磷铋钼蓝分光光度法测定水果、蔬菜及饮料中L-抗坏血酸

Bi~(3+)与Mo(Ⅵ)和PO_4~(3-)在硫酸介质中反应生成黄色的磷铋钼杂多酸,然后被L-抗坏血酸还原为磷铋钼蓝,据此建立了分光光度法测定水果、蔬菜及饮料中L-抗坏血酸的方法。优化的试验条件如下:(1)测定波长为710nm;(2)1.95×10~(-2) mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾溶液的用量为3.0mL;(3)6.51×10~(-2) mol·L~(-1)钼酸铵溶液的用量为4.0 mL;(4)2.06×10~(-4) mol·L~(-1)硝酸铋溶液的用量为1mL;(5)硫酸的浓度为0.16mol·L~(-1);(6)反应温度为室温。L-抗坏血酸的质量浓度在4~120mg·L~(-1)内与其对应的吸光度呈线性关系,表观摩尔吸光率为3.59×10~3L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),检出限(3s/k)为0.2 mg·L~(-1)。方法用于水果、蔬菜及饮料样品的分析,加标回收率为98.0%~102%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)为1.1%~2.3%。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定尿样中氰离子的含量

尿样1.00 mL,加入1.0 g·L-1乙酸-α-萘酯溶液10μL,涡旋混合10 min后,加入0.1 mol·L-1硫酸铜溶液0.1 mL,0.3 mol·L-1萘胺溶液0.5 mL,50.0 g·L-1亚硝酸溶液1 mL和1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液0.1 mL,涡旋混合3 min。所得溶液在4℃冷藏10 min,再于50℃加热10 min。离心后,取有机相采用DB-5MS毛细管色谱柱进行气相色谱分离。质谱分析中采用选择反应监测模式。氰离子的质量浓度在0.1~10 mg·L-1范围内与其色谱峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.015 mg·L-1。按标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率在90.2%~106%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于3.5%。     

基于固绿褪色反应的分光光度法测定双酚A的含量

在硫酸介质中,Fenton反应产生的羟基自由基使固绿褪色,双酚A对羟基自由基氧化固绿的反应具有抑制作用,据此提出了测定双酚A含量的固绿褪色-分光光度法。优化的试验条件如下:1 0.005mol·L~(-1)硫酸溶液的用量为200μL;2 0.005mol·L~(-1)硫酸亚铁溶液的用量为75μL;380mg·L~(-1)固绿溶液的用量为300μL;420mmol·L~(-1)过氧化氢溶液的用量为60μL;5反应时间为10min;6反应温度为50℃。双酚A的质量浓度在1.6×10-5~2.0×10-4g·L~(-1)范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3σ)为6.3×10-6g·L~(-1)。加标回收率在94.2%~104%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在2.9%~3.2%之间。     

分光光度法快速测定食品中糖精钠含量

基于在硫酸介质中,次甲基蓝与糖精钠反应生成憎水型离子缔合物,且该缔合物可被氯仿定量萃取,提出了分光光度法测定食品中糖精钠含量。在室温下,当0.2 mol.L-1硫酸用量为2.5 mL,0.04 mol.L-1次甲级蓝溶液用量为2 mL时,糖精钠的质量浓度在15 mg.L-1范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.11 mg.L-1。用此法测定几种食品中糖精钠含量,回收率在100.1%~114.0%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于5.0%。     

加速溶剂提取-液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法测定对虾饲料中5种形态的汞北大核心CSCD

称取经粉碎的样品1.000 0g,置于加速溶剂提取池中,加入10mL的5mol·L-1盐酸溶液、1mL的5mol·L-1氯化钾溶液和2mL的10mol·L-1半胱氨酸溶液;在8.0MPa和70℃下,预加热2min,加热5 min,静态提取5min,分离,重复上述提取过程2次,合并提取液;加入0.2mL的0.5mol·L-1半胱氨酸溶液、1.5mL的6mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液,以10 000r·min-1离心5min,将上清液氮吹浓缩并用硝酸(5+95)溶液定容至1mL,过0.45μm尼龙滤膜后,采用Eclipse XDB-C18反相色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5.0μm)分离溶液中的甲基汞、乙基汞、无机汞、硫柳汞和苯基汞,流动相为50g·L-1乙腈溶液+5g·L-1乙酸铵溶液+1g·L-1半胱氨酸溶液(体积比为1∶1∶1),用原子荧光光谱仪进行测定。5种形态的汞的质量浓度在一定范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)在1.0~2.5μg·kg-1之间。加标回收率在91.0%~98.3%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.94%~2.7%之间。     

加速溶剂提取-液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法测定对虾饲料中5种形态的汞

称取经粉碎的样品1.000 0g,置于加速溶剂提取池中,加入10mL的5mol·L-1盐酸溶液、1mL的5mol·L-1氯化钾溶液和2mL的10mol·L-1半胱氨酸溶液;在8.0MPa和70℃下,预加热2min,加热5 min,静态提取5min,分离,重复上述提取过程2次,合并提取液;加入0.2mL的0.5mol·L-1半胱氨酸溶液、1.5mL的6mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液,以10 000r·min-1离心5min,将上清液氮吹浓缩并用硝酸(5+95)溶液定容至1mL,过0.45μm尼龙滤膜后,采用Eclipse XDB-C18反相色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5.0μm)分离溶液中的甲基汞、乙基汞、无机汞、硫柳汞和苯基汞,流动相为50g·L-1乙腈溶液+5g·L-1乙酸铵溶液+1g·L-1半胱氨酸溶液(体积比为1∶1∶1),用原子荧光光谱仪进行测定。5种形态的汞的质量浓度在一定范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)在1.0~2.5μg·kg-1之间。加标回收率在91.0%~98.3%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.94%~2.7%之间。     

银(Ⅲ)配合物-鲁米诺体系流动注射法测定醋酸泼尼松

在碱性环境下,银(Ⅲ)配合物可与鲁米诺产生化学发光,醋酸泼尼松对该发光体系具有显著的增敏作用,据此提出了流动注射银(Ⅲ)配合物-鲁米诺化学发光体系测定醋酸泼尼松含量的方法。优化的试验条件如下:1鲁米诺溶液中氢氧化钠的浓度为0.6mol·L-1;2鲁米诺溶液的浓度为8.0×10-7 mol·L-1;3银(Ⅲ)配合物溶液中氢氧化钠的浓度为1.7mol·L-1;4银(Ⅲ)配合物溶液的浓度为5.0×10-5 mol·L-1。醋酸泼尼松的线性范围为6.0×10-8~8.0×10-5 mol·L-1,方法的检出限(3s/k)为2.9×10-9 mol·L-1。对1.0×10-6 mol·L-1醋酸泼尼松标准溶液连续测定11次,测定值的相对标准偏差为2.9%。加标回收率在100%~105%之间。     

银(Ⅲ)配合物-鲁米诺体系流动注射法测定醋酸泼尼松北大核心CSCD

在碱性环境下,银（Ⅲ）配合物可与鲁米诺产生化学发光,醋酸泼尼松对该发光体系具有显著的增敏作用,据此提出了流动注射银（Ⅲ）配合物-鲁米诺化学发光体系测定醋酸泼尼松含量的方法。优化的试验条件如下：1鲁米诺溶液中氢氧化钠的浓度为0.6mol·L-1;2鲁米诺溶液的浓度为8.0×10-7 mol·L-1;3银（Ⅲ）配合物溶液中氢氧化钠的浓度为1.7mol·L-1;4银（Ⅲ）配合物溶液的浓度为5.0×10-5 mol·L-1。醋酸泼尼松的线性范围为6.0×10-8~8.0×10-5 mol·L-1,方法的检出限（3s/k）为2.9×10-9 mol·L-1。对1.0×10-6 mol·L-1醋酸泼尼松标准溶液连续测定11次,测定值的相对标准偏差为2.9%。加标回收率在100%~105%之间。     

酸性高锰酸钾溶液吸收-离子色谱法测定粮食中磷化物的残留量

取粮食样品(100.00g)置于磷化氢释出装置中,使其与1.0 mol·L~(-1)硫酸溶液10.0mL和水150mL,在沸水浴中反应30min,所产生的PH3气体连续吸收在分别盛有3.3g·L~(-1)高锰酸钾溶液5.0mL和1.0mol·L~(-1)硫酸溶液0.2mL混合吸收液的3只吸收瓶中,此时,磷被全部氧化至PO43-状态。合并吸收液,滴加6%(质量分数)过氧化氢溶液至开始有褐色沉淀生成,再滴加0.5mol·L~(-1)氢氧化钾溶液至生成大量黑色沉淀,从而使过量高锰酸钾沉淀分离。加水定容至50.0mL,离心后取上清液进样,按条件进行离子色谱法测定磷量。测得磷的质量浓度(以PH3)计在0.02~4.0mg·L~(-1)内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.005mg·kg-1。方法的回收率在88.0%~93.2%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在1.6%~2.3%之间。     

Hantzsch反应衍生-高效液相色谱法测定酒中微量甲醛

提出了Hantzsch反应衍生-高效液相色谱法测定酒中的微量甲醛的方法。优化的衍生反应条件如下:①反应体系pH为5.5;②反应温度为50℃;③反应时间为20min;④衍生剂乙酰丙酮(0.2+100)溶液用量为0.5mL;⑤氯化铵溶液浓度0.5mol·L-1。甲醛质量浓度在2~2 000μg·L-1范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.2μg·L-1。方法用于啤酒和白酒样品的分析,加标回收率在81.2%~102%之间。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。