Enantioselective Ag(I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides using a chiral ferrocene-based phosphine–phosphoramidite ligand having a stereogenic P-center

A series of chiral ferrocene-based phosphine–phosphoramidite ligands (PPFAPhos) have been employed in the Ag(I)-catalyzed asymmetric [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with dimethyl maleate. The results showed that the ligand with a stereogenic P-center in the phosphino moiety displayed the best diastereo- and enantioselectivities, in which up to 99% enantiomeric excesses and 99/1 endo/exo selectivities have been achieved.     

Asymmetric 1,4-addition of organoboronic acids to α,β-unsaturated ketones and 1,2-addition to aldehydes catalyzed by a palladium complex with a ferrocene-based phosphine ligand

A combination of palladium with ferrocene-based phosphine ligand with a carbon–bromine bond was found to be a good catalyst for the 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to α,β-unsaturated ketones and the 1,2-addition to aldehydes. Using Pd(dba)₂ and (S,R_p)-[1-(2-bromoferrocenyl)ethyl]diphenylphosphine (S,R_p)-1, 3-phenylcyclohexanone was obtained from the reaction of 2-cyclohexen-1-one with phenylboronic acid in the presence of K₂CO₃ in toluene at room temperature after 3 h in 92% yield with 76% ee. In the 1,2-addition of 4-methylphenylboronic acid to benzaldehyde, 96% of (4-methylphenyl)phenylmethanol was afforded after 24 h, while the enantiomeric excess was only 6%.     

Regioselective synthesis of 4- and 5-oxazole-phosphine oxides and -phosphonates from 2H-azirines and acyl chlorides

A simple and efficient regioselective synthesis of 4-oxazole-phosphine oxides 11 and -phosphonates 12 from 2H-azirine-phosphine oxides 1 and -phosphonates 6 is described. The key step for the synthesis of oxazoles 11 is a base-mediated ring closure of vinylogous α-aminophosphorus compounds derived from phosphine oxides 4 and from phosphonates 8. These derivatives 4 and 8 are obtained by reaction of functionalized azirines 1 and 6 with acyl chlorides 2 and subsequent acid-catalyzed ring opening of N-acylaziridine-phosphine oxides 3 and -phosphonates 7. Regioselective thermal ring cleavage of N-acylaziridine-phosphine oxides 3 leads α-chloro-β-(N-acylamido)-phosphine oxides 13 and their treatment with bases gives 5-oxazole-phosphine oxides 16.     

Axially chiral phosphine–oxazoline ligands in the silver(I)-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction of fluorinated aldimines with trimethylsiloxyfuran

Axially chiral phosphine–oxazoline ligand L7, prepared from (S)-binol, was found to be a fairly effective chiral ligand in the silver(I)-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reaction of fluorinated aldimines with trimethylsiloxyfuran to give the corresponding adducts in up to 99% yield, over 20:1 dr and 81% ee.     

Preparation and reactions of 3-phosphinyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes. Synthesis of phosphorylated pyridine and pyrazole derivatives

3-Phosphinyl 1-aza-1,3-butadienes 2 are obtained by aldol condensation between hydrazonoalkyl phosphine oxides and N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. Transamination reaction of these azadienes with amines yields functionalized 1-aza-1,3-butadienes 3. Cycloaddition processes of these azadienes 2a with electron-poor dienophiles to give phosphorylated pyridine derivatives 9 and 15 are also reported, while intramolecular cyclization reaction of heterodiene 2b affords phosphorylated pyrazole 17.     

Synthesis and use in palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of new planar chiral chromium complexes of 1,2-disubstituted arenes having pyridine and aryl phosphine groups

Optically active (1,2-disubstituted arene)chromium tricarbonyl complexes 4–7 having pyridine and aryl phosphorus groups were synthesized from (o-disubstituted benzaldehyde)tricarbonylchromium. These chromium complexes have been used as chiral ligands in the asymmetric allylic alkylation of rac-1,3-diphenyl-2-propenyl acetate 8 catalyzed by (η³-allyl)palladium complex. The enantioselectivity increases as the number of electron-withdrawing substituents in the aryl phosphine increases. Significant solvent effects on the enantioselectivity were observed for 4 and 7. By the judicious choice of the planar chiral ligand, high enantioselectivities (90% R, 93% S at 0°C) were observed.     

Syntheses and characterizations of methylpalladium complexes bearing a biphenyl-based bulky phosphine ligand: Weak interactions suggested by NBO and QTAIM analyses

A methylpalladium chloride complex bearing a biphenyl-based bulky phosphine ligand, ^tBu₂P(biphenyl-2-yl) (1), namely [Pd(1)(Me)Cl]₂ (=8), was synthesized by the reaction of (cod)Pd(Me)Cl with 1. A following reaction of 8 with AgOTf gave the corresponding triflate complex, Pd(1)(Me)OTf (=9). These complexes were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallographic study. In the solid state of 8, biphenyl-based phosphine ligand 1 played a role of monodentate phosphine ligand with a possible weak η¹-coordination from the phenyl ring at 2′-position of 1. On the other hand, phosphine ligand 1 in 9 showed a bidentate coordination mode consist of σ-donation of the phosphine and η²-coordination of the phenyl ring at 1′- and 2′-positions. Natural bond orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) calculations also supported the existence of these weak interactions.     

New A-ring analogs of the hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: (2′-hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuro[1,2-a]-25-hydroxyvitamin D3

Conceptually new, enantiomerically pure bicyclic tetrahydrofuro[1,2-a]-A-ring phosphine oxides (+)-4 and (−)-4 were successfully prepared from methyl 2-pyrone-3-carboxylate and (S)- or (R)-2-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl-2,3-dihydrofuran, respectively. In addition, (2′-hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuro[1,2-a]-25-hydroxyvitamin D₃3a and 3b as new A-ring-modified analogs of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ were readily synthesized by using Lythgoe-type coupling of the A-ring phosphine oxides (+)-4 and (−)-4 with C,D-ring ketone (+)-5.     

N-Aryl indole-derived C–N bond axially chiral phosphine ligands: synthesis and application in palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation

N-Aryl indole-derived C–N bond axially chiral phosphine ligands 2a–c were obtained by DDQ oxidation of N-aryl indoline-derived phosphine oxide followed by silane reduction. Resolution of C–N bond atropisomers was achieved by chiral HPLC. The investigation of the rotation barrier for the C–N bond axial stability of phosphines and the determination of the absolute configuration of 2c are described. Finally, the ability of the chiral ligand 2c was demonstrated in a palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (up to 99% ee).     

Synthesis of 2-heterosubstituted quinazolinone atropisomeric phosphine ligands by direct lithiation of a 2-unsubstituted quinazolinone system

The syntheses of 2-heterosubstituted atropisomeric quinazolinone phosphine ligands 7e–g have been achieved in good yield by the straightforward direct lithiation of the 2-unsubstituted quinazolinone ligand 7d followed by electrophilic substitutions.     

Synthesis of polymers containing tertiary phosphine oxides using complex bases

Tertiary phosphine oxides have been prepared in excellent yield from primary alkyl halides or aromatic halides and activated sodium phosphinates obtained by reaction of dialkyl phosphine oxides with complex bases (NaNH₂/tBuONa). This reaction has been successfully applied to soluble and cross-linked bromopolystyrenes and to macroporous polystyrenes with bromooctyl substituents giving polymers which contain pendant phosphine oxide groups.     

Specifics of titanium tetrafluoride complexation with Ph<Subscript>2</Subscript>P(O)(CH<Subscript>2</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript>C(O)NMe<Subscript>2</Subscript>: The remarkable stability of the seven-membered chelate heterocycle TiOPCCCO and its conformational isomerism in solution

The composition and structure of the products of the reaction of titanium tetrafluoride with Ph₂P(O)(CH₂)₂C(O)NМе₂ (L), the simplest representative of diphenyl[2-(N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl)ethyl]phosphine oxides, in a СН₂Сl₂ have been studied by ¹⁹F and ³¹P NMR. It has been shown for the first time that functionalized phosphine oxides form stable seven-membered chelate heterocycles on complexes of d° transition metals. On the basis of NMR data, previously unknown conformational isomerism of the seven-membered TiOPCCCO heterocycle in solution has been proposed. A simple and rather efficient method of synthesis of the ligand (L) from commercially available reagents has been developed.     

An efficient synthesis of chiral homophenylalanine derivatives via enantioselective hydrogenation

Chiral homophenylalanine derivatives were synthesized via enantioselective hydrogenation of 5a and 5b catalyzed by rhodium complexes bearing chiral phosphine and phosphinite legands. Enantiomeric excesses up to 96.2% were achieved when S-spiroOP(S-1) was used as a chiral ligand under 500 psi of H₂ pressure in acetone.     

Synthesis, resolution and applications of 3,3′-bis(RO)-MeO-BIPHEP derivatives

A series of optically pure 3,3′-bis(RO)-MeO-BIPHEP derivatives are prepared and used in palladium catalyzed asymmetric transformations. The phosphine oxide of (±)-5 is prepared in four steps from p-methoxyphenol and resolved using the novel resolving reagent chloro(l-menthoxy)dimethylsilane. Subsequent conversions provide catalysts 8 and 9. Ligands 6, 7 and 10 are prepared in six steps from p-methoxyphenol and the phosphine oxides of 6 and 7, and 10 are resolved using di-p-toluoyl- and dibenzoyl-l-tartaric acid, respectively. (R)-3,3′-Bispivalate 8 is superior to the other catalysts in asymmetric Heck reaction with 2,3-dihydrofuran while (R)-(+)-bis(tolyloxy) 10 and (+)-(R)-sugar derivative 9 are better in the Pd-catalyzed polyene cyclization; however, the absolute sense of chirality in the product from the polyene cyclization was reversed to that obtained when (R)-(+)-BINAP and (R)-(+)-MeO-BIPHEP were used.     

Atropo-enantioselective synthesis of an axially chiral C1-symmetric phosphine ligand and its application in the asymmetric hydrosilylation of styrenes

The axially chiral monodentate phosphine P-8 was synthesized in enantiomerically pure form, starting from the readily available, configurationally unstable lactone 1. Furthermore, its application as a ligand in the Pd-catalyzed stereoselective hydrosilylation of styrenes was investigated.     

P-chirogenic phosphines. MOP/diPAMP hybrids, their oxide crystal structures, reduction studies and alternative syntheses

The novel P-chirogenic anisylphenylMOP derivatives (R,R) and (R,S)-2-(anisylphenylphosphino)-2′-methoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl (10a and b) have been synthesized and their corresponding oxides characterised by X-ray crystallography. The results of a parallel screening regimen with various reducing agents highlight the sensitivity of the tertiary phosphine oxides to epimerisation and, interestingly, reveal that the PO, O-CH₃ and P-C₆H₅ bonds can all be cleaved selectively depending on the reducing agents employed. An alternative synthesis was provided by direct coupling of the secondary phosphine with (R)-methoxytriflate 4, which led to the isolation of the optically pure P-chirogenic phosphines via their borane adducts. A brief study of the coordination chemistry of 10a with different rhodium precursors, relevant to the catalytic asymmetric addition of boronic acids to aldehydes is also reported.     

Palladacycles incorporating a carboxylate-functionalized phosphine ligand: syntheses,characterization and their catalytic applications toward Suzuki couplings in water

A series of acetato-bridged [C^X]-type (C = aryl carbanion, X = N, P) palladacycles (1–5) of the general formula [Pd(μ-CH₃COO)(C^X)]₂ were synthesized as metal precursors via slightly modified procedures. However, in the case of complex 5 with Dpbp (Dpbp = 2′-(diphenylphosphino-κP)[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl-κC) as the supporting C^P ligand, an unexpected dinuclear complex [Pd(μ-CO₂)(Dpbp)]₂ (6) was obtained as a by-product and structurally determined by X-ray crystallography. The reactions of complexes 1–4 with 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid conveniently afforded four carboxylate-functionalized phosphine complexes [Pd(C^N)(Dpb)] (Dbp = 2-(diphenylphosphino-κP)benzoato-κO, 7–10), two of which (9/10) are newly synthesized in the present work and have been fully characterized. A comparative catalytic study revealed that complex [Pd(Ppy)(Dpb)] (7) (Ppy = 2-(2-pyridinyl-κN)phenyl-κC) is the best performer in Suzuki cross-couplings in H₂O. In addition, complex 7 exhibits much better catalytic activity compared to the non-functionalized phosphine equivalent [Pd(OAc)(PPh₃)(Ppy)] (11), which clearly indicates the superiority of incorporating a carboxylate-functionalized phosphine ligand into the palladacycles. A preliminary mechanistic study uncovered a different precatalyst initiation pathway compared to other known analogues of catalyst precursors.     

Resolution of 3-methyl-3-phospholene 1-oxides by molecular complex formation with TADDOL derivatives

The antipodes of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-3-phospholene 1-oxide 1a were separated in good yield and in high enantiomeric excess (∼99% ee) by resolution via formation of diastereomeric complexes with (4R,5R)-(−)- and (4S,5S)-(+)-4,5-bis(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-2,2-dimethyldioxolane 2 (TADDOL) or (−)-(2R,3R)-α,α,α′,α′-tetraphenyl-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-2,3-dimethanol 3. The method was also suitable for the resolution of the 1-ethoxy-3-phospholene derivative 1b, suggesting that our novel procedure may be of general value, both for the resolution of chiral phosphine oxides and phosphinates.     

Synthesis,structure and thermal rearrangement of tetramethyldisilane-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl) diiron complexes with a phosphite or phosphine ligand substitution

Photolysis of tetramethyldisilane-bridged bis(cyclopentadienyl) tetracarbonyl di-iron in the presence of phosphite or phosphine ligand afforded the corresponding Fe–Fe bond complexes with one carbonyl replaced by a phosphite or phosphine ligand: [(Me₂SiSiMe₂)Cp₂Fe₂(CO)(PR₃)(μ-CO)₂] (R=OPh, 1; OEt, 2; Ph, 3). When these complexes were heated in refluxing xylene, they become rearranged to the corresponding products [(Me₂SiCpFe)₂(CO)₃(PR₃)] (R=OPh, 4; OEt, 5; Ph, 6). It was found that, after phosphite or phosphine ligand substitution, the rearrangement became facile. The molecular structures of 1–6 were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR spectra and elemental analyses. The crystal structures of 1 and 4 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Synthesis and X-ray molecular structure of cis,cis-1,3,5-Tris(diphenylphosphino)- 1,3,5-tris(methoxycarbonyl) cyclohexane

The novel tripodal phosphine ligand cis, cis-1,3,5-tris(diphenylphosphino)-1,3,5-tris(methoxycarbonyl)cyclohexane (tdppcyme) (2) has been synthesized. ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy shows that in solution the sterically demanding diphenylphosphine groups occupy equatorial positions on the cyclohexane ring. An X-ray crystal investigation confirms this result for the solid state. Treatment of tdppcyme with Mo(η⁶-C₇H₈)(CO)₃ gives Mo(tdppcyme)(CO)₃ (3), with octahedral molybdenum coordination.