人股骨密质骨横断面的微动磨损特性研究

采用配置外加体液恒温循环装置的高精密微动试验台研究了天然活性股骨密质骨/纯钛的微动磨损行为,探讨了不同位移幅值下摩擦系数随循环次数变化的规律.结果表明,在90N法向载荷下,随位移幅值增加,股骨密质骨的微动运行状态从部分滑移向完全滑移状态转变.当位移幅值较小时,接触表面变形处于弹性协调状态,损伤轻微.随着位移幅值的增加,接触表面变形逐步向弹、塑性变形以及严重塑性变形和粘着转变,微动损伤加剧.与此同时,密质骨试件微动磨痕深度随位移幅值的增加而增大,并同摩擦系数存在良好的对应关系.为了提高密质骨抵抗微动损伤的能力,有必要控制植入体/骨界面的微动幅度和降低摩擦系数.     

钛珠涂层和羟基磷灰石涂层与皮质骨界面的切向微动损伤研究

通过体外模拟切向微动行为,探究两种生物固定材料-钛珠涂层和羟基磷灰石涂层与皮质骨界面之间的微动摩擦磨损机理,建立钛珠涂层和羟基磷灰石涂层与骨组织生物固定界面的微动-松动-骨损伤的关系.结果表明,界面处于部分滑移区时,弹塑性协调作用起主导,固定界面不易产生松动,皮质骨表面损伤以剥落为主,表面损伤较小.增大微动位移幅值,界面摩擦系数增大,皮质骨的损伤增大.同时,划分出了钛珠涂层和羟基磷灰石涂层部分滑移区的工况分界线.通过对比两种材料的摩擦磨损机理,钛珠涂层与皮质骨界面固定效果较好,羟基磷灰石涂层与皮质骨界面损伤较小.结果对人工关节生物固定起到一定的参考作用.     

Measurement of Dynamic Properties of Viscoelastic Materials

An improved method to measure the dynamic viscoelastic properties of elastomers is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of forced oscillation of a cylindrical sample loaded with an inertial mass. No special equipment or instrumentation other than the ordinary vibration measurement apparatus is required. Upper and lower surfaces of the viscoelastic material sample were bonded to a load disc and a rigid base plate, respectively. The rigid base plate was subject to forced oscillations driven by a vibration exciter. Two accelerometers were attached to monitor the displacement of the base plate and the load disc. The recorded magnitude ratio and the phase difference between the load disc and the base plate vibrations represent the axial, dynamic deformation of the sample. The data are sufficient to obtain the dynamic properties of the sample, oscillation properties of vibration exciter, whereas the sensitivity of gauges having no effect on the calculation results. For accurate calculation of the properties, a two-dimensional numerical model of cylindrical sample deformation was used. Therefore, a form factor, which takes into account the sample sizes in one-dimensional models, is not required in this method. Typical measurement of the viscoelastic properties of a silicone rubber Silastic® S2 were measured over the frequency range from 10 Hz to 3 kHz under deformations (ratio of vibration magnitude to sample thickness) from 10^?4% to 5%. It was shown that the modulus of elasticity and the loss tangent fall on a single curve when the ratio of load mass to sample mass changed from 1 to 20. When the sample diameter was varied from 8 to 40 mm, the modulus of elasticity fall on the same curve, but the loss tangent curves showed some degree of scatter. Studied temperature dependence and nonlinear behavior of viscoelastic properties is found not to be associated with this effect.     

复合材料断裂力学参量的实验测定

本文采用三维云纹干涉仪同步测量含裂纹复合材料弯曲板的面内位移场及离面位移场，并对离面位移场云纹图进行计算机自动采集和处理，编制了云纹数字图像处理软件。文中推导了正交异性复合材料弯曲问题的离面位移场表达式，得到了弯曲板裂纹尖端位移w与应力场强度因子K1的关系式。通过实测位移，结合裂尖位移场推导出应力强度因子K1值。     

On the Failure and Dynamic Performance of Materials

Waves induced by impact initiate deformation mechanisms within a material that precede later flow. An impulse excites a cascade of deformation mechanisms starting with ultrafast and concluding with slower ones. In metals, brittle glasses and polycrystalline ceramics there are a combination of mechanisms with differing relaxation times that condition a loaded target. In the case of ballistic impact, once failure has occurred, long rod penetration can occur and the depth achieved within each target can be scaled with the deformation strengths recorded during the initial high pressure impulse. A review of material shock response and target preconditioning shows a correlation with the ballistic penetration of the target after loading. This indicates that the effect of an initial loading impulse upon material behaviour is a strong feature of the effects observed in many dynamic phenomena.     

Thermo-Mechanical Model and Thermal Analysis of Hollow Cylinder Planetary Roller Screw Mechanism

Planetary roller screw mechanism (PRSM) is widely used for rapid and precise motion translation from rotary into linear motion due to its high stiffness and high position accuracy. However, a high speed PRSM drive system naturally generates significant amount of frictional heat at the contact interfaces, which causes thermal deformation and thermal error and reduces motion accuracy. Preload is usually applied to remove the axial backlash of the PRSM for achieving high accuracy and great stiffness. However, more frictional heat is produced by such preload. On the other hand, larger numbers of angular contact bearings are needed to support the heavy axial load. The friction heat generated in support bearings has also to be investigated. In order to estimate the thermal distribution and thermal error of the hollow cylinder PRSM, a thermo-mechanical model based on finite element method (FEM) is developed, where heat generation from the two main sources of the PRSM, the parameters calculation of heat transfer coefficient and other thermal boundary conditions were studied. The presented model is proven capable of investigating temperature distribution, thermal error, and cooling performances of coolants of the PRSM system.     

Shrinkage Measurement in Concrete Materials using Cure Reference Method

This paper describes the details of using Cure Reference Method (CRM) to determine the shrinkage that develops in concrete materials. The technique involves the replication of diffraction grating on the concrete specimen during curing. After demolded, the specimen is stored in a chamber where a specific drying condition is maintained for 6 days. Every day in this period, the specimen is removed from the chamber and a set of the consecutive moiré fringe patterns are recorded with the help of a specially-designed stage. An automated fringe analysis program is developed to obtain the full-field displacement and strain information. Shrinkage as a function of location, time, and drying conditions is measured. A numerical method is developed in order to obtain material properties from the complex geometry used in the tests. The test in different drying condition and the ring test are performed, and their results are compared with FEA to validate the constructed model.     

Dynamic Measurement of Two Dimensional Stress Components in Birefringent Materials

We adopt classical methods of photoelasticity and Mach–Zehnder interferometry in a combined arrangement in order to determine both principal stresses and their orientations simultaneously. The method is equally applicable to static and dynamic problems. In dynamic problems the measurement may be made with a high-speed photodetector at very high temporal resolution at a single point or a small array of points depending on the detector array and recording device; this eliminates the need for a high-speed photographic system, but more importantly the method described here provides complete, time-resolved evolution of all stress components. Examples of application of the method are demonstrated.     

Dislocation Model of Polysynthetic Shear Bands in Amorphous Materials

A dislocation model for a polysynthetic shear band in an amorphous material is proposed. The stress fields near the polysynthetic shear band are calculated. The distribution of impurities in an amorphous binary Fe–B medium containing a polysynthetic shear band is determined.     

Water Vapor Adsorption in Porous Building Materials: Experimental Measurement and Theoretical Analysis

An experimental and theoretical analysis of the water vapor adsorption in several types of porous building materials is presented. For the measurement of adsorption isotherms, a DVS-Advantage water sorption device is used. The experimental data is analyzed using theoretical formulas based on the BET, BSB, BDDT, and FHH isotherms, assuming a mono as well as multi-layer water vapor adsorption. The BSB equation is found to provide a good approximation for the relative humidities below 0.6–0.7, whereas the FHH equation shows a sufficient accuracy for the relative humidities above 0.4–0.5. Based on a combination of BSB and FHH isotherms, a semi-empirical formula is proposed that allows one to obtain a very accurate approximation of experimental data for all analyzed materials and all values of the relative humidity.     

A Frictional Heat Model of Planetary Roller Screw Mechanism Considering Load Distribution

Planetary roller screw (PRS), with higher thrust, higher load capacity, and higher speed, is the best choice of the transmission component of the servo system. However, spinning sliding of rollers and support bearings can cause frictional moments and frictional heat, which is an undesirable phenomenon. Besides, frictional heat will further result in high temperature that causes deterioration of lubrication and eventually lead to destruction of the mechanism. Therefore, it is important to predict frictional moments which result in frictional heat. In order to predict the magnitude of frictional heat of PRS mechanism and study the influence of structural parameters of thread and operating conditions on frictional heat, first, a frictional moment model of bearings is built, and frictional moments models of PRS considering the elastic hysteresis of material, the spinning sliding of the rollers, the viscosity of lubricating oil and the differential sliding of thread raceways are established in this paper, respectively. Second, heat generation models of bearing and PRS are presented, respectively. Finally, relationships between frictional heat in terms of operating conditions of PRS, contact angle, and helix angle of roller thread are investigated. The achievements of this project will provide theoretical basis for the design of PRS with lower frictional moments and higher transmission efficiency.     

Measurement of the Gruneisen Coefficient of Some Anisotropic Carbon Materials

Results of measurement of the Gruneisen coefficient of two anisotropic materials (4KMS carbon-carbon composite and UPV-1 pyrolytic carbon) are presented. The values of the Gruneisen coefficient are calculated on the basis of the measured amplitude of mechanical stresses arising in the material with absorption of electron-beam energy. The results for the 4KMS composite include not only a negative value of the Gruneisen coefficient in the range of electron energy density of several tens of joules per square centimeter but also its anomalously low value as compared to other materials. Significant decay of the stress wave propagating over this material is noted. The Gruneisen coefficient of the UPV-1 sample varies depending on the sample orientation. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 171–179, November–December, 2005.     

介电材料挠曲电系数测定平台的研制

挠曲电材料在传感、驱动方面呈现出的优良特性,使其在结构健康监测领域具有极大应用前景。挠曲电系数是衡量材料挠曲电效应的重要指标,对其测定受限于微小位移、微小电量的精确测量。本文分析了测定挠曲电系数的关键环节,提出了测定挠曲电系数的实验方案,利用锁定放大器和压电微驱动器以及超景深三维显微镜构建测试平台,精确测量微电量及微位移,进而准确测定挠曲电系数。在室温下对钛酸锶钡(Ba0.75Sr0.25TiO3)试样进行了研究,初步测量了纵向挠曲电系数以及横向挠曲电系数,验证了用该平台测定挠曲电系数的可行性,为进一步开展挠曲电材料的研究和应用提供了基础实验平台。     

用简单拉伸试验测量材料热力学参数的一种尝试

本文根据变形功与熔化热能的关系,将简单拉伸实验方法推广应用到了熔化热能和变形热效应的测量上。按简单拉伸实验方法测得的熔化热能与热力学的测量结果吻合较好。该研究实现了力学实验方法与物理实验方法的互换,因此,具有重要的实际应用价值。     

激波与堆积粉尘相互作用的实验和理论研究

通过对激波与堆积粉尘相互作用的实验和理论分析，可得到堆积粉尘本构方程。基于该方程，本文对激波与堆积粉尘相互作用现象进行了数值模拟。计算所反映的流场结构与实验图像一致。     

导流缆水动力性能试验测量研究

为全面确定导流缆在不同情况下的水动力性能,本文对其进行了试验测量研究。设计了一种试验方案,以便同时测出缆在不同攻角时的三组水动力性能数据;同时为消除试验时模型缆有限细长度(展弦比)、近水面效应及水下有效长度的不利影响,进行两组不同长度的模型试验,采用长度差值方法,以得到较为准确的结果。最后,采用数据拟合方法,对试验数据进行处理,给出了无限细长度导流缆在不同攻角、雷诺数时的法向、切向阻力及侧向作用力系数的回归公式,以方便工程应用。     

用应力波方法,测定粘弹性材料的动态力学性能

本文用粘弹性材料中应力波的弥散及衰减特性的实验数据来计算材料的动态力学性能参数。用塑料杆的纵波实验,测定了材料的拉压复柔量,并探讨了用横波实验测定材料剪切复模量的方法及有关问题。由测定结果在理论分析中应用,讨论了结果的可靠性。