Modelling of composting of food waste in a column reactor

The composting of organic solid waste, the mixture of fruit and vegetable leftovers enriched with night soil, was investigated in a closed thermally insulated reactor. It was found that 80.9 % of the original substrate biodegraded after 14 days. A mathematical model of the column reactor was proposed where the biodegradation rate of the organic solid waste was described using simple n-thorder kinetics. A good prediction of process performance was obtained using the proposed kinetics and experimentally obtained reaction heat. Presented at the 33rd International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 22–26 May 2006.     

A novel process for anaerobic composting of municipal solid waste

A novel process has been developed and evaluated in a pilotscale program for conversion of the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) to methane via anaerobic composting. The sequential batch anaerobic composting (SEBAC) process employs leachate management to provide organisms, moisture, and nutrients required for rapid conversion of MSW and removal of inhibitory fermentation products during start-up. The biodegradable organic materials are converted to methane and carbon dioxide in 21–42 d, rather than the years required in landfills.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧产物中二噁英检测方法

为研究城市生活垃圾焚烧产生的二噁英污染检测问题,介绍了垃圾焚烧过程中二噁英类的生成机理及其检测方法。色谱法、免疫法、生物法、激光质谱法是目前检测二噁英类的主要手段,其中高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱（HRGC-HRMS）法、虫荧光素酶报告基因（CALUX）法及酶免役分析（EIA）法等在实践中取得了很好的检测效果,但各种方法适应范围有很大差别。色谱法可有效分离各种二噁英类成分,但对仪器精度和操作水平要求较高,测试周期较长,费用较高,适于准确对各种成分定量检测,不需计算总量的场合;生物法测试周期短,可平行测试大量样品,适于快速、大规模样品的筛选,但只能测定总毒性当量;激光质谱法具有高选择性、高灵敏度、多组分测定、可实现在线检测等优势,但需要预先了解污染物的光谱结构。     

Adsorption characteristics of tributyltin on municipal solid waste compost

The sorption behaviour of tributyltin (TBT) from reconstituted seawater onto municipal solid waste (MSW) compost was investigated to give first insights into the equilibrium and kinetic behaviour of this process. The rate of adsorption, the influence of pH, and the adsorbate hydrophobicity on the partitioning process were investigated. Adsorption kinetics indicated an initial fast rate of adsorption of TBT followed by a slower rate. The similarity of Freundlich sorption and desorption coefficients for TBT showed that the sorption process is also reversible, similar to that for the adsorption of TBT onto marine sediments. It was found that the adsorption capacity for TBT onto compost was highest at pH 6.7, and for other organotins it increased with increasing adsorbate hydrophobicity, following the trend tripropyltin < TBT < tripentyltin. The use of washed MSW compost as a sorbent for the purification of TBT‐contaminated wash waters as generated in large quantities during hull cleaning in dry docks is suggested as a mitigatory measure against pollution of the marine environment by TBT. Calculations suggest that modest amounts of compost will likely be required to treat the contaminated wastewaters generated from the Malta dry docks if a multiple batch system is adopted. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrogen sensors based on metal-insulator-semiconductor structures with a layer of a proton-conducting solid electrolyte

Application of solid electrolytes as undergate layers accelerates the response of a sensor at room temperature as compared with ordinary hydrogen sensors manufactured on the basis of the metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures with a palladium gate. The proton-conducting solid electrolytes under study include NAFION, zirconium hydrophosphate, and etherified polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with heteropolyacids and phenoldisulfonic acid, which can be deposited under the platinum gate. Sensors based on the MIS structures with these solid electrolytes show a high sensitivity toward hydrogen (～120 mV per concentration decade). The response time τ_0.63 of a freshly manufactured sensor with a layer of zirconium hydrophosphate amounts to about 2 min. The maximum mechanical stability, especially at relative humidities in excess of 80% is intrinsic to sensors containing layers of PVA with heteropolyacids. The response time of such sensors is nearly 10 min.     

Study of the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste for the production of valuable products

To obtain information on the potential of thermal conversion (pyrolysis) of municipal solid waste (MSW), a thermogravimetric study (TGA) is performed in a stream of nitrogen. Based on TGA results, pyrolysis experiments are carried out in a semi-batch reactor under inert nitrogen atmosphere. Slow pyrolysis is performed up to 550 °C (heating rate of 4 °C/min). Fast pyrolysis is performed at 450, 480, 510 and 550 °C and different input transfer rates (12 or 24 g material/min). The pyrolysis products are studied on composition and yield/distribution and investigated for their use as valuable product.The liquid obtained by slow pyrolysis separates spontaneously in a water rich product and an oily product. For all fast pyrolysis conditions, a viscous, brown oil which contains a poly(ethylene-co-propylene) wax is obtained. Composition analyses by GC/MS of the oil products (slow/fast pyrolysis) show that aliphatic hydrocarbons are the major compounds. The pyrolysis oils have high calorific value (between 35 and 44 MJ/kg), low wt% of water (around 6 wt%) and a low O/C value (between 0.2 and 0.3). The presence of waxy material is probably due to incomplete breakdown of poly(ethylene-co-propylene) present in MSW under study. The optimal pyrolysis conditions, regarding to oil yield, fuel properties, and wax yield is fast pyrolysis at 510 °C with 24 g material/min input transfer rate. The fast pyrolysis gases contain mainly hydrocarbons and have an averaged LHV around 20 MJ/Nm³. ICP-AES analyses of pyrolysis products reveal that almost none of the metals present in MSW are distributed within the liquid fractions.     

铜基载氧体与可燃固体废弃物化学链燃烧特性研究

采用机械混合法制备了铜基载氧体,利用两段式管式炉反应平台和磁悬浮热重分析仪分别研究了铜基载氧体与石墨、可燃固体废弃物典型组分及可燃固体废弃物热解气模型物CH₄的化学链燃烧特性。结果表明,机械混合法制备的Cu80Si950载氧体强度高,具有良好的转化率和循环稳定性,是实现可燃固体废弃物化学链燃烧的一种比较理想的载氧体。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和颗粒强度测定仪对各个反应阶段载氧体进行分析。结果表明,Cu80Si950载氧体参与反应后表面结构发生巨大改变,机械强度骤降。多次循环之后载氧体结构趋于规则均匀化,形成类似球棒形状的大孔隙率结构,强度保持不变,使得载氧体在长时间使用过程中反应性能得以维持。     

模拟城市生活垃圾热处理过程中Cd与Pb挥发特性研究

以Cd与Pb为研究对象,在流化床反应器上对模拟城市生活垃圾Al₂O₃热处理过程中重金属的动力学挥发特性进行了研究。分析了氧化还原条件、H₂O、HCl、SO₂及基体Al₂O₃对重金属的挥发特性影响。研究结果表明,Cd具有较强的挥发性,尤其是在通入HCl的情况下,而Pb的挥发程度则较低,同时氧浓度的增加会降低重金属的挥发。Al₂O₃颗粒中重金属的物理化学吸附以及重金属的扩散效应则同样在一定程度上抵制了重金属的释放,而SO₂的通入则在一定程度上促进了Cd与Pb的释放。     

Continuous monitoring for cyanide in waste water with a galvanic hydrogen cyanide sensor using a purge system

A continuous monitoring system for cyanide with a galvanic hydrogen cyanide sensor and an aeration pump for purging was developed. Hydrogen cyanide evolved from cyanide solution using a purging pump was measured with the hydrogen cyanide sensor. The system showed good performance in terms of stability and selectivity. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentrating range from 0 to 15 mg dm³ of cyanide ion with a slope of −0.24 μA mg⁻¹ dm⁻³. The lower detection limit was 0.1 mg dm⁻³. The 90% response time of the sensor system was within 3.5 min for a 0.5 mg dm⁻³ cyanide solution, when the flow rate of the purging air was 1 dm³ min⁻¹. The system maintained the initial performance for 6 months in the field test. The developed galvanic sensor system was not subject to interference from sulfide and residual chlorine, compared with a potentiometric sensor system developed previously. The analytical results obtained by the present system were in good agreement with those obtained by the pyridine pyrazolone method. The correlation factor and regression line between both methods were 0.979 and Y=2.30×10⁻⁴+1.12X, respectively. This system was successfully applied for a continuous monitoring of cyanide ion in waste water.     

Characteristics of gaseous product from municipal solid waste gasification with hot blast furnace slag

Possibility of combustible gas production from municipal solid waste (MSW) using hot blast furnace (BF) slag has been studied. The objective of this work is to generate combustible gas from MSW using heated BF slag. In this experiment, the thermal stability of the MSW was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, and effects of temperature, gasifying agent (air, N2, steam) and BF slag on the gas products were investigated at 600-900 ℃. The thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the weight loss of MSW includes four stages: evaporation of the moisture, combustion of volatile materials, burning of carbon residue and burnout of ash. The contents of the combustible gas increase with increasing temperature, and the lower calorific value (LCV) increases rapidly at 600-900 ℃. It is found that volume fraction of CO, H2 and CH4 at different atmospheres increases in the order N2相似文献   

垃圾焚烧飞灰基本特性研究

以三个正在运行的垃圾发电厂的除尘器飞灰为研究对象,实验测出它们的化学组成、热灼减率、灰熔点等物化特性和浸出毒性、腐蚀性等有害特性,对三种灰样的特性进行了对比、分析。结果表明,飞灰的物化特性主要受飞灰中MgO、CaO、SiO2和CaCl2等几种主要成分质量分数的影响。MgO和Al2O3质量分数较高而CaCl2质量分数较低的飞灰其灰熔点相对较高;CaO和CaCl2质量分数较高的飞灰其水分和热灼减率也相对较高;SiO2质量分数较高的飞灰其重金属的浸出率相对较低;CaO和Al2O3等碱性氧化物质量分数较高的飞灰其浸出液的pH值相对较高。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的热稳定化条件及机理

研究了生活-农业混合型垃圾焚烧飞灰与单一生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（简称混合型飞灰与单一型飞灰）热处理过程中的重金属挥发特性与稳定化效果，并结合FT-IR、XRD检测手段对稳定化机理进行了探讨。结果表明，单一型飞灰中重金属的挥发性普遍高于混合型飞灰，垃圾源氯含量对重金属的挥发性有明显影响。飞灰中Mn、Cr不易挥发，Zn、Cu较易挥发，Pb、Cd挥发性很强，热处理温度超过1 000 ℃时挥发率都超过50%。800 ℃为相对最优的热处理温度，兼顾了热处理过程重金属稳定化与抑制挥发。800 ℃以上时飞灰形成了稳定的硅酸盐结构体系，是重金属热处理后难以浸出的主要机理。     

Conversion of municipal solid waste into carboxylic acids by anaerobic countercurrent fermentation

Municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) were combined and anaerobically converted into carboxylate salts by using a mixed culture of acid-forming microorganisms. MSW is an energy source and SS is a source of nutrients. In this study, MSW and SS were combined, so they complemented each other. Four fermentors were arranged in series for a countercurrent fermentation process. In this process, the solids and liquid were transferred in opposite directions, with the addition of fresh biomass to fermentor 1 and fresh liquid media to fermentor 4. An intermediate lime treatment of solids exiting fermentor 3 before entering fermentor 4 was applied to improve the product acid concentration from the untreated MSW/SS fermentations. All fermentations were performed under anaerobic conditions at 40°C. Calcium carbonate was added to neutralize the carboxylic acids and to control the pH. Iodoform was used as a methanogen inhibitor. Carboxylic acid concentration and gas composition were determined by gas chromatography. Substrate conversion was measured by volatile solids loss, and carboxylic acid productivity was calculated as the function of the total carboxylic acids produced, the amount of liquid in all fermentors, and time. The addition of intermediate lime treatment increased product concentration and conversion by approx 30 and 15%, respectively. The highest carboxylic acid concentrations for untreated MSW/SS fermentations with and without intermediate lime treatment were 22.2 and 17.7 g of carboxylic acid/L of liquid, respectively. These results confirm that adding a treatment step between fermentor 3 and fermentor 4 will increase the digestibility and acid productivity of the fermentation.     

连续流动-分光光度法测定固体废物中氰化物浸出毒性的研究

建立了一种利用连续流动-分光光度法测定固废中氰化物的浸出毒性的方法,当氰化物浓度在0~200μg/L范围内,校准曲线的相关系数r为0.9998;方法的检出限可以达到0.33μg/L;不同浓度样品测定的相对标准偏差低于2.6%,实际固体废物样品加标回收率为96%~103%,方法精密度良好并且准确度较高;通过实际样品测定结果比对,证明方法与传统国家标准方法测定结果有着较高的吻合度,具有良好的应用前景。     

生活垃圾流化床热处置中重金属迁移分布研究

在流化床实验装置上研究模拟生活垃圾热解、气化、焚烧等热处置过程中重金属Cd、Pb、Zn及Cu的迁移转化,分析氧化还原气氛及温度对重金属挥发特性的影响。结果表明,高温及还原性条件促进了Cd、Pb及Zn的挥发;而氧化性气氛有利于Cu的迁移。热力学平衡模拟结果表明,金属在氧化和还原气氛下的转化途径不同。在还原性气氛下,金属主要以元素态单质或硫化物的形式存在,其熔沸点高低决定了金属挥发程度。反之,CuCl_3等氯化物的生成促进了Cu在氧化性气氛下的挥发。金属基反应在氧化性气氛下得到加强,提高了Cd、Pb及Zn向气相产物转化的起始温度。进一步考察重金属在不同组分的分布及富集规律,大部分以气相形式挥发的重金属易在降温过程中冷凝并富集于飞灰。气流夹带亦是导致重金属迁移的重要原因,流化床的高气速特性对重金属分布有显著影响。     

木质纤维类生活垃圾热解过程矿物质和碳结构的演化规律

使用水平管式炉,在不同热解温度(500~1 000 ℃)条件下对废纸屑和樟树叶两种木质纤维类生活垃圾进行了热解实验,分别采用X射线衍射(XRD)和拉曼光谱研究了样品所含矿物质和碳结构随热解温度的变化。结果表明,废纸屑和樟树叶含有的主要矿物分别为方解石和草酸钙,在500 ℃之前草酸钙全部转化为方解石,焦样中的方解石在800 ℃以后逐渐分解并形成生石灰。拉曼光谱对生活垃圾焦的碳结构变化非常敏感,低温热解时生活垃圾的大分子结构发生缩合和解聚,产生了孤立sp²碳原子,导致峰参数D1峰半高宽和峰面积比值I_D1/I_G逐渐增大;高温热解时晶体sp²碳原子增多,导致D1峰半高宽和I_D1/I_G逐渐减小。焦样的碳结构有序度随热解温度升高先降低后提高。     

城市生活垃圾与煤矸石混烧特性及其HCl排放特性研究

利用热重分析仪对城市生活垃圾与煤矸石单独及混合燃烧特性进行了研究,并采用高温管式炉燃烧装置考察了PVC、NaCl及MSW与煤矸石混烧过程中HCl的排放规律。结果表明,在煤矸石中掺烧部分MSW可有效改善煤矸石的燃烧特性,尤其是脱挥发分和着火特性。综合考虑燃烧特性变化,建议MSW掺混比例为20%。PVC与NaCl掺混比较低时,煤矸石可抑制PVC燃烧过程中HCl的析出,会显著促进NaCl中HCl的析出;当掺混比增大时,上述作用逐渐减弱。MSW与煤矸石混烧时,会促进HCl的析出,增大烟气中HCl的浓度。当掺混比为10%时,HCl排放浓度达到56.22 mg/m~3,已超过中国国家标准,必须采取相应脱氯措施。     

All-solid-state potentiometric sensors for ascorbic acid by using a screen-printed compatible solid contact

The development of all-solid-state potentiometric ion selective electrodes for monitoring of ascorbic acid, by using a screen-printed compatible solid contact is described. The applied methodology is based on the use of PVC membrane modified with some firstly-tested ionophores (triphenyltin(IV)chloride, triphenyltin(IV)hydroxide and palmitoyl-l-ascorbic acid) and a novel one synthesized in our laboratory (dibutyltin(IV) diascorbate). Synthesis protocol and some preliminary identification studies are given. A conductive graphite-based polymer thick film ink was used as an internal solid contact between the graphite electrode and the PVC membrane. The presence and the nature of the solid contact (plain or doped with lanthanum 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPI)) seem to enhance the analytical performance of the electrodes in terms of sensitivity, dynamic range, and response time. The analytical performance of the constructed electrodes was evaluated with potentiometry, constant-current chronopotentiometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The interference effect of various compounds was also tested. The potential response of the optimized Ph₃SnCl-based electrode was linear against ascorbic acid concentration range 0.005-5.0 mM. The applicability of the proposed sensors in real samples was also tested. The detection limit was 0.002 mM ascorbic acid (50 mM phosphate, pH 5 in 50 mM KCl). The slope of the electrodes was super-Nernstian and pH dependent, indicating a mechanism involving a combination of charge transfer and ion exchange processes. Fabrication of screen-printed ascorbate ISEs has also been demonstrated.     

Application of a sequential extraction procedure to study the release of elements from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash

The release of five elements (Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) from a municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (BA) under different extraction conditions has been investigated by performing the three-step sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Standards, Measurements and Testing Program of the European Union. A fourth step (strong acid attack) has been added in order to calculate the mass balance. The results of this study provide information on the potential mobility of the studied elements. Almost all of the Cr and part of the Mn are extracted with strong acid which indicates low potential mobility in the environment. Most of the Cu is extracted under oxidizing conditions. Pb and Zn are released under acidic condition, indicating the possibility of their mobilization by changes in pH. The reproducibility of the sequential extraction procedure is also discussed.     

The potential of downscaled dynamic column extraction for fast and reliable assessment of natural weathering effects of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes

There is a current worldwide interest for evaluating the potential reuse of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as a sub-base in road construction and secondary building material. Yet, there is a need for exploration of the physicochemical features of the bottom ashes to ensure environmental sustainability. To this end, batchwise water extraction as promulgated by the European norm EN 12457 or the German DIN 38414-S4 tests is commonly utilized to ascertain the impact of leachable trace elements in bottom ashes on biota. However, the above extraction protocols are not properly simulating the dynamic extraction conditions occurring in the nature, whereby the analytical information provided for risk assessment is debatable.In this work, a downscaled flow-through extraction method is proposed for mimicking the leaching of hazardous trace elements (namely, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr) in MSWI bottom ashes by runoff waters more accurately than the manual counterparts. The flow assembly facilitates the full automation of standard and regulatory leaching tests by packing of a suitable amount of solid material into a column, whereupon the leaching reagent is continuously pumped through, thus yielding an accurate assessment of the environmentally significant water-extraction fraction with no effect from readsorption phenomena.The flow-through column system is exploited as a screening tool for fast evaluation of the influence of natural bottom ash weathering on the immobilization of hazardous elements to dictate the potential reuse of the solid waste. The dependence of sorption sites for humic substances on trace element leachability is also discussed. As compared to the steady-state approach, the dynamic method features the substantial shortening of the analytical extraction protocol from 24 h to just 30 min, better precision, with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) <11% versus >20% R.S.D. for batchwise extraction, improved accuracy because of the absence of metal redistribution phenomena and minimization of manual operations as well as straightforward investigation of leaching rates for the suite of target elements.