On the comparison of two different solutions in the form of series of the governing equation of an unsteady flow of a second grade fluid

In this paper, two different solutions in the form of series of the governing equation of unsteady flow of a second grade fluid are considered. These are series expansions with respect to inverse power of time and a perturbation expansion. Two illustrative examples are given. One of them is the unsteady flow of a second grade fluid over a plane wall suddenly set in motion and the other is the diffusion of a line vortex in a fluid of second grade. It is a remarkable fact that the expression of the series expansion with respect to inverse power of time is exactly in the same form as that of the perturbation expansion. Thus, it is possible to replace a series expansion with respect to inverse power of time with a perturbation expansion.     

Dynamics of strings made of phase-transforming materials

This paper presents a theory to describe the dynamical behavior of a string made of a phase-transforming material like a shape-memory alloy. The study of phase boundaries, the driving force acting on them and the kinetic relation governing their propagation is of central concern. The paper proposes a qualitative experimental test of the notion of a kinetic relation, as well as a simple experimental method for measuring it quantitatively. It presents a numerical method for studying general initial and boundary value problems in strings, and concludes by exploring the use of phase transforming strings to generate motion at very small scales.     

两自由度振动系统的斜碰撞分析

研究斜碰撞振动系统动力学的一个关键问题是对系统在碰撞前后的状态进行合理描述和正确计算．针对两弹性体斜碰撞问题，基于瞬间碰撞假设，提出了采用步进冲量来分析和求解斜碰撞前后的状态关系；并以弹簧摆和振子组成的两自由度斜碰撞振动系统为例，具体介绍了该算法如何实现．用解析方法讨论了该系统在斜碰撞过程中可能出现的各种力学现象，将冲量步进算法得到的数值解与解析结果进行对比，取得了完全一致的结果．该数值方法能适应多种斜碰撞问题的计算．     

电动桥式起重机负载升降过程的系统动力学模拟

从系统的角度考虑电动桥式起重机起升机构工作过程中的动力学模拟问题。首先,由系统的拉格朗日函数、约束条件和电机的磁共能定义修正的拉格朗日函数;随后,应用Hamilton原理和三相感应电机瞬态模型得出起升机构工作过程中电动桥式起重机系统的运动方程。为验证模型的效果,本文还进行了转子串电阻速度控制系统控制下的32t电动桥式起重机吊运额定负载下降过程的数值模拟,分析了高速浮动轴扭转刚度以及制动过程中转子电阻的配置方案对系统动力响应的影响。模拟结果表明,制动过程中起升机构高速浮动轴所受载荷远大于起动过程中所受载荷,制动开始时在电机转子电路中增加一级较大的外串电阻有利于减小下降制动阶段系统中的动载。     

Simulation of hydroforming of steel tube made of metastable stainless steel

The Olson–Cohen model for strain-induced deformation, further developed by Stringfellow and others, has been calibrated together with a flow stress model for the plastic deformation of metastable stainless steel. Special validation tests for checking one of the limitations of the model have also been carried out. The model has been implemented into a commercial finite element code using a staggered approach for integrating the stress–strain relations with the microstructure model. Results from a thermo-mechanical coupled simulation of hydroforming of a tube have been compared with corresponding experiments. The agreement between experimental results of radial expansion and martensite fraction and the corresponding computed results is good.     

Application of the Density-Functional Method for Numerical Simulation of Flows of Multispecies Multiphase Mixtures

Numerical examples of application of the density functional used to describe isothermal flows of two-phase two-species mixtures are given. The following flows are calculated in a two-dimensional formulation: impact of a drop on a liquid layer, breakdown of a drop in the velocity field of the Couette flow, formation of the wetting angle of a drop on a solid surface, and development of the Rayleigh–Taylor and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at the gas–liquid interface.     

Exact Solutions of the Problem of Unsteady Flow of a Viscoplastic Medium in a Circular Pipe

Two one-parameter series of real solutions describing the process of deceleration and acceleration of a viscoplastic medium under the action of a time-varying pressure gradient are obtained. The problem of axisymmetric unsteady viscoplastic flow is reduced to the solution of the Stefan boundary-value problem for the heat conduction equation with a nonlinear condition on the boundary of the quasi-rigid core. By a self-similar change of variables the problem can be reduced to a second-order ordinary differential equation. The solutions of this equation are represented in terms of Bessel and elementary functions. As a result, two one-parameter series of solutions, the first of which describes the acceleration and the second the deceleration of a viscoplastic medium in a pipe under the action of a time-varying pressure gradient are obtained.     

Identification of regions of fastest mixing in a system of point vortices

This paper describes a numerical method for efficiently identifying the regions of fastest mixing of a passive dye in a flow due to a system of point vortices. Results obtained from computations are presented for systems of three and four point vortices, both in the unbounded domain and inside a circular cylinder. The flow is two‐dimensional and the fluid is incompressible. The regions where mixing is possible are found by studying the largest Lagrangian Lyapunov exponent distribution with respect to various initial positions of tracer particles. The regions of fastest mixing are then identified from the Lyapunov exponent distribution at small times. The results of the method are verified by quantifying the mixing by using a traditional box counting technique. The technique is then applied to several different initial configurations of vortices and some interesting results are obtained. Some numerical findings about the nature of the exponents computed are also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.     

Stability of a steady-state discontinuity of a fluid layer on the surface of an immiscible fluid

A new stable structure of the three-phase system formed by a gas, a horizontal liquid layer with a free upper surface and an underlying immiscible liquid substrate is investigated experimentally and theoretically. When the upper layer has a greater surface tension than the lower layer and its thickness is fairly small, a local deformation of its surface can lead to the development of a steady-state concentric discontinuity within whose limits the lower layer os in contact with the gas. The conditions of stability of such a phase system with a steady-state discontinuity are studied and the dependences of the discontinuity parameters on the vessel diameter, the upper layer thickness, and the liquid surface tensions are obtained for various pairs of liquids. The formulation of the analytic problem of the layer discontinuity is discussed. The experimental data are compared with the results of calculations carried out for a model of a discontinuity in an infinite layer.     

On equations of motion of a nonlinear hydroelastic structure

Formal derivation of equations of a nonlinear hydroelastic structure, which is a volume of an ideal incompressible fluid covered by a shell, is proposed. The study is based on two assumptions. The first assumption implies that the energy stored in the shell is completely determined by the mean curvature and by the elementary area. In a three-dimensional case, the energy stored in the shell is chosen in the form of the Willmore functional. In a two-dimensional case, a more generic form of the functional can be considered. The second assumption implies that the equations of motionhave a Hamiltonian structure and can be obtained from the Lagrangian variational principle. In a two-dimensional case, a condition for the hydroelastic structure is derived, which relates the external pressure and the curvature of the elastic shell. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 174–191, July–August, 2008.     

Equations of heterophase equilibrium of a biomembrane

Summary Phase transitions in a shell are considered within the frame example work of a biomembrane of a general shape divided into parts containing different phases. The configuration of a boundary separating these phases is determined by the condition of minimum of the total membrane free energy with respect to its position. Equations of equilibrium for both the membrane phases and the phase boundary are deduced. They allow to describe the heterophase state of the biomembrane. Received 11 December 1997; accepted for publication 31 July 1998     

Viscosity of concentrated suspensions of spheres

Difficulties associated with the viscosity measurement of concentrated suspensions of particulate solids in a liquid solvent can effectively be overcome with the falling needle technique reported here. The comparison of the settling (terminal) velocity of a given needle in a Newtonian solvent, with its terminal velocity in a suspension, yields the suspension viscosity ratio directly. The van den Brule and Jongschaap constitutive model describes our high concentration data best. Falling sphere data (diameter of sphere/diameter of suspended particle 10) agree well with the falling needle data over the whole range (up to 40%) of solids concentrations used in our tests.In the opaque suspensions used, the passage of sedimenting needles and spheres was initially observed radiographically. Later tests used a more convenient technique using an inductance coil particle detector driven by a Colpitts oscillator.     

Reproduction of solutions of bidimensional ideal plasticity

The symmetries of a system of differential equations allowed the transformation of its solutions to a solution of this system. New analytical exact solutions of a system of two-dimensional ideal plasticity equations were constructed from two well-known solutions, that for a circular cavity stressed by normal pressure, and Prandtl's solution for a block compressed between perfectly rough plates, for the case where the thickness of the block was rather small. A mechanical sense of new solutions was discussed.     

Dynamic fragmentation of ceramics, signature of defects and scaling of fragment sizes

Defects play a critical role in the dynamic fragmentation process of structural ceramics. Cracks initiate at seemingly random locations, propagate and coalesce to form fragments. The process is accompanied by stress release waves, whose influence is difficult to account for without numerical analysis. In this paper, we use a finite-element program with a cohesive fracture capability, to relate a defect distribution contained in a material with the resulting number of fragments. We show how the distribution tail, e.g. the number of large defects, and the rate at which cracks can be initiated at these sites have a critical influence on the generation of stress release waves and thus on the fragmentation process. Our numerical calculations yield a new factor, which we label communication factor, that we use to normalize the average fragment size and to define a new scaling function of material properties, defect statistics and loading rate.     

Deformation of melts of mixtures of incompatible polymers in a uniform shear field and the process of their fibrillation

Fibril formation in mixtures of incompatible polymers, in this case polyethylene and polystyrene, has been studied with their melt being deformed in a uniform shear field. It has been found that when polyethylene is present in a smaller amount, it may form very long fibrils 5 to 8 μm in diameter in the deformed mixture. The formation of such fibrils is determined by the relationship between the viscosity ratio of the mixture components and shear stress. Also, just as in the case of a nonuniform shear field in a flow through a duct, fibril formation in melts of mixtures of incompatible polymers in a uniform shear field takes place upon reaching a certain shear stress. The lower the ratio between the viscosities of the fibril-forming polymer and the other component, the lower this shear stress.     

Heteroclinic Connection of Periodic Solutions of Delay Differential Equations

For a certain class of delay equations with piecewise constant nonlinearities we prove the existence of a rapidly oscillating stable periodic solution and a rapidly oscillating unstable periodic solution. Introducing an appropriate Poincaré map, the dynamics of the system may essentially be reduced to a two dimensional map, the periodic solutions being represented by a stable and a hyperbolic fixed point. We show that the two dimensional map admits a one dimensional invariant manifold containing the two fixed points. It follows that the delay equations under consideration admit a one parameter family of rapidly oscillating heteroclinic solutions connecting the rapidly oscillating unstable periodic solution with the rapidly oscillating stable periodic solution.      

Properties of the attractor of a scalar parabolic PDE

We consider a general scalar one-dimensional semilinear parabolic partial differential equation generating a semiflow with an attractor in an adequate state space. Generalizing known results, it is shown that this attractor is the graph of a function over a compact subset of a finite-dimensional subspace of the state space. In addition, we construct an example with a special interest for the geometric or bifurcation theory of this type of parabolic equations.     

Function of region

The purpose of this paper is to extend points function and interval functions theoretics to an arbitrary region. For this, the new theory, the contraction of a region, and the retraction of a region; the extension of a region, and the kernel-preserving extension of a region are established by the author. Starting from these concepts, the new definitions of a region function is given. And a kernel (i.e. fixed point) of a region function is connected with a stable centre of defining region of such a region function. Thereby, the region theoretics and algorithms are established.In applications, to find a stable centre of a region, the author has utilized the measure theoretics of matrice defined by Hartfiel⁽⁷⁾ and other authors. The measure problems of coefficient matrice of system of equations of linear algebra associated with some region are discussed.     

Spherical inflation of a class of compressible elastic bodies

Using a special model that belongs to a new class of elastic bodies wherein the Cauchy-Green stretch is given in terms of the Cauchy stress and its invariants, within the context of the spherical inflation of a spherical annulus, we show that interesting phenomena like the development of “stress boundary layers” manifest themselves. We consider two cases of boundary value problems, one in which there is a cavity in a sphere and the other in which there is a rigid spherical inclusion in a sphere. We show that in the case of a rigid inclusion, it is possible for a pronounced “stress boundary” layer to develop, in that the values of the stresses within this boundary layer that is adjacent to a spherical inclusion are much larger than external to it. We also show that in the case of both the cavity and a rigid inclusion, the stress concentration is an order of magnitude higher than the increase in the deformation gradient, that is, the stress and the stretch do not scale in a similar manner. While the stress adjacent to a rigid inclusion can be 2500 times the applied radial stress, the maximum stretch, which occurs at the rigid inclusion is about 10. While the variation in the stresses are linear in thin walled annular regions, we find that in thick walled annular regions, the variation of the stresses is non-linear.