, which depends on the incident angle in contrast to the Brewster angle of coherent reflection which is independent of the incident angle, that a ‘quasi-anomalous scattering’ can generally occur in the optically denser medium at the critical angle of total reflection in both TE(s)- and TM(p)-polarized incidence, regardless of which side of the random surface is illuminated, and that the Yoneda peak in the x-ray scattering can be interpreted as a special case of the quasi-anomalous scattering which becomes sharper when the relative refractive index becomes closer to unity as in the x-ray region. Cross-polarized scattering and enhanced backscattering due to the second-order effect are also calculated.     

Scattering Characteristics of Dielectric Periodic Structure Composed of Left-handed Materials with Arbitrary Oblique Incidence

Scattering characteristics of monolayer and multilayer dielectric periodic structure composed of left-handed materials (LH-DPS) with plane wave arbitrary oblique incidence are carefully analyzed using a method which combines multimode network theory with the rigorous mode matching method. Our analysis results reveal that the arbitrary oblique incident angles and relative position between different LH-DPS have great effects to the scattering characteristics of LH-DPS which different from the situation of dielectric periodic structure composed of right-handed materials (RH-DPS). The reasons why the reflection characteristics of the LH-DPS are totally different from those of the RH-DPS with arbitrary oblique incidence are also given. The present quantitive investigation provides guidelines for the design of the monolayer and multilayer dielectric frequency selective surfaces for millimeter wave applications.