Phase plates for wave-aberration compensation in the human eye

We present a method for manufacturing phase plates to compensate for the wave aberration in the human eye. The wave aberration of the eye is measured in vivo by a new laser ray-tracing method and then compensated for by a phase plate placed in front of the eye. This plate is made from a gray-level single-mask photosculpture in photoresist. Two experiments were carried out, first with an artificial eye and then with a human eye: 80% compensation for the wave aberration was achieved in both cases.     

A new method to calculate corneal ablation depth based on optical individual eye model

The corneal shape, axial lengths and the wavefront aberrations of the eye were all considered to calculate the ablation depth based on the individual eye model. The optimization method for the curves surface replaced the direct calculation from only the optical path difference method (OPD). We analyzed the eye's optical system on its exit pupil and offered the optimum corneal anterior surface. And the ablation depth was the difference between the pre- and post-optimization along the optical axis of the eye. In our experiment, the maximum ablation depth decreases by 8.5% and the mean ablation depth decreases by 8.2% compared with the OPD method.     

Potential of using uric acid fluorescence in eye fluid for freshness assessment on Red Sea bream (Pagrus major)

Abstract

Fluorescence characteristics of uric acid in Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) eye fluid was explored as a potential rapid and simple assessment for fish freshness. To investigate this, eye fluid samples were collected during storage at 22?±?2?°C for standard uric acid measurements by high-performance liquid chromatography at 12?h intervals up until 36?h storage. Simultaneously, uric acid fluorescence spectroscopy measurements by fluorophotometer at 3?h intervals up until 36?h storage were made. High-performance liquid chromatography results showed the concentration of uric acid increased with storage time in the Red Sea bream eye fluid; changes similar to those observed in Japanese dace eye fluid, only differing in concentration and rate of accumulation. The fluorescence signals of uric acid in Red Sea bream eye fluid increased with storage time, which the high-performance liquid chromatography results confirmed. To further explore this, uric acid fluorescence signals were plotted against a standard fish freshness indicator “K value”, which is calculated from the concentration of adenosine triphosphate and its breakdown products using paper electrophoresis method. A good exponential relationship between these two parameters (determination coefficient of 0.94). A high linear correlation between the predicted K value from the uric acid fluorescence signals and the measured K value (determination coefficient of 0.94 and root mean square error of prediction of 6.37%) indicate uric acid fluorescence characteristics in fish eye fluid has a high potential to be employed as a new, fast and simple method to assess fish freshness.     

单摄像机下基于眼动分析的行为识别

眼动信息是识别观看视频、浏览网页等以视觉任务为主的行为的关键信息. 针对传统的可穿戴传感器普遍具有侵入性, 而现有基于视觉的眼动仪存在价格昂贵、校准过程复杂等问题, 本文尝试使用单一的标准网络摄像头获取眼动信息用于行为识别, 并评估了该方法的可行性. 提出一种针对低质量视频图像的虹膜跟踪算法以获取眼动信号, 然后分别从水平和垂直方向的眼动信号中提取出五种新的眼动特征, 并从中选择出最优特征子集, 最后采用支持向量机分类器评价了本文方法的可行性. 针对不同应用背景设计了三组验证实验: 留一交叉验证、k折交叉验证及单独校准测试, 三组实验中, 对不同参与者三种行为的平均识别正确率分别为68.4%, 79.3%及84.1%, 证明了基于视频图像的眼动分析用于行为识别是一种很有希望的传感形式, 并有望用于更为复杂的传感任务. 关键词： 物联网 行为识别 眼睛跟踪 传感     

Intraocular lens design for treating high myopia based on individual eye model

In this research, we firstly design the phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) based on individual eye model with optical design software ZEMAX. The individual PIOL is designed to correct the defocus and astigmatism, and then we compare the PIOL power calculated from the individual eye model with that from the experiential formula. Close values of PIOL power are obtained between the individual eye model and the formula, but the suggested method has more accuracy with more functions. The impact of PIOL decentration on human eye is evaluated, including rotation decentration, flat axis decentration, steep axis decentration and axial movement of PIOL, which is impossible with traditional method. To control the PIOL decentration errors, we give the limit values of PIOL decentration for the specific eye in this study.     

Simple non-invasive measurement of rapid eye vibration

A simple, non-invasive method for the measurement of eye vibrations above 30 Hz is described. The method can be used in either laboratory or natural conditions, and is based on the cancellation of an illusion of motion that occurs when two nearby light sources flickering in counterphase above the flicker fusion limit are observed during eye vibration. In these conditions, the light sources appear to oscillate in space at a frequency equal to the difference between the vibration and flicker frequencies. The frequency of eye vibration can be determined by adjusting the flicker frequency until the illusion disappears (i.e., until the difference frequency becomes zero). The same set-up can also be used to determine the amplitude of eye vibration, by adjusting the spatial separation between the two light sources until the oscillation appears to be the result of their bouncing off each other upon contact. The reliability and sensitivity of this method are illustrated with data from three observers whose eyes were vibrated with a commercial massager applied onto their neck, and using three different settings for the speed of the massager.     

基于眼动仪评价配镜舒适程度的实验研究

寻找基于眼动仪记录的眼动数据评价配镜镜片舒适度的方法。受试者佩戴眼动仪进行实验,记录眼动参数变化,并进行舒适度主观评价。比较不同眼动参数与舒适度评价结果的相关性,并用二次多项式函数、指数函数、傅里叶逼近等拟合镜片舒适度评价,根据拟合效果选择合适的配镜舒适度评价模型。实验结果表明二次多项式拟合得到的模型效果最佳,可以较好的判定配镜的舒适程度,平均精确度可达到90.95%,实现配镜舒适度的快速、准确评价,为医生或配镜师评价患者试戴舒适度提供一种新的参考方法。     

头盔显示器视差自动测量中眼位点的自动对准

自动测量头盔显示器的视差时，用CCD相机取代人眼的主观读取，由于机器视觉不如人眼灵活，CCD相机在人眼观察点才能确保移动时采集的图像是完整的，从而保证全视场的视差测量。该文提出采用模式搜索法在头盔显示器光学平面内实现CCD相机自动对准人眼观察点(眼位点)，从而实现头盔显示器全视场视差的自动测量。对该自动测量系统的测量原理，以及CCD相机自动对准眼位点的实现过程进行了详细论述与说明，对测量精度与效率，对准精度与重复定位精度进行了实验分析。实验结果表明，该方法能够快速、准确、自动地对准眼位点，定位精度为±0.071°，与摆头法测量视差系统进行对比实验，全视场视差测量效率高，重复精度高。     

不同周期数牛眼结构对基于伪表面等离子激发的太赫兹透射的影响

为研究不同周期数的牛眼结构对太赫兹透射的影响,本文利用微机械加工方法,在铝板上分别制作5个圆环凹槽和15个圆环凹槽两种牛眼结构,并利用时域太赫兹波谱系统,对比了这两种不同周期数的牛眼结构的太赫兹时域信号和频域信号.实验结果显示,0.1~2.7THz宽频太赫兹参考信号可以被两种不同周期数的牛眼结构滤成窄带信号,中心峰值均在约0.53THz处,在该值处,5个圆环凹槽的透射率约为55.7%,15个圆环凹槽的透射率约为68.3%,1THz以上高频信号都被基本滤除,小周期数样品与大周期数样品太赫兹透射谱信号带宽与幅值的差别主要是由于周期性展开不足及边缘泄漏所引起.本文利用伪表面等离子理论解释了滤波效果,并通过有限元方法模拟仿真了宽频太赫兹信号通过不同周期数的牛眼结构后的样品信号,模拟结果与实验结果符合得较好,证实了不同周期数的牛眼结构对太赫兹电磁波的增透效应是不同的.     

Fresnel-based analysis of Kasprzak's crystalline model: statistical results and individual predictions

We present a new modelization technique of the human eye based on the calculation of light distributions inside the eye. The method is applied to the study of the crystalline model proposed by Kasprzak and Popiolek. We obtain corneal surface data and axial lengths for two groups of real eyes. With these data, we construct a diffractive model of a human eye, which permits calculation of propagated light distributions at any distance inside the eye. The real crystalline lens is substituted by Kasprzak's model, thus obtaining a realistic model eye. From calculated patterns, we obtain the Strehl ratio and the modulation transfer functions of 44 eyes, divided in two groups according to the age. We compare our results with those in the bibliography. Finally, we check the performance of the method through individual comparison of the calculated image positions with respect to the retina with the refractive data for the each subject. We have observed good agreement between our method and results from other authors. We also find reasonable correlation between calculated refraction and subjective exams.     

Characterization of compositional particles in eye shadow powder by scanning electron microscope and X-ray mapping

We developed an analysis method to evaluate the size and shape of particles of eye shadow cosmetics by applying the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with the energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Backscattered electron (BE) and X-ray mapping images from the SEM-EDS measurements were interpreted to identify the size and shape of powder particles according to different factors such as 9 size and 5 shape indices established in this work. By using the developed method, we could classify the inorganic and organic particles of the eye shadow powder by composition, which can contribute to improving the product quality.     

基于个体眼光学结构的波前眼镜设计

提出一种在个体眼光学结构基础上根据波前数据设计波前眼镜的新方法。建立了个性化的眼光学结构,并将眼球和镜片视为统一的镜一眼光学系统,用光学设计的优化方法给出镜片的结构数据,并分析了±7°视场和眼球旋转±20°时,该镜一眼系统的成像情况。与波前拟合的方法相比,该方法设计的波前眼镜离焦差为（-0．057±0．015）m^-1,像散差为（0．015±0．013）m^-1散光轴位差为（0．100±0．316）°。镜一眼系统的矫正视力均大于1．25,其中8只被试眼的视力可达1．5以上。10只被试眼在转动±20°情形下的0°视场成像相比于直视的情况均略有下降,而7°视场的成像质量相比于直视的情况下降则更为明显。由该方法给出的验光结果客观可信,可用于对佩戴波前眼镜后人眼的视觉质量的预先评估。     

激光辐照光学镜头猫眼效应反射率测试

 为了验证普通光学镜头猫眼效应的存在性和应用可行性,利用532 nm激光辐照调焦范围为12～72 mm的普通摄像镜头,测试了猫眼效应绝对反射率及其与镜头焦距、F数、入射角等参数的关系。采用双光路同时测量法,解决了猫眼效应反射光与入射光相互干扰不易测试的问题。结果表明,该镜头的猫眼效应绝对反射率最高可达35.87 ％,并且与焦距正比,与F数和入射角成反比;近场时的几何发散角与焦距和F数成反比。     

不同周期数牛眼结构对基于伪表面等离子激发的太赫兹透射的影响

为研究不同周期数的牛眼结构对太赫兹透射的影响,本文利用微机械加工方法,在铝板上分别制作5个圆环凹槽和15个圆环凹槽两种牛眼结构,并利用时域太赫兹波谱系统,对比了这两种不同周期数的牛眼结构的太赫兹时域信号和频域信号.实验结果显示,0.1～2.7THz宽频太赫兹参考信号可以被两种不同周期数的牛眼结构滤成窄带信号,中心峰值均在约0.53THz处,在该值处,5个圆环凹槽的透射率约为55.7%,15个圆环凹槽的透射率约为68.3%,1THz以上高频信号都被基本滤除,小周期数样品与大周期数样品太赫兹透射谱信号带宽与幅值的差别主要是由于周期性展开不足及边缘泄漏所引起.本文利用伪表面等离子理论解释了滤波效果,并通过有限元方法模拟仿真了宽频太赫兹信号通过不同周期数的牛眼结构后的样品信号,模拟结果与实验结果符合得较好,证实了不同周期数的牛眼结构对太赫兹电磁波的增透效应是不同的.     

猫眼激光谐振腔横模选择特性研究

将猫眼逆向器作为激光谐振腔的一个腔镜组成猫眼谐振腔。介绍了猫眼逆向器的结构,阐述了猫眼逆向器中凸透镜和凹面镜的间距改变时猫眼曲率半径的相应变化,并通过有效地控制该间距来选择激光横模,从而保证基横模输出。在激光谐振腔衍射积分方程的基础上,运用牛顿柯特斯数学方法,对不同参量下的猫眼激光谐振腔的横模状况进行分析,得出了各阶横模对应的特征值和功率损耗,计算出保证基横模输出的参量,并与实验对比,得到了一致的结论,为激光器的横模选择和控制提供了一种简便易行的新方法。     

Optimizing T2-weighted magnetic resonance sequences for surface coil microimaging of the eye with regard to lid, eyeball and head moving artifacts

PURPOSE: To acquire high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images, we developed a new blinking artifact reduced pulse (BARP) sequence with a surface coil specialized for microscopic imaging (47 mm in diameter). MATERIALS AND METHODS: To reduce eye movement, we ascertained that the subjects' eyes were kept open and fixated to the target in the 1.5-T MR gantry. To reduce motion artifacts from blinking, we inserted rest periods for blinking (1.5 s within every 5 s) during MR scanning (T2-weighted fast spin echo; repetition time, 5 s; echo time, 100 ms; echo train, 11; matrix, 256 x 128; field of view, 5 cm; 1-mm thickness x 30 slices). Three scans (100 s x 3) were performed for each normal subject, and they were added together after automatic adjustment for location to reduce quality loss caused by head motion. RESULTS: T2-weighted MR images were acquired with a high resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio. Motion artifacts were reduced with BARP, as compared with those with random blinking. Intraocular structures such as the iris and ciliary muscles were clearly visualized. Because the whole eye can be covered with a 1-mm thickness by this method, three-dimensional maps can easily be generated from the obtained images. CONCLUSION: The application of BARP with a surface coil of the human eye might become a useful and widely adopted procedure for MR microimaging.     

Sampling strong tracking nonlinear unscented Kalman filter and its application in eye tracking

The unscented Kalman filter is a developed well-known method for nonlinear motion estimation and tracking. However, the standard unscented Kalman filter has the inherent drawbacks, such as numerical instability and much more time spent on calculation in practical applications. In this paper, we present a novel sampling strong tracking nonlinear unscented Kalman filter, aiming to overcome the difficulty in nonlinear eye tracking. In the above proposed filter, the simplified unscented transform sampling strategy with n+2 sigma points leads to the computational efficiency, and suboptimal fading factor of strong tracking filtering is introduced to improve robustness and accuracy of eye tracking. Compared with the related unscented Kalman filter for eye tracking, the proposed filter has potential advantages in robustness, convergence speed, and tracking accuracy. The final experimental results show the validity of our method for eye tracking under realistic conditions.     

Human eye localization using the modified Hough transform

The precise localization of parts of a human face such as mouth, nose or eyes is important for their image understanding and recognition. The developed successful computer method of eyes and eyelids localization using the modified Hough transform is presented in this paper. The efficiency of this method was tested on two publicly available face images databases and one private face images database with the location correctness better than 96% for a single eye or eyelid and 92% for eye and eyelid couples.     

人眼光焦度客观式测量的图像采集处理研究

描述了人眼光焦度的测量原理。设计了一套光焦度测量采集处理系统。该系统是以一束红外脉冲光射入眼底 ,由CCD接受反射的眼底图像 ,将CCD图像进行数字化处理并存入SRAM。CPU采用重心法计算图像环中心坐标 ,以扫描法计算图像环的长、短轴 ,最后计算出人眼的光焦度值。研究结果表明 ,光焦度测量采集处理系统工作可靠、实用 ,能准确地测量人眼光焦度值     

High-resolution retinal images obtained by deconvolution from wave-front sensing

A new concept for high-resolution ophthalmoscopy is presented. The method is an alternative to the use of adaptive optics. It is based in deconvolving a retinal image from simultaneously acquired multiple ocular wave-front aberration and aberration-distorted fundus images. A computer simulation of the procedure using actual ocular wave-front aberration data that shows the validity of the method is first presented. Experimental results obtained from an artificial eye serve both to probe the method in a situation similar to the real eye and to introduce the required preprocessing of the retinal images. Finally, results from a real human retina are presented, and the potential of the technique is discussed.