L'hydrogene pour le transport sur route : réalisations et développements

Hydrogen for road transportation : achievements and developments. At the beginning of this millenium, hydrogen appears as a potential energy carrier for the future. Thus, it could serve as a storage medium for renewable energy forms, which should play an increasing part in the world energy supply. In a closer future, hydrogen could also become a fuel for prospective fuel-cell and internal-combustion vehicles. We present here an inventory of the various technologies related to the use of hydrogen in road transportation : propulsion type (fuel cell and electric motor, or internal combustion engine), hydrogen production, on-board storage, infrastructure. Safety, standardization and regulation aspects will also be addressed. Presently, the majority of hydrogen buses are equipped with polymer membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), directly supplied with hydrogen from pressurized vessels (300 bars). On the other hand, car manufacturers are developing various types of experimental vehicles : internal-combustion engine cars with liquid hydrogen storage, fuel cell (PEMFC) cars with storage of hydrogen (liquid, gaseous, hydride) or of methanol. The type of required infrastructured will depend on the type of fuel chosen by the car makers and on the requirements of the oil companies. Several hydrogen supply stations, of different technologies, have already been set up. They deliver gaseous or liquid hydrogen produced by reforming of natural gas or by electrolysis. The building of a hydrogen-based fueling system requires the development of specific means of production, transportation, storage and delivery. Public acceptance will have to be won by guaranteeing safety, reliability, performance and competitivity. Presently, research and development work is mainly carried out on : on-board storage of hydrogen ; on-board systems for the production of hydrogen from methanol and petrol ; standardization and regulation.     

氨能源作为清洁能源的应用前景

合成氨是一种成本低廉的化工原料,具有较高能量密度和辛烷值、易于压缩储运、燃烧不产生CO2等优点,是一种应用前景广泛的新型清洁能源。氨既可替代汽油、柴油等化石燃料,为汽车发动机直接提供清洁燃料,也可以经催化分解制取氢气,为车载燃料电池提供安全氢气。作为传统石油燃料的理想替代品,氨为解决环境污染和能源短缺问题提供了新的燃料选择。本文主要从发动机燃料和燃料电池原料两方面,介绍氨用于汽车动力源的优越性和可操作性,以及国内外相关研究进展;集中分析了氨分解制氢的催化剂体系的研究进展和局限性,以及合成氨的研究现状。     

燃油燃料含硫化合物形态分布剖析技术研究进展

介绍了目前用于燃油、燃料(如汽油、柴油、煤油、喷气燃料)的硫化物形态分布剖析的多种分析技术,包括电化学方法和气相色谱与多种选择性检测器联用的方法(如GC - FPD、GC - AED、GC - SCD、GC - MS等),并对各种分析技术的研究现状进行了概述.     

Inevitable revival of C1 chemistry in the first half of the twenty-first century

The future of fuel production via C₁ chemistry is discussed in this paper. Four different processes from coal or natural gas to methanol or gasoline are compared with the present commercialized process from crude oil to gasoline on the aspects of economics, environmental friendliness and energy. Considering the future trend of crude oil price, it is believed that C₁ chemical technologies, especially indirect conversion technologies, will become economically feasible by the year 2030.     

Advanced Biofuels and Beyond: Chemistry Solutions for Propulsion and Production

Sustainably produced biofuels, especially when they are derived from lignocellulosic biomass, are being discussed intensively for future ground transportation. Traditionally, research activities focus on the synthesis process, while leaving their combustion properties to be evaluated by a different community. This Review adopts an integrative view of engine combustion and fuel synthesis, focusing on chemical aspects as the common denominator. It will be demonstrated that a fundamental understanding of the combustion process can be instrumental to derive design criteria for the molecular structure of fuel candidates, which can then be targets for the analysis of synthetic pathways and the development of catalytic production routes. With such an integrative approach to fuel design, it will be possible to improve systematically the entire system, spanning biomass feedstock, conversion process, fuel, engine, and pollutants with a view to improve the carbon footprint, increase efficiency, and reduce emissions.     

Direct Dimethyl Ether Synthesis

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a clean and economical alternative fuel which can be produced from natural gas through synthesis gas. The properties of DME are very similar to those of LP gas. DME can be used for various fields as a fuel such as power generation, transportation, home heating and cooking,etc. It contains no sulfur or nitrogen. It is not corrosive to any metal and not harmful to human body. An innovative process of direct synthesis of DME from synthesis gas has been developed. Newly developed catalyst in a slurry phase reactor gave a high conversion and high selectivity of DME production, One and half year pilot scale plant (5 tons per day) testing, which was supported by METI, had successfully finished with about 400 tons DME production.     

Tests and optimization of low–power power plant based on solid–oxide fuel cells

The paper presents the results of experimental development of the fuel processor of natural gas steam–air conversion and power plants with different design layouts based on solid–polymer and solid–oxide fuel cells. The preferability of using solid–oxide fuel cells in stationary power plants with natural gas as fuel is confirmed. The test results confirm the working efficiency and safety of the chosen solutions. Directions for the future activity in the field of design and development of low–power power plants based on solid–oxide fuel cells are formulated.     

焦化蜡油催化裂化产物氮分布的研究

催化裂化（FCC）原料正向重质化和多样化发展,如何利用催化裂化装置加工焦化蜡油（CGO）成为各炼油厂扩大FCC原料来源和挖潜增效的重要途径。与直馏蜡油（VGO）相比,CGO突出的特点心0是碱性氮化物的质量分数高。中国由于受加氢装置和氢源的限制,CGO一般不加氢而采用直接掺炼的方法,这样不仅存在CGO催化裂化转化过程中FCC催化剂碱氮中毒严重的问题,而且还存在反应后由于部分含氮化合物会直接或间接进入汽油、柴油馏分中,影响产物安定性等问题。为此,对CGO催化裂化转化过程中氮化物的研究引起了研究者的重视。     

Determination of gasoline and diesel residues on wool,silk, polyester and cotton materials by SPME–GC–MS

The identification of ignitable liquids is very important and challenging aspect in arson crime investigations. The detection of gasoline and diesel fuel components using solid phase micro-extraction prior to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the forensic analysis of fire debris has been carried out. Previous works show that the absorption characteristics of the substrate are one of the most important factors in determining the evaporation rate of the accelerants. In order to determine the presence of the fuel residues, four of the most common substrate materials were tested in this work; wool, cotton, silk and polyester. The obtained results indicate that both gasoline and diesel fuel accelerants persisted longer on wool and silk than on the other selected substrates. Such information illustrates the influence of fuel persistence times after extinguishing and the best materials to be scanned for ignitable liquids at the fire scene.     

Conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons: how zeolite cavity and pore size controls product selectivity

Liquid hydrocarbon fuels play an essential part in the global energy chain, owing to their high energy density and easy transportability. Olefins play a similar role in the production of consumer goods. In a post-oil society, fuel and olefin production will rely on alternative carbon sources, such as biomass, coal, natural gas, and CO(2). The methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) process is a key step in such routes, and can be tuned into production of gasoline-rich (methanol to gasoline; MTG) or olefin-rich (methanol to olefins; MTO) product mixtures by proper choice of catalyst and reaction conditions. This Review presents several commercial MTH projects that have recently been realized, and also fundamental research into the synthesis of microporous materials for the targeted variation of selectivity and lifetime of the catalysts.     

分析测试新成果(230~237)2种常见燃油添加剂对汽油燃烧烟尘的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,根据汽油原样中的特征成分,对未加入和分别加入汽油燃油精、海龙燃油宝的汽油燃烧烟尘进行对比分析.结果表明,汽油燃油精的加入会使汽油燃烧烟尘中各类特征成分的百分含量有所变化,但对谱图和特征成分的影响较小;而海龙燃油宝的加入对汽油燃烧烟尘的谱图、特征成分及其个数、各类特征成分的百分含量均产生较大影响.结果为火灾物证鉴定提供一定的参考依据.     

Design of reforming catalysts: Development of new technologies for the manufacture of motor fuels on this basis

The results of studies on the state of platinum in alumina-platinum reforming catalysts performed at the Institute of Hydrocarbon Processing, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in the past 20 years are summarized. The main result is the determination of the important role of the nonmetallic states of platinum (Pt^σ) in adsorption and catalysis. The main principles of the development of highly efficient catalysts and technologies for their manufacture are formulated. Data on the industrial applications of new reforming catalysts at seven commercial reforming plants under conditions of reforming gasoline production (about 3 million tons per year) with research octane numbers of 96–100 are given. The applicability of new catalysts to the combined conversion of C₃–C₄ and C₅₊ alkane mixtures into high-octane motor fuel components is demonstrated. The results of the development of three modifications of a new technology for the manufacture of environmentally safe high-octane gasoline with the selectivity of formation of the target product close to 100% are presented.     

直接甲醇燃料电池阴极电催化剂的研究进展

直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)功率密度高，燃料甲醇价格低廉、储存和携带方便，特别适合作为电动车和小型电子设备的电源，是目前燃料电池研究领域的一个热点。本文介绍了40年来DMFC阴极电催化剂的发展历史及现状，并针对目前严重影响DMFC性能的“甲醇透过”问题，阐述了研制耐甲醇阴极电催化剂的重要性，讨论了今后DMFC阴极电催化剂的发展趋势。     

Determination of potassium in gasoline and lubricating oils by a flow-injection technique with flame atomic emission spectrometric detection

Potassium in gasoline or lubricating oil is determined by injection into petroleum spirit followed by aspiration into a flame photometer. For gasoline analysis, no prior dilution is required and the carrier also acts as the fuel supply to the flame. For oil analysis, the diluted sample is aspirated into an air-propane flame. The peak area of the potassium emission, measured with a small computer interfaced to the photometer, varies linearly with concentration over the range 0–20 mg K kg^?1 in the injected sample. The gasoline volatility influences the response to a small extent. Corrections should be applied if the sample and reference gasolines differ significantly in volatility (and density). The precision at the 10 mg kg^?1 level is better than 3%. Oxygenates or halogenated hydrocarbons do not interfere with the gasoline analysis when present at the maximum concentrations normally encountered in fuels. Sample throughputs of 40 and 100 h^?1 for gasoline and oil samples, respectively, can be attained.     

热脱附-单体稳定同位素技术测定挥发性有机物

采用热脱附与稳定同位素质谱联用技术分析了城市不同源及大气环境中挥发性有机物排放的单体同位素特征。系统考察了样品进样量、进样方式和样品分离度对同位素分馏影响情况。使用填有Tenax TA的吸附管采集汽油车尾气、汽油挥发、柴油车尾气、柴油挥发、溶剂挥发和餐饮油烟等污染源,以及城市不同功能区的挥发性有机物(VOCs)样品,不同污染源中挥发性有机物的稳定碳同位素δ13C值不同,97#汽油车尾气的δ13 C值偏重,平均值为-25.84‰,富集13 C;餐饮油烟的δ13 C值偏轻,平均值为-30.26‰。油品挥发比燃烧后以尾气的形式排放的苯系物δ13 C值重。厦门市各功能区挥发性有机物的δ13 C平均范围在-27.03‰~-25.40‰,接近于汽油和柴油挥发及尾气中的δ13 C值,表明厦门市空气中挥发性有机物以机动车排放源为主。     

Mathematical algorithm for qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in solid wastes using on-line gas chromatography

Non-degradated mineral-oils like gasoline, solvent naphtha, diesel fuel, fuel and lubricating oils provide a characteristic fingerprint gas chromatogram. This visual classification, e.g. in solid wastes, is complicated due to the simultaneous presence of several mineral-oils. Therefore, a mathematical algorithm for the separation of gas chromatographic fingerprint of "single mixtures" of aliphatic hydrocarbons is developed. The technique is essential for analysis of time-overlapping "single mixtures" of petroleum hydrocarbons (so-called "complex mixtures") and it relies on the concentration-varying hydrocarbons during evaporation. It is possible to separate the data from the gas chromatogram of a "complex mixture" of hydrocarbons into the chromatograms of the pure "single mixtures" and to give their respective concentrations. A synthetic "complex mixture" of kerosene, diesel fuel and lubricating oil is used to illustrate the method.     

中国纤维素乙醇技术的研究进展

中国面临着严重的能源短缺和环境污染问题,中国政府正在局部几个省份内政策性鼓励燃料乙醇生产和使用.尽管当前主要是用玉米和谷物作为生产乙醇的原料,然而中国具有大量潜在的低成本的纤维素生物质原料,可以极大地扩大乙醇的产量,降低原料成本.近20年来,由于技术的革命性进步,已使得纤维素乙醇的生产成本从4美元/加仑以上,降低至约1.2-1.5美元/加仑.其中,每吨生物质约44美元.因此,目前乙醇掺汽油具有十分强的市场竞争力.已有几个公司正在建造首批商业纤维素乙醇工厂,虽然这些刚起步的小型设施在合理利用和管理上风险较小,但规模经济需要较大型工厂.尽管配送生物质原料的成本会随需求的增加而增加,但在乙醇生产基础上的生物精炼技术的发展,尤其是化工产品和动力的协同生产,将会使全过程的经济可行性大大提高.进一步深入的基础研究,将解决低成本下实现纤维素的完全利用,以确保在无政策性补贴的前提下,真正使纤维素乙醇成为具有市场竞争力的低成本纯液体燃料.     

Mathematical algorithm for qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in solid wastes using on-line gas chromatography

Non-degradated mineral-oils like gasoline, solvent naphtha, diesel fuel, fuel and lubricating oils provide a characteristic fingerprint gas chromatogram. This visual classification, e.g. in solid wastes, is complicated due to the simultaneous presence of several mineral-oils. Therefore, a mathematical algorithm for the separation of gas chromatographic fingerprint of “single mixtures” of aliphatic hydrocarbons is developed. The technique ¶is essential for analysis of time-overlapping “single mixtures” of petroleum hydrocarbons (so-called “complex mixtures”) and it relies on the concentration-varying hydrocarbons during evaporation. It is possible to separate the data from the gas chromatogram of a “complex mixture” of hydrocarbons into the chromatograms of the pure “single mixtures” and to give their respective concentrations. A synthetic ?complex mixture” of kerosene, diesel fuel and lubricating oil is used to illustrate the method.     

燃料电池反应器在化学品与电能共生中应用

燃料电池作为能源转换装置能够高效地将化学能转化为电能,随着技术的发展人们将其作为反应器来完成高附加值的化学品的合成,同时产生一定的电能. 燃料电池反应器因具有反应条件温和、反应过程可控、产物选择性高、能源利用效率高等特点,而被广泛地应用于医药中间体的制备、气体分离、水处理等多个领域. 本文首先按照反应器中阴阳极区域发生反应的类型进行分类,介绍燃料电池反应器在化学品与电能联产中的研究现状和研究进展. 随后描述了燃料电池反应器中存在的问题,并依照催化剂、反应过程等方向对解决方案进行探讨. 最后,对几种新型燃料电池反应器的研究进行了简要的介绍并对其发展做出了展望.     

沸石和SAPO分子筛催化卤代甲烷转化制烯烃和汽油:一种新的MTO和MTG路线(英文)

Rational and efficient conversion of methane to more useful higher hydrocarbons is one of the most important topics of natural gas utilization.Although methane activation and its conversion to valuable compounds attract an increasing attention,methane conversion is often made in indirect way through the very energy-consuming step for syngas production from steam reforming of methane.Some promising results appeared to be of significance for the development of an alternative and potential route for the production of high value-added products from methane.Efficient conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons could be realized via methyl halide as the intermediate.After the production of halomethane,they could be transformed to gasoline and light olefins over modified zeolites and SAPO molecular sieves.High conversion efficiency and selectivity indicated the feasibility of industrial application.The research gained recently growing interest from the point of view in both fundamental research and industrial application.The study on the reaction mechanism shed light on the possible route of C-C bond construction from methyl halide,which is the very important issue of the C1-reactant conversion to higher hydrocarbons.Hydrogen halide generation during methyl halide conversion did not exert apparent impact on the reaction mechanism and the structure stability of the catalysts.This review deals with the evolution of the field and comments the advantages to be explored and the drawbacks to be prevented for the development of new and sustainable methane-to-olefins(MTO) and methane-to-gasoline(MTG) routes via methyl halides.