Application of time-resolved spectroscopy to concentration measurements in gas mixtures

Concentration measurements using femtosecond Raman Induced Polarization Spectroscopy (RIPS) are performed in binary gas mixtures CO₂–N₂ and CO₂–N₂O at room temperature. The principle of these measurements is based on the nonlinear rotational time response of each molecular component of the mixture. The general form of this molecular response is a series of periodic transients with a period related to the rotational constant B_e. The relative strength of the individual responses allows an accurate determination of the concentration. Two techniques are presented using either two pulses (one pump and one probe) or three pulses (two pumps and one probe).     

MHz重复频率脉冲功率技术

采用串联单传输线、并联Blumlein脉冲形成线和高重复频率固体开关等技术路线开展了MHz重复频率脉冲功率技术研究。利用串联单传输线获得了幅度约200 kV,时间间隔约500 ns的双脉冲。利用并联使用的Blumlein系统和特殊设计的汇流/隔离网络获得了幅度约275 kV,时间间隔约500 ns的三脉冲。利用并联MOSFET和感应叠加原理研制了6 kV/2.5 MHz固体调制器。结果表明:3种方式均可以猝发MHz的方式输出高品质的高压脉冲串,可根据实际的需求选择合适技术路线。     

20 kV/20 kHz/100 A高压脉冲源设计

设计了一种基于功率金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET)为开关的高压脉冲电源。采用自匹配传输线结构线路形式,串联多个以光纤信号隔离触发的MOSFET作为高耐压开关,在传输线的外皮产生2个纳秒脉冲,再用传输线变压器对2个纳秒脉冲进行功率合成,在200 Ω负载上输出了幅度20 kV,重复频率20 kHz,脉冲宽度约40 ns的脉冲。分析脉冲源装置结构,对实验装置建立仿真模型,阐述了输出波形畸变的原因,给出了影响输出脉冲波形特性的因素,为下一步优化波形工作提供了理论参考。     

超高偏振模色散光纤中光脉冲传输行为的研究

利用耦合非线性薛定谔方程分析了光脉冲在超高偏振模色散光纤中传输时，偏振模色散引起脉冲分裂。并用基模的两正交偏振分量耦合走离解释了脉冲分裂的成因。利用偏振模色散为237．95ps／km^1/2的光纤进行了实验验证。     

Single-shot line scan imaging using stimulated echoes

A new high-speed MRI method is described for single-shot line scan imaging (LSI) based on stimulated echoes (STE). To allow for multislice imaging, the technique comprises a series of slice-selective preparation pulses (each corresponding to the first RF pulse of a STE sequence), a slab-selective refocusing pulse (second RF pulse), and multiple line-selective read pulses (third RF pulses). An alternative version employs packages of two slice-selective pulses followed by multiple line-selective read pulses. Experimental applications deal with human brain imaging on a clinical MRI system at 2.0 T. The technique offers user-selectable trade-offs between volume coverage (1-15 sections) and in-plane spatial resolution (1-5 mm linear pixel dimension) within total acquisition times of less than 500 ms. Although LSI yields a lower signal-to-noise ratio than Fourier imaging, single-shot LSI with STEs is free from resonance offset effects (e.g., magnetic field inhomogeneities and susceptibility differences) that are typical for echo-planar imaging. Moreover, the technique exhibits considerable robustness against motion and provides access to arbitrary fields-of-view, i.e., localized imaging of inner volumes without aliasing artifacts due to phase wrapping.     

Theory of a ‘time telescope’

An analysis of an optical system for the magnification of ultrashort light pulses is presented. It consists of a series of time dispersive elements and acts as a pair of lenses (telescope) in time. Such a device would permit a direct measurement of the intensity profiles and durations of picosecond and femtosecond pulses instead of using autocorrelation estimations.     

Measuring the off-axis angle and the rotational movements of phonating sperm whales using a single hydrophone

The common use of the bent-horn model of the sperm whale sound generator describes sperm whale clicks as the pulse series {p0, p1, p2, p3,...}. Clicks, however, deviate from this standard when recorded using off-axis hydrophones. The existence of additional pulses within the {p0, p1, p2, p3, ...} series can be explained still using the bent-horn model. Multiple reflections on the whale's frontal and distal sacs of the p0 pulse lead to additional sets of pulses detectable using a farfield, off-axis hydrophone. The travel times of some of these additional pulses depend on the whale's orientation. The authors propose a method to estimate the off-axis angle of sperm whale clicks. They also propose a method to determine the nature of the movement (if it is pitch, yaw, or roll) of phonating sperm whales. The application of both methods requires the measurement of the travel time differences between pulses composing a sperm whale click. They lead, using a simple apparatus consisting of a single hydrophone at an unknown depth, to new measurements of the underwater movements of sperm whales. Using these methods shows that sperm whales would methodically scan seawater while searching for prey, by making periodic pitch and yaw movements in sync with their acoustic activity.     

四级串联共用腔体MA级FLTD的设计与仿真

目前MA级快脉冲直线变压器驱动源(FLTD)模块一般引入2~4路快前沿(约20 ns)高幅值(100 kV)电脉冲触发,百TW级数十MA的FLTD驱动源含有数千个模块,其触发系统非常庞大,并且要求触发脉冲按照精确时序到达各级串联模块,以便实现与次级行波同步的感应电压高效叠加,触发系统成为大型FLTD驱动源的瓶颈之一。在之前提出的一种利用一路外触发脉冲实现数十模块串联FLTD与次级行波同步的感应电压高效叠加触发方式基础上,设计了4级串联共用腔体的MA级FLTD模块组,每级共24支路,其中1个用作触发支路,主放电支路由2只100 nF双端引出电极电容器和1只GW级气体开关组成;建立了16级串联、次级为水线的单路FLTD电路模型,数值仿真研究了支路开关自放电、触发支路开关闭合时序与分散性,以及次级传输线阻抗对驱动源的影响。     

α-parameter dependence of chirped pulse from injection-moudated semiconductor lasers

It is found from a series of numerical simulations that a simple relation, ΔtΔf_c=0.4α, holds between an amount of down-chirp (Δf_c) and a pulsewidth (Δt) for pulses from an injection-modulated semiconductor laser having a known α-Parametef value. This relation is useful for estimating the amount of chirp existing in pulses. The validity of the relation is examined by a direct observation of chirped pulses using a combination of a streak camera and a spectrometer.     

Design and application of robust rf pulses for toroid cavity NMR spectroscopy

We present robust radio frequency (rf) pulses that tolerate a factor of six inhomogeneity in the B? field, significantly enhancing the potential of toroid cavity resonators for NMR spectroscopic applications. Both point-to-point (PP) and unitary rotation (UR) pulses were optimized for excitation, inversion, and refocusing using the gradient ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE) algorithm based on optimal control theory. In addition, the optimized parameterization (OP) algorithm applied to the adiabatic BIR-4 UR pulse scheme enabled ultra-short (50 μs) pulses with acceptable performance compared to standard implementations. OP also discovered a new class of non-adiabatic pulse shapes with improved performance within the BIR-4 framework. However, none of the OP-BIR4 pulses are competitive with the more generally optimized UR pulses. The advantages of the new pulses are demonstrated in simulations and experiments. In particular, the DQF COSY result presented here represents the first implementation of 2D NMR spectroscopy using a toroid probe.     

定点脉冲线性预测编码方法研究*

在多脉冲线性预测编码的基础上,本文提出了位置无关脉冲搜索算法。该算法不需要搜索脉冲位置,而是根据给定的脉冲位置一次性解出脉冲幅度矢量。这就保证了得到的脉冲组合在最小二乘意义下是最优的,为改进合成语音质量提供了理论基础。进而在激励脉冲与位置无关的理论基础上,提出了定点脉冲线性预测编码方法。对所提出的算法在MATLAB下进行了仿真,仿真结果发现位置无关脉冲搜索算法得到的合成语音质量优于序贯法,编码时间也要比序贯法短。定点脉冲线性预测编码方法可以在2.7 kbps的编码速率下获得与G.729相近的合成语音。     

半导体断路开关输出脉冲宽度的参数影响规律

采用Silvaco TCAD软件,对P+-P-N-N+SOS结构输出脉冲宽度的参数影响规律进行了一维数值模拟研究,包括N+区扩散深度、有效横截面积、外电路参数等。模拟结果表明:随着N+区扩散深度、有效横截面积的增加和外电路电阻的增大,输出脉冲的宽度减小。通过参数优化,获得了脉宽约为4 ns的输出脉冲。     

核爆与雷电电磁脉冲识别

用经验模态分解和分形分析相结合的方法对核爆和雷电电磁脉冲信号进行了识别研究。计算了核爆和雷电电磁脉冲原始信号的盒维数,以及原始信号经验模态分解后前4阶固有模态分量（IMF）的盒维数。用最近邻法对核爆和雷电进行了识别,实验结果表明:原始信号经验模态分解后一阶、二阶IMF盒维数的识别率要略高于三阶、四阶IMF盒维数的识别率;原始信号盒维数的识别率高于经验模态分解后各阶IMF盒维数的识别率;二维和三维特征的识别率要高于一维特征的识别率,另外二维和三维特征的识别率更加趋于稳定,并且三维特征的识别率都在90%以上。     

Description of pulse propagation in a dispersive medium by use of a pulse quality factor

We investigated how the duration of short laser pulses evolves in a dispersive material, using rms widths and a propagation law based on a pulse quality factor. Experiments were carried out with femtosecond pulses (10 to 25fs at the temporal waist) propagating in bulk fused silica. Excellent agreement was found between theory and experiment. This approach does not require complete characterization of laser pulses and eliminates the need for any assumption regarding the interpretation of autocorrelation traces. The method is of general validity, and it can be applied to pulses of arbitrary shape.     

Microsecond time-scale dynamics from relaxation in the rotating frame: experiments using spin lock with alternating phase

A spin lock comprised of radiofrequency pulses with alternating phase, (x) (-x)(x) (-x) , is proposed as a new technique to probe microsecond time-scale dynamics. A series of R1rho measurements using different pulse duration tp allows one to determine exchange rate, kex, the product p(a)p(b)(Delta omega(ab))2 involving populations of the exchanging species, p(a) and p(b), together with chemical shift difference, (Delta omega(ab)), and the strength of the spin-lock field, B1. The interpretation is based on simple analytical expression for R1rho derived on the basis of Redfield theory. The application of the method is demonstrated for partially deuterated molecule of cyclohexane undergoing chair-to-chair interconversion at -9 degrees C.     

Improved selective 180° radiofrequency pulses for magnetization inversion and phase reversal

Many efforts have been made to find a good selective 180° rf pulse, which include using amplitude and phase modulations, applying optimization techniques, and employing double-pulse techniques. While adequate selective magnetization inversion pulses have been designed, problems remain in the design of selective phase reversal pulses. In this paper we describe a novel approach which achieves large nutation angle selective rf pulses by using a series of small nutation angle pulse twins with alternated gradients (SNAPTAG). The design scheme takes into account the special properties of the rotation matrix appropriate for describing an rf pulse in the presence of a static field gradient. These pulses are suitable not only for selective magnetization inversion but also for selective phase reversal.     

A time-compensated spectral filter for transform-limited tunable picosecond pulse generation from spectro-temporal-selection dye lasers

Diffraction and transform-limited picosecond tunable pulses are generated from Spectro-temporal-Selection (STS) dye lasers by using a new extra-cavity filter. This filter is based on a grazing-incident grating and arranged in the configuration of a folded dispersive delay line. Thus, it provides both high spectral selectivity and controllable temporal compensation for elimination of pulse broadening. Direct production of diffraction- and transform-limited picosecond dye laser (10 µJ, 50 ps) pulses spectrally adjustable between 398 and 702 nm is demonstrated in a compact device, with 8 ns pump pulses from a nanosecond nitrogen laser.     

A study on photomultiplier afterpulses in TL/OSL readers

In this work we present results of investigations of afterpulses in the photomultiplier tube (PMT) EMI 9235QA built into the Daybreak TL/OSL reader. The amplitudes of pulses and the time intervals between subsequent pulses were recorded using an ultra-fast data acquisition board and a laboratory made multichannel time/amplitude analyzer. We have recorded afterpulses following background (i.e. dark) pulses, pulses induced by single light photons and by high energy photonic radiation from a number of radioactive sources (²⁴¹Am, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁶⁰Co, ⁹⁰Sr/⁹⁰Y) with different X/γ energy ranges. The measurements were performed at varying PMT temperatures. Distributions of time intervals between pulses show that there are several kinds of afterpulses, accompanying primary pulses caused by ionizing radiation, that follow with delays between 10⁻⁸–10⁻⁴ s. In comparison to pulses induced by a single photoelectron, the amplitude of afterpulses varies over a wide range from less than a single photoelectron to around 10 photoelectrons. In the investigated PMT for single light photon pulses we detected 7.5% of afterpulses and for background pulses up to 31% of afterpulses. Random series of afterpulses following primary pulses change the statistical distribution of the number of pulses recorded using a photomultiplier. If the number of primary pulses follows a Poisson distribution, then total counts number has another distribution with its variance greater than the mean, clearly showing an over-dispersion.     

Electromagnetically induced transparency‐based slow and stored light in warm atoms

This paper reviews recent efforts to realize a high‐efficiency memory for optical pulses using slow and stored light based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in ensembles of warm atoms in vapor cells. After a brief summary of basic continuous‐wave and dynamic EIT properties, studies using weak classical signal pulses in optically dense coherent media are discussed, including optimization strategies for stored light efficiency and pulse‐shape control, and modification of EIT and slow/stored light spectral properties due to atomic motion. Quantum memory demonstrations using both single photons and pulses of squeezed light are then reviewed. Finally a brief comparison with other approaches is presented.     

Spin-echo MRS in humans at high field: LASER localisation using FOCI pulses

Significant improvements in spin-echo MRS are possible when voxel localisation is performed using high bandwidth frequency offset corrected inversion (FOCI) pulses as opposed to more conventional lower bandwidth pulses. The reduced chemical shift displacement errors result in a spectrum that more accurately reflects the actual metabolite distribution within any region of interest that is selected graphically on a series of scout images, and can lead to improved metabolite detection in the case of homonuclear J-coupled spins. At 4.7T, FOCI pulses with a 20 kHz bandwidth result in extremely sharp and uniform selection profiles, and negligible contamination from outside of the voxel of interest, for all signals in the 1H spectral range that is normally studied. A 'FOCI' adiabatic half-passage is observed to provide good excitation over the 1H spectral range. Single shot performance with echo-time (TE)48 ms is reported using a four-port drive birdcage head coil. GAMMA simulations show that, for many detectable metabolites at 4.7 T, LASER localisation using FOCI pulses with TE=48 ms results in 1H anti-phase spectral components that are the same order as would be obtained from a symmetric PRESS sequence with TE=32 ms. Timing schemes are proposed to enable good measurement of lactate with very little signal loss arising from chemical shift displacement errors at TE=144 and 288 ms.