Trends and perspectives of the technological and commercial development of fluorine chemicals

The present state as well as trends in research, technological development, production, application and markets of fluorine chemicals are described.Developments in some key sectors are discussed with technological and economic considerations.     

Effect of dehydration on photoinduced transformation in gelatin films made with 14-fluoro bacteriorhodopsin derivatives

Photoinduced transformation in gelatin films made with 14-fluoro bacteriorhodopsin derivatives, both wild-type (WT) and D96N mutant, were studied. Spectral and kinetic peculiarities for these two types of samples were compared over a wide range of relative humidity (9–92%). Analysis of the results considered two existing photoinduced processes that occur in suspensions and films of corresponding pigments. It was demonstrated that there is a range of humidity in which the performance of fluorine WT bacteriorhodopsin gelatin films may offer a technological advantage compared with fluorine D96N bacteriorhodopsin.     

茜素红与壳聚糖的相互作用机理研究

应用光谱法研究在pH=5.0的反应体系中壳聚糖（CTS）与茜素红（AR）的结合 反应，考察了反应体系中AR/CTS摩尔比、NaCl浓度及CTS的脱乙酰度对茜素红与壳 聚糖相互作用的影响，通过实验测得CTS对AR的最大结合数N_E=4.78×10~3，理论 模型预测最大结合数N_c=4.73×10~3，实验值与理论值一致，并对壳聚糖与茜素红 的相互作用机理提出了合理的解释。     

Power-efficient Mode of the Electrolytic Fluorine Production Process Control

Generalized functionality of the fluorine production manufacturing efficiency developed for determination of optimum values of temperature and hydrogen fluoride concentration according to the method of multiparametric optimization allowed calculating the optimum process performance and develop the optimum fluorine production process control by maintaining electrolytic solution temperature and hydrogen fluoride concentration in the electrolyte depending on the value of the current load in the electrolyzer.     

Physicochemical interaction in the system Si-Al-Ti-Ca-Mg-Fe-Na-K-O with the consideration of the formation of solid solutions

Based of a physicochemical model of basalt melting processes with the consideration of the solid solution formation, a method for determining the mineral compositions of gabbro-basalt rocks was proposed, which helps estimate the technological properties of melts for mineral fiber production and stone casting.     

Immobilization of Tyrosinase on Chitosan — An Optimal Approach to Enhance the Productivity of L‐DOPA from L‐Tyrosine

Tyrosinase was immobilized on Chitosan (CTS) beads to produce 3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine (L ‐DOPA) from L ‐tyrosine. Epichlorohydrin (ECH), ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE), and glutaraldehyde (GLU) were used as coupling agents, respectively. Ultraviolet/visible measurements on CTS films showed that the reaction intermediate (L ‐dopaquinone) attacked the amino groups on CTS, so the amine residues on chitosan were capped by acetic acid anhydride (Ac) or formaldehyde (Fm) to avoid the deactivation of the immobilized tyrosinase. The pH and temperature of the maximal rate to produce L‐DOPA were investigated. GLU (coupling agent) and Ac (capping agent) were selected for practical utility. A 7.5% (w/v) concentration of GLU was found to attain maximal activity of the immobilized enzyme. The thermal stability of tyrosinase immobilized on CTS‐GLU‐Ac, and after treatment with sodium borohydride, was enhanced to a great extent. The L ‐DOPA converting efficiency in the environmental conditions of this study decreased from 45.1% to 39.9% (between 1^st and 30^th batch). This immobilized tyrosinase can be used practically in the production of L‐DOPA from L‐tyrosine.     

Incandescent lamps with a fluorine cycle and filaments of tungsten or carbon

Tungsten-bromine or iodine lamps are now approaching the maximum performance that can be expected from commercially available tungsten wire and within the accuracy of present filament making equipment. To date, the development of a defect-healing tungsten-fluorine cycle holds the greatest promise for the immediate future, and with the innovation of a fluorine and fluoride resistant coating to protect the lamp envelope, the protection of the cooler regions of the filament, the prevention of the disproportionation blackening of lower tungsten fluorides and the control of the quantity of free fluorine throughout the life of the lamp, the principal technological problems seems to be solved.Although alternative materials with a higher melting point than that of tungsten are available, as yet, none satisfies the additional essential criteria for a filament material, especially of low vapour pressure. This means that under the same operating conditions, the bulb wall of a tungsten filament lamp does not blacken nearly as quickly as that of a carbon-filament lamp. Nethertheless, the carbon-filament lamp does have its virtues. Much more information is now available about the various kinds of carbon. Also there is the question of possible shortage of materials; there is some risk of this with tungsten, but not with carbon. Therefore we used the chemical transport reactions between elementary carbon and carbon fluorine species to retransport the carbon evaporated from the filament.These processes are discussed and compared with the tungsten fluorine cycle in an incandescent lamp.     

Modeling the Transport of Nanoparticle-Filled Binary Fluids through Micropores

Understanding the transport of multicomponent fluids through porous medium is of great importance for a number of technological applications, ranging from ink jet printing and the production of textiles to enhanced oil recovery. The process of capillary filling is relatively well understood for a single-component fluid; much less attention, however, has been devoted to investigating capillary filling processes that involve multiphase fluids, and especially nanoparticle-filled fluids. Here, we examine the behavior of binary fluids containing nanoparticles that are driven by capillary forces to fill well-defined pores or microchannels. To carry out these studies, we use a hybrid computational approach that combines the lattice Boltzmann model for binary fluids with a Brownian dynamics model for the nanoparticles. This hybrid approach allows us to capture the interactions among the fluids, nanoparticles, and pore walls. We show that the nanoparticles can dynamically alter the interfacial tension between the two fluids and the contact angle at the pore walls; this, in turn, strongly affects the dynamics of the capillary filling. We demonstrate that by tailoring the wetting properties of the nanoparticles, one can effectively control the filling velocities. Our findings provide fundamental insights into the dynamics of this complex multicomponent system, as well as potential guidelines for a number of technological processes that involve capillary filling with nanoparticles in porous media.     

Mesoporous chitosan‐immobilized iron tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin as a model of cytochrome P‐450 enzyme for oxidation of ethylbenzene

Mesoporous chitosan‐grafted iron tetra (4‐carboxyphenyl) porphyrin catalyst (Fe TCPP/mesp‐CTS) was prepared and investigated as a practical model for the nano‐cavity and coordinate regulation‐catalysis(CRC) function in cytochrome P‐450 enzyme. Fe TCPP/mesp‐CTS was characterized by X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TG), Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy(UV‐Vis), Ultraviolet–visible– Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐DRS), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The catalytic activity of Fe TCPP/mesp‐CTS for ethylbenzene oxidation was investigated and it was proved to be a better catalyst than Fe TCPP/macp‐CTS based on the ethylbenzene conversion, turnover numbers(TON), and the reusability. These results are attributed to the mesocavity and CRC of amino group in Fe TCPP/mesp‐CTS. The highest ethylbenzene conversion and yields of ketone and alcohol were 24.4% and 18.2%, respectively.     

Spectroscopic Investigation of the Interactions of Cryptotanshinone and Icariin with Two Serum Albumins

The interactions of two drugs, cryptotanshinone (CTS) and icariin, with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) have been investigated using multiple spectroscopic techniques under imitated physiological conditions. CTS and icariin can quench the fluorescence intensity of BSA/HSA by a static quenching mechanism with complex formation. The binding constants of CTS–BSA, CTS–HSA, icariin–BSA and icariin–HSA complexes were observed to be 1.67 × 10⁴, 4.04 × 10⁴, 4.52 × 10⁵ and 4.20 × 10⁵ L·mol^?1, respectively at 298.15 K. The displacement experiments suggested icariin/CTS are primarily bound to tryptophan residues of the proteins within site I and site II. The thermodynamic parameters calculated on the basis of the temperature dependence of the binding constants revealed that the binding of CTS–BSA/HSA mainly depends on van der Waals interaction and hydrogen bonds, and yet the binding of icariin–HSA/BSA strongly relies on the hydrophobic interactions. The binding distances between BSA/HSA and CTS/icariin were evaluated by the Föster non-radiative energy transfer theory. The results of synchronous fluorescence, 3D fluorescence, FT-IR and CD spectra indicates that the conformations of proteins were altered with the addition of CTS or icariin. In addition, the effects of some common ions on the binding constants of CTS/icariin to proteins are also discussed.     

有限长椅型(5,5)碳纳米管吸附氟和氢的理论研究

使用半经验PM3方法, 对(5, 5)椅型单壁碳纳米管的H和F吸附做一系列计算, 模型采用含120C, 130C, 140C的两端开口的(5, 5)管, 吸附原子从2到30个。计算结果表明F与H有类似的吸附规律, 但是, 在各种吸附构型的稳定性上, F吸附比H吸附的差别较为显著。H, F的吸附排列在50 %覆盖度下更倾向于沿管轴的锯齿状连续排列, 而非垂直于管轴的环状排列, 这些吸附排列结构与各纳米管骨架模型前线轨道拓扑图存在对应关系。     

重质馏分油加氢处理催化剂用Y型分子筛-钛硅氧化物复合载体研究

采用溶胶－凝胶结合CO₂超临界干燥的方法制备了钛硅复合氧化物（CTS）载体基质材料。以不同方法将Y型分子筛与CTS混合制得Y/CTS复合载体,以Ni、W为活性金属组分,采用等体积溶液浸渍法制备了加氢处理催化剂。考察了Y型分子筛与CTS的复合方式及加入量对催化剂加氢精制性能的影响,进而研究了P改性对Y/CTS结构及酸性的影响。结果表明,Y型分子筛的加入提高了CTS复合氧化物的酸性和比表面积,适当的分子筛加入量没有破坏CTS原有的结构。当Y型分子筛的加入量大于20%,Y/CTS的总酸量高于CTS,尤其是B酸量提高幅度较大, B酸强度也明显增加;Y/CTS载体中加入P以后,载体的总酸量增加,L酸的比例提高。以胜利焦化蜡油为原料,对催化剂的加氢反应性能评价结果表明,Y型分子筛的加入以及P对Y/CTS的改性,能够在一定程度上提高催化剂的加氢脱硫和加氢脱氮活性。     

Does the thermal motion of macromolecules really influence the fluorine-atomic concentration of plasma-fluorinated polyolefin surfaces?

The relative fluorine-atomic concentrations and the abundance of CF_x functionalities from CF₄- and C₆F₆-RF-plasma treated polypropylene (PP) film surfaces were evaluated. Survey and high resolution (HR) ESCA data indicate that intense surface fluorination can be carried out, from both fluorine precursors, under relatively low power and treatment time conditions. However, it was found that the stability (under open laboratory conditions and under various solvent and temperature environments) of plasma implanted fluorine based groups significantly depend on the nature of plasma gases involved. Simulation of plasma induced molecular fragmentation, at different electron energy MS conditions, indicates the presence of a much higher fluorine atom concentration from a CF₄-plasma in comparison to a C₆F₆-plasma. It is suggested that fluorine atom mediated fragmentation of macromolecular backbones is probably responsible for the erosion of plasma fluorinated surfaces, rather than thermal motion induced burying processes.     

Cationic surface modification of nanocrystalline cellulose as reinforcements for preparation of the chitosan-based nanocomposite films

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is a promising nanofiller for reinforcing chitosan (CTS) film. The flocculation of the NCC suspension in acidic CTS solution is the key problem that makes many properties such as the tensile strength bad. A derivative of nanocellulose, namely cationic dialdehyde cellulose (CDAC), is synthesized in the current study to avoid the flocculation. A CDAC suspension is prepared in a successive oxidation-reductive amination process of NCC. The oxidation of NCC led to smaller rod-like nanocrystals with a reduced crystallinity. The suspension with 1.0% CDAC is well mixed with 1.0% CTS solution. Besides, the tensile strength and anti-swelling properties of CDAC-filled CTS nanocomposite films are improved because of the uniform distribution of CDAC in the CTS matrix plus the intermolecular chemical cross-linking between CDAC and CTS. The tensile strength of CTS-based nanocomposite film with 12% CDAC is about 58.4% higher than that of the pure CTS film.     

A new strategy to iteratively update scalable universal quantitative models for the testing of azithromycin by near infrared spectroscopy

The training set of a universal near infrared (NIR) model for quantitative analysis of a drug should cover as many samples of this drug in the market as possible. Inevitably the model may fail for new products that have different excipients and production processes. In such circumstances the model should be updated. We here propose a new strategy to iteratively update a universal NIR quantitative model for azithromycin. We prove that universal quantitative models generated from this new strategy are comparably effective for azithromycin injection powders and azithromycin tablets, compared to the strategy using hierarchical clustering method which we reported previously. Furthermore, we establish the correlation coefficient r between a new sample and the training set samples can be used to decide whether or not the model should be updated.     

Transition‐Metal‐Mediated and ‐Catalyzed C−F Bond Activation by Fluorine Elimination

The activation of carbon–fluorine (C?F) bonds is an important topic in synthetic organic chemistry. Metal‐mediated and ‐catalyzed elimination of β‐ or α‐fluorine proceeds under milder conditions than oxidative addition to C?F bonds. The β‐ or α‐fluorine elimination is initiated from organometallic intermediates having fluorine substituents on carbon atoms β or α to metal centers, respectively. Transformations through these elimination processes (C?F bond cleavage), which are typically preceded by carbon–carbon (or carbon–heteroatom) bond formation, have been increasingly developed in the past five years as C?F bond activation methods. In this Minireview, we summarize the applications of transition‐metal‐mediated and ‐catalyzed fluorine elimination to synthetic organic chemistry from a historical perspective with early studies and from a systematic perspective with recent studies.     

磷对NiW/CTS脱残渣油加氢处理催化剂性能的调控作用

以原位生长法制得的Y分子筛/TiO₂-SiO₂ 氧化物（CTS）为载体,以Ni、W为活性金属组分,采用载体表面浸渍磷（P）和在金属组分浸渍液中加入磷（P）的共浸渍方法制备P改性NiW/CTS催化剂,研究了不同P改性方法对催化剂理化性质及加氢性能的影响。实验结果表明,P改性使NiW/CTS催化剂总酸量下降,但表面浸渍P改性使催化剂L酸中心数量下降,而共浸渍P改性使催化剂L酸中心数量增加;P的引入削弱载体与金属间的相互作用,提高金属组分在载体表面的分散性,其中共浸渍P改性法更有利于促使高加氢活性前躯体的形成。因此,共浸渍P改性的催化剂对脱残渣油具有更好的加氢脱硫、脱氮和芳烃饱和性能。     

Layer‐by‐layer assembly of {chitosan/Pd}n multilayer film based on in‐situ photochemical reduction with excellent electrocatalytic properties

Chitosan/palladium {CTS/Pd}_n composite multilayer film was assembled based on layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly technique and in‐situ photo‐chemical reduction reaction, in which the CTS plays the role of a photo‐reduction agent and an assembly reagent. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that spherical Pd nanoparticles with diameter of 20 nm are well‐dispersed in the composite multilayer films, and the size of Pd nanoparticles increased gradually with the extension of illumination time. Besides, the {CTS/Pd}_n composite multilayer film exhibits linear, uniform and regular layer‐by‐layer growth. Furthermore, the {CTS/Pd}_n composite multilayer film presents an excellent catalytic properties for oxygen reduction, and it has potential application in energy, chemical synthesis and biological processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation of the water-soluble chitosan-coated oxidized regenerated cellulose gauze

A water-soluble chitosan-coated oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) gauze was prepared by the oxidation of a viscose gauze with NO₂/CCl₄ and subsequent treatment with a solution of chitosan in aqueous acetic acid and finally neutralization with NaOH/C₂H₅OH solution. A series of C6 ORC samples with different –COOH content were prepared and coated by chitosans (CTS) with different molecular weight (Mw) of 2,000, 50,000, 100,000 (denoted as CTS1, CTS2, CTS3). FT-IR and TG suggested the formation of the amide bond between the carboxyl group of ORC and the amino group of CTS. Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis of ORC gauze treated with CTS (CTS-ORC) showed that the percentage of chitosan with the lowest Mw of 2,000 introduced on ORC surface was highest and increased with oxidation time, while chitosans with medium and high Mw showed that the maximum percentage of chitosan introduced on ORC surface occurred at the oxidation time of 8 h. The neutralized chitosan-coated ORC gauze could still maintain its original morphological form and was water-soluble, and could form a transparent gel quickly for 5 s in water. The prepared water-soluble gauze could be anticipated to possess the improved hemostatic and antibacterial properties.     

锌试剂与壳聚糖的结合反应机理的研究

为从分子水平认识多糖分子与小分子之间相互作用的机理,应用光谱法研究了壳聚糖(CTS)与锌试剂(ZCN)的相互作用机理;测得ZCN-CTS复合物吸收光谱出现新的吸收峰所需的临界ZCN/CTS摩尔比为2.67×103, CTS对ZCN的最大结合数为6.93×103,实验值与理论值相吻合,证明了多糖与生物探针相互作用理论模型的可靠性;探讨了ZCN与CTS相互作用产生变色反应的机理,认为其是在ZCN与CTS大分子间发生静电相互作用的基础上,主要由ZCN与CTS大分子间的疏水相互作用所引起.