Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂上CO氧化反应的研究

以浸渍法与沉积沉淀法制备了不同Co负载量的Co／γ-Al2O3催化剂，研究了对CO的催化氧化行为,考察了Co含量，焙烧温度，反应温度等对催化剂氧化性能的影响，结果表明，沉积沉淀法制备400℃焙烧的负载量为10％的Co／γ-Al2O3在90℃就能够实现CO完全氧化，且热稳定性比浸渍法制得催化剂好．本文还采用XRD、TPR、XPS等技术，分别研究了Co／γ-Al2O3样品的晶相结构，还原性能及表面化学状态.XRD结果表明，以硝酸盐为前驱物的Co负载于γ-Al2O3后，Co主要以Co3O4结构存在，反应的活性相Co3O4的生成有利于CO催化氧化，且以不同制备方法得到的样品中Co3O4晶粒大小不同，催化活性也不同．TPR结果表明，以沉积沉淀法制备催化剂的还原峰向低温移动，CoOx的还原更加容易．XPS表面分析表明沉淀法制备的Co／γ-Al2O3样品中，Co3O4在载体表面富集．     

γ-Al2O3表面Co物种状态对苯催化燃烧性能的影响研究

采用浸渍法在γ-Al2O3载体上制备了不同形态的Co物种,并利用苯的催化燃烧反应考察了各不同物种对苯催化燃烧活性差别.研究结果表明:Co在γ-Al2O3载体表面的分散形态表现出显著的阈值效应.当担载量处于在分散阈值以下时,Co以氧化物形式单层分散于载体表面;当担载量大于分散阈值时,Co团聚为团簇或者多层结晶体形式存在于γ-Al2O3表面.分散阈值效应直接影响着催化剂的催化燃烧活性.焙烧温度对Co在γ-Al2O3表面的存在状态也起着决定性作用.高温焙烧主要导致CoAl2O4尖晶石相生成,而低温焙烧有利于Co3O4物相生成.对于苯催化燃烧反应而言,Co3O4表现出比CoAl2O4高的多的催化活性.     

氧化镍与载体相互作用对乙烷氧化脱氢的影响

研究了担载型催化剂NiO／γ－Al2O3的乙烷氧化脱氧（ODHE）性能,发现在400－500℃的考察温区内,担载型NiO较纯NiO的乙烯选择性有较大提高,保持在80％～90％之间,其中含17％Ni的样品500℃时乙烷的转化率为31％,乙烯选择性达82％．XRD、H2-TPR及原位磁测量结果表明：催化剂的活性相是与载体相互作用较小的、处于表层的微晶态NiO,NiO中非化学计量氧仍为活性氧物种．催化剂焙烧温度的提高,一方面降低了活性相中非化学计量氧量,同时加剧了NiO与载体γ－Al2O3的相互作用,二者均使活性降低．O2－TPD研究表明：与纯NiO相比,在Nio／γ－Al2O3中,其非化学计量氧的脱附温度发生变化,其中,α氧脱附温度向低温移动约50℃,而对乙烯选择性有关的β氧的脱出则向高温区移动了约200℃,正好与反应温区对应,进一步证实非化学计量氧与ODHE反应之间存在对应关系,上述结果表明那些对氧化镍还原有一定的阻碍作用,尤其阻碍镍深度还原（Ni2 →Nio）的载体对促进反应的乙烯选择性是有利的．     

噻吩加氢脱硫和四氢萘催化加氢反应中的载体和助剂的影响

 为了更好地认识加氢脱硫和催化加氢反应中的载体影响和助剂效应，在同样的催化剂制备方法及反应条件下，研究了噻吩加氢脱硫（HDS）和四氢萘催化加氢（HYD）反应．结果表明，对于无助剂的Mo和W催化剂，载体对催化活性的影响顺序为TiO2－Al2O3＞ZrO2＞Al2O3．助剂的添加改变了催化剂活性顺序．Ni助剂催化剂的活性明显高于Co助剂催化剂．ZrO2担载的添加Ni的Mo和W催化剂分别获得了最佳的HDS和HYD活性．然而，添加Pt的Mo和W催化剂其HDS和HYD活性仅是Pt与Mo（W）二者的加和，Pt与Mo（W）之间没有协同效应．先将担载的Mo和W预硫化再将助剂引入体系的催化剂制备方法可以避免Ni和Co过早硫化形成类硫化镍（或硫化钴）物相，与采用螯合物分子方法制备的催化剂间有一定的相似性．     

钴基催化剂上乙烷氧化脱氢的催化作用

比较了氧化钴、氧化镍分别对乙烯、乙烷氧化的催化性能,结果发现：乙烯在氧化钴较氧化镍上更易进一步深度氧化生成CO2．通过对新制担载型Co-基催化剂随反应温度反复升、降温的乙烷氧化脱氢(ODHE)性能研究,展现了氧化钴活性相与SiO2载体相互作用对催化性能的影响．Weiss原位磁研究结果表明：SiO2担载的氧化钴催化剂较难还原,即使在反应气中氧被完全耗完时,钴仍停留在Co^2 的价态上．通过对数十个担载和未担载、不同载体、不同担载量的Co-基催化剂的ODHE性能考察表明：在Co-基催化剂上ODHE反应机理一般遵从Hetero-homogeneous机理．     

Zn_(2-x)GeO_(4-x-3y)N_(2y)催化剂的制备、表征及可见光催化性能

通过氮化Zn2GeO4制备了Zn2-xGeO4-x-3yN2y催化剂,其带边吸收由400nm的紫外光区扩展到600nm的可见光区。光催化产氧性能的结果表明,氮化温度为800℃时,制备的催化剂具有最大活性。不同助催化剂对产氧活性的影响研究表明,担载助催化剂能大大提高产氧活性,其中担载Co2O3的产氧活性可达未担载的3.8倍。     

CuO/CeO2-Al2O3催化剂中CuO高温迁移和固相反应的研究

采用原位XRD、激光Raman光谱和TPR技术研究了不同温度焙烧的CuO／CeO2-Al2O3催化剂中CuO物种的存在形式及其高温固相反应。结果表明，300℃焙烧催化剂CuO以晶相和非晶相形式存在于CeO2-Al2O3的表层。600℃焙烧催化剂，表层CuO部分迁移到CeO2内层，并与载体Al2O3反应生成CuAl2O4。800℃焙烧催化剂，除了极少景CuO以晶相和非晶相形式存在于CeO2-Al2O3的表层外，大部分CuO迁移到CeO2内层，与载体反应生成CuAl2O4的量明显增加。900℃焙烧催化剂。所有的Cu物种都以CuAl2O4形式存在。表明高温焙烧有利于CuO向CeO2内层迁移及内层CuO与载体Al2O3反应生成CuAl2O4。     

硫化CoMo催化剂上H2同时还原NO和SO2的研究Ⅰ.H2还原NO反应

 研究了Al2O3担载的硫化CoMo催化剂上NO被H2还原的规律，并考察了不同Mo含量的CoMo／Al2O3催化剂、单一的Mo／Al2O3和Co／Al2O3催化剂，以及原料气中H2／NO比对反应活性和选择性的影响．结果表明，硫化的5．1％Co－15．2％Mo／Al2O3催化剂具有最高的催化活性和选择性，在200℃以下时反应产物为N2O，在350℃以上时则完全转化为N2．进一步增加Mo含量引起在350～450℃间N2选择性轻微下降．提高原料气中的H2含量可明显提高反应活性和N2选择性，但当n（H2）／n（NO）＞3后反应性能不再变化．催化剂具有较高的稳定性，反应产物中始终未观察到有H2S或SO2产生，即反应未引起催化剂中的晶格S流失．这说明H2的存在抑制了NO对硫化物表面的氧化所导致的催化剂失活．     

空气或氮氧化物气氛下Ag/LaCoO3上的碳黑燃烧性能

碳黑颗粒是柴油机尾气固体污染物的主要成分,是大气污染中的主要颗粒状污染物.消除碳黑颗粒物的有效方式之一是在尾气排放前安装柴油机颗粒物过滤器.然而,尾气排放温度远远低于碳黑燃烧温度,在过滤器上使用碳黑氧化催化剂能够明显降低碳黑的燃烧温度,防止过滤器堵塞.钙钛矿类催化剂由于具有良好的储氧能力,高活性的晶相氧有利于碳黑燃烧过程中气相氧和晶相氧的转换,具有较高的活性和结构稳定性,从而受到广泛关注.本课题组曾先后对LaKNiMnOx和LaMO3(M=Fe,Co,Cu)等钙钛矿体系的碳黑燃烧性能进行了系统研究,其中La-CoO3及掺杂的LaCoO3基钙钛矿在碳黑催化燃烧中表现了较高的催化活性.然而担载型钙钛矿催化剂在该领域的应用很少有报道.银基催化剂由于具有较高的低温氧活化能力在碳黑燃烧反应中具有较高的催化活性,Kiyoshi Yamazaki等发现在银表面吸附的氧物种能够迁移到银与载体的界面,并可以进一步迁移到碳黑表面氧化碳黑,但是载体的选择对催化活性有较大影响,具有较高储氧能力和氧离子传输能力的CeO2和ZrO2载体上负载银催化剂的碳黑燃烧性能明显高于以Al2O3为载体的催化剂.为了进一步提高LaCoO3基钙钛矿的碳黑氧化性能,本文结合LaCoO3基钙钛矿和银基催化剂的特点,以LaCoO3为载体制备了负载型银催化剂,考察了Ag/LaCoO3催化剂结构和催化性能随焙烧温度的变化,并对银物种分布及催化作用进行了讨论.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和碳黑程序升温还原(soot-TPR)等表征手段研究了银物种分布及影响催化剂结构和催化活性的原因.XRD测试结果表明,经过800℃焙烧的LaCoO3催化剂具有钙钛矿结构,并有少量Co3O4,银担载在LaCoO3催化剂上,经400 ℃焙烧后XRD测试检测到Ag的特征峰,说明银物种主要为单质银而不是以氧化物形式存在.随着焙烧温度的升高(400-700℃),Ag的衍射峰减弱,同时Co3O4的衍射峰消失,说明在热处理过程中银物种发生了迁移,从表面逐渐迁移进入钙钛矿结构,进而影响Co物种的分布.继续升高焙烧温度(750-800℃),由于高温烧结,部分银物种从钙钛矿结构中析出,钴物种也发生重新分布,Co3O4的衍射峰出现.XPS结果表明银物种主要为Ag0,钴物种主要为低价钴离子,Ag/LaCoO3催化剂具有较高的吸附氧浓度.Soot-TPR结果表明,表面单质银的存在有利于活化气相氧,Ag物种进入钙钛矿的晶胞增加了氧缺陷有助于气相氧和晶相氧的转移,Ag/LaCoO3催化剂能够在低温下完全氧化碳黑.低温焙烧的Ag/LaCoO3表面形成的大量吸附氧物种是其高活性的原因.在空气气氛和NOx气氛下考察了该系列催化剂上碳黑的催化燃烧性能,发现银的担载使LaCoO3钙钛矿催化活性显著提高,在空气气氛下碳黑燃烧最大速率对应温度(Tp)降低了50-70℃,碳黑燃烧性能与催化剂的低温还原性相关.在NOx气氛下,银在低温下的高活化氧能力使碳黑燃烧温度进一步降低,其中在Ag/LaCoO3-400催化剂上碳黑的燃烧温度降低了140℃.以Ag/LaCoO3-700催化剂为例,考察了在NOx气氛下碳黑燃烧性能的稳定性,发现该催化经历3次循环实验后没有明显的失活且其结构稳定.     

载体表面修饰对Cu-Co-Fe/Al2O3合成醇催化剂性质的影响

 采用不同pH值的HNO3或KOH水溶液对Al2O3载体表面进行修饰,研究了修饰后Cu－Co－Fe1．2／Al2O3合成醇催化剂的物相结构、表面性质和还原行为的变化规律．发现载体的表面修饰不仅能影响活性组分的物相结构和分散度,而且能改变活性组分与载体间的相互作用程度和催化剂的孔径分布．在低pH值溶液中修饰的载体上,Co组分容易分散,而在高pH值溶液中修饰的载体上,Cu组分容易分散．随着修饰液pH值的增大,Cu－Co－Fe1．2／Al2O3催化剂的还原温度先降低,经过最低点后升高,而催化剂的平均孔径呈减小趋势．     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

结合实际发展电化学科学─—武汉大学电化学研究室工作简介

结合实际发展电化学科学─—武汉大学电化学研究室工作简介查全性,陆君涛（武汉大学化学系电化学研究室,武汉４３００７２）在物理化学的众多分支学科中,电化学长期保持良好的发展势头。除了电化学所研究的体系（溶液、电极／溶液界面等）具有广泛的基础意义外,促使电...