Frequency analysis of piezoelectric nanowires with surface effects

In this paper, the modified Timoshenko beam model is used to analyze the vibration of piezoelectric nanowires in the presence of surface effects. Analytical relations are given for the natural frequency of nanowires by accounting for the effects of surface elasticity, residual surface tension, and transverse shear deformation. Through an example, it is shown that the natural frequency depends on both the surface stresses and piezoelectricity. This study is expected to provide useful insights for the design of piezoelectric-nanowire-based nanodevices.     

Orientation dependent size effects in thermal buckling and post-buckling of nanoplates with cubic anisotropy

In this work, a continuum model is presented for size and orientation dependent thermal buckling and post-buckling of anisotropic nanoplates considering surface and bulk residual stresses. The model with von-Karman nonlinear strains and material cubic anisotropy of single crystals contains two parameters that reflect the orientation effects. Using Ritz method, closed form solutions are given for buckling temperature and post-buckling deflections. Regarding self-instability states of nanoplates and their recovering at higher temperatures, an experiment is discussed based on low pressurized membranes to verify the predictions. For simply supported nanoplates, the size effects are lowest when they are aligned in [100] direction. When the edges get clamped, the orientation dependence is ignorable and the behavior becomes symmetric about [510] axis. The surface residual stress makes drastic increase in buckling temperature of thinner nanoplates for which a minimum thickness is pointed to stay far from material softening at higher temperatures. Deflection of [100]-oriented buckled nanoplates is higher than [110] ones but this reverses at higher temperatures. The results for long nanoplates show that the buckling mode numbers are changed by orientation which is verified by FEM.     

Nonlinear vibration of viscoelastic embedded-DWCNTs integrated with piezoelectric layers-conveying viscous fluid considering surface effects

This article studies the nonlinear vibration of viscoelastic embedded nano-sandwich structures containing of a double walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) integrated with two piezoelectric Zinc oxide (ZnO) layers. DWCNT and ZnO layers are subjected to magnetic and electric fields, respectively. This system is conveying viscous fluid and the related force is calculated by modified Navier–Stokes relation considering slip boundary condition and Knudsen number. Visco–Pasternak model with three parameters of the Winkler modulus, shear modulus, and damp coefficient is used for simulation of viscoelastic medium. The nano-structure is simulated as an orthotropic Timoshenko beam (TB) and the effects of small scale, structural damping and surface stress are considered based on Eringen's, Kelvin-voigt and Gurtin–Murdoch theories. Energy method and Hamilton's principle are employed to derive motion equations which are then solved using differential quadrature method (DQM). The detailed parametric study is conducted, focusing on the combined effects of small scale effect, fluid velocity, thickness of piezoelectric layer, boundary condition, surface effects, van der Waals (vdW) force on the frequency and critical velocity of nano-structure. Results indicate that the frequency and critical velocity increases with assume of surface effects.     

Dispersion characteristics of transverse surface waves in piezoelectric coupled solid media with hard metal interlayer

The propagation of transverse surface waves in a piezoelectric layer/metal substrate system with one or multiple hard metal interlayer(s) is investigated analytically. The general dispersion equations for the existence of the waves are obtained in a simple mathematic form for class 6 mm piezoelectric materials. The presence of a hard metal interlayer can not only get rid of the undesired mode appearing in the case without an interlayer but shorten the existence range of the phase velocity within which a nonleaky but dispersive mode exists. The effects of the hard interlayer on the phase velocity can be used to manipulate the behavior of the waves and has implications in acoustic wave devices.     

Size-dependent resonance and buckling behavior of nanoplates with high-order surface stress effects

This work presents a theoretical study of the resonance frequency and buckling load of nanoplates with high-order surface stress model. A classical thin plate theory based on Kirchhoff–Love assumption is implemented with surface effects. Circular and rectangular nanoplates with simply supported end conditions are exemplified. The size-dependent solutions are compared with the simplified solutions based on simple surface stress model, and also on the classical theory of elasticity. We aim to explore the scope of applicability so that the modified continuum mechanics model could serve as a refined approach in the prediction of mechanical behavior of nanoplates.     

Longitudinal wave propagation in a piezoelectric nanoplate considering surface effects and nonlocal elasticity theory

The propagation characteristics of the longitudinal wave in a piezoelectric nanoplate were investigated in this study. The nonlocal elasticity theory was used and the surface effects were taken into account. In addition, the group velocity and phase velocity were derived and investigated, respectively. The dispersion relation was analyzed with different scale coefficients, wavenumbers, and voltages. The results showed that the dispersion degree can be strengthened by increasing the wavenumber and scale coefficient.     

On propagation of anti-plane shear waves in piezoelectric plates with surface effect

Based on the surface piezoelectricity model, the anti-plane or horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves propagating in an infinite piezoelectric plate of nano-thickness are investigated to show the surface effect on wave characteristics. The influence on the overall properties of piezoelectric structures resulting from the surface effect is treated as a spring force exerting on the boundary of the bulk. The frequency equations of anti-symmetric and symmetric waves are presented analytically for the electrically short-circuited case. Numerical results show that the wave properties are size-dependent, and the surface effect becomes very pronounced at a high frequency.     

Theoretical validation on the existence of two transverse surface waves in piezoelectric/elastic layered structures

In this paper, we analytically study the dispersion behavior of transverse surface waves in a piezoelectric coupled solid consisting of a transversely isotropic piezoelectric ceramic layer and an isotropic metal or dielectric substrate. This study is a revisit to the stiffened Love wave propagation done previously. Closed-form dispersion equations are obtained in a very simple mathematical form for both electrically open and shorted cases. From the viewpoint of physical situation, two transverse surface waves (i.e., the stiffened Love wave and the FDLW-type wave) are separately found in a PZT-4/steel system and a PZT-4/zinc system. All the observed dispersion curves are theoretically validated through the discussion on the limit values of phase velocity using the obtained dispersion equations. Those validation and discussion give rise to a deeper understanding on the existence of transverse surface waves in such piezoelectric coupled structures. The results can be used as a benchmark for the study of the wave propagation in the piezoelectric coupled structures and are significant in the design of wave propagation in the piezoelectric coupled structures as well.     

Power-mode theorems for guided acoustic waves in piezoelectric media

Relationships between complex power flow pseudo energy, propagation constant and complex frequency are presented for acoustic waves in piezoelectric media. These relationships are essentially energy-power equations which apply to anisotropic, nonconservative, dispersive, linear systems, analogous to those obtained by Chorney and Penfield for guided electromagnetic waves. At vanishing piezoelectric coupling the powermode theorems split into a proper electromagnetic set and a proper mechanical set. By differentiating the power-mode equations with respect to the complex frequency further results are obtained linking the group velocity with power flow and energy storage. Conclusions may be drawn from these expressions regarding the signature of the dispersion (forward or backward waves). The equipartition of pseudo energy is established at cut-off, and the vanishing of the complex power flow at resonance. Examples including wave propagation in lossless and lossy media are included.     

同轴波纹返波管色散特性研究及粒子模拟

 计算了同轴波纹慢波结构的色散特性,分析了波纹周期长度、波纹幅值大小以及同轴内导体半径对慢波结构色散特性的影响。研究表明内导体的存在使系统截止频率升高,系统尺寸可比普通波纹波导慢波系统更大, 并且可以采用大半径电子注并工作在低磁场状态。运用Magic软件对同轴波纹返波管进行了数值模拟, 发现同轴波导内场分布有利于注波互作用,在数值模拟基础上设计出高效率、低磁场的非均匀同轴波纹返波管,互作用效率达60%,聚束磁场小于1 T。     

Fabrication and characteristics of thin disc piezoelectric transformers based on piezoelectric buzzers with gap circles

This paper investigates design, fabrication and test of thin disc piezoelectric transformers (PTs) based on piezoelectric buzzers with gap circles at different diameters of the gap circles. The performance test is focused on characteristics of voltage gains, including maximum voltage gains and maximum-gain frequencies, for each piezoelectric transformer under different load conditions. Both a piezoelectric buzzer and a gap circle on a silver electrode of the buzzer are needed to build any type of the PTs. Here, the gap circle is used to form a ring-shaped input electrode and a circle-shaped output electrode for each piezoelectric transformer. To do so, both structure and connection of a PT are first expressed. Then, operating principle of a PT and its related vibration mode observed by a carbon-power imaging technique are described. Moreover, an experimental setup for characterizing each piezoelectric transformer is constructed. Finally, effects of diameters of the gap circles on characteristics of voltage gains at different load resistances are discussed.     

螺旋槽回旋行波管高频特性分析

 在Foulds等人对螺旋槽结构进行深入分析的基础上,考虑了槽区内高次模式对慢波结构高频特性的影响。结果表明：槽宽较小时,结论与其结论吻合较好; 槽宽较大时,计算结果与其有较大差别。此外,讨论了螺旋槽结构参数对高频特性的影响,结果表明：除槽宽外的其它结构参数固定时,存在一个最佳的δ/L值,可以获得较弱的色散和较大的横向场幅值,适合做回旋行波管互作用结构。     

Novel method for photovoltaic energy conversion using surface acoustic waves in piezoelectric semiconductors

This paper presents a novel principle for photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion using surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in piezoelectric semiconductors. A SAW produces a periodically modulated electric potential, which spatially segregates photoexcited electrons and holes to the maxima and minima of the SAW potential. The moving SAW collectively transports the carriers with the speed of sound to the electrodes made of different materials, which extract electrons and holes separately and generate dc output. The proposed active design is expected to have higher efficiency than passive designs of the existing PV devices and to produce enough energy to sustain the SAW.     

A theoretical study of the modal dispersion characteristics of an annular circular waveguide with helical winding as the outer cladding

In this present communication, we introduce a new type of annular optical waveguide whose outer cladding is made of sheath helix. The sheath helix is made up of the dielectric material of lower refractive index than the core materials. Using vector approach, the general characteristic equation for the proposed waveguide has been derived. The modal dispersion characteristics for the lowest-order modes for different pitch angles are determined and analyzed. We observe that there is no effect of pitch angles on dispersion curve nearly up to 89° but drastic change is observed at 90° and above pitch angle. On comparison of helically inner cladded annular circular waveguide, we have found that there is not the existence of the negative dispersion curve and photonic band gap in the helically outer cladded annular circular waveguide. It means only the inner cladding is responsible for the negative dispersion as well as photonic band gap. There is no effect of the outer cladding.     

Piezoelectric scattering limited mobility characteristics of a degenerate surface layer in compound semiconductors at low lattice temperatures

The theory is developed for piezoelectric scattering rate of carriers in a degenerate surface layer under the condition of low temperature when the approximations of the well-known traditional theory are not valid. The scattering rates thus obtained are then used to estimate the zero-field mobility characteristics for the surface layers under similar condition of low temperature. The results for the surface layers in GaAs and ZnO show that when one takes into account either the degeneracy of the carrier ensemble or the finite energy of the phonons or both, the energy dependence of the scattering rates changes significantly from what follows for a non-degenerate ensemble or from the traditional theory, where one makes use of the high-temperature approximation and thus assumes equipartition law for the phonon distribution, and neglects the phonon energy in the energy balance equation of the electron–phonon system. It is observed that the zero-field mobility characteristics that follow from these scattering rates are interesting in that they are quite different from what turns out either for a non-degenerate ensemble or in the high-temperature approximations.     

Curvature effects on surface electron states in ballistic nanostructures

The curvature effect on the electronic states of a deformed cylindrical conducting surface of variable diameter is theoretically investigated. The quantum confinement of electrons normal to the curved surface results in an effective potential energy that affects the electronic structures of the system at low-energies. This suggests the possibility that ballistic transport of electrons in low-dimensional nanostructures can be controlled by inducing a local geometric deformation.     

Modeling of a nanoscale flexoelectric energy harvester with surface effects

This work presents the modeling of a beam energy harvester scavenging energy from ambient vibration based on the phenomenon of flexoelectricity. By considering surface elasticity, residual surface stress, surface piezoelectricity and bulk flexoelectricity, a modified Euler-Bernoulli beam model for the energy harvester is developed. After deriving the requisite energy expressions, the extended Hamilton's principle and the assumed-modes method are employed to obtain the discrete electromechanical Euler-Lagrange's equations. Then, the expressions of the steady-state electromechanical responses are given for harmonic base excitation. Numerical simulations are conducted to show the output voltage and the output power of the flexoelectric energy harvesters with different materials and sizes. Particular emphasis is given to the surface effects on the performance of the energy harvesters. It is found that the surface effects are sensitive to the beam geometries and the surface material constants, and the effect of residual surface stress is more significant than that of the surface elasticity and the surface piezoelectricity. The axial deformation of the beam is also considered in the model to account for the electromechanical coupling due to piezoelectricity, and results indicate that piezoelectricity will diminish the output electrical quantities for the case investigated. This work could lead to the development of flexoelectric energy harvesters that can make the micro- and nanoscale sensor systems autonomous.     

Quantum effect on parametric amplification characteristics in piezoelectric semiconductors

Using QHD model the parametric interaction of a laser radiation in an unmagnetised piezoelectric semiconductor has been studied. It is found that the Bohm potential in the electron dynamics enhances the gain coefficient of parametrically generated modes whereas reduces the threshold pump intensity.     

Cross-phase modulation in long-haul systems with chirped fiber Bragg gratings-based dispersion compensators

The cross-phase modulation (XPM) effect in fiber links with dispersion compensated by chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) is analyzed here for the first time. A continuous-wave (CW) signal, referred to as a probe, is used to investigate the impact of XPM on communication systems. The result shows that the XPM in systems using CFBGs as dispersion compensators is greatly suppressed, compared with that of systems using dispersion compensated fiber (DCF). The difference of the dispersion management between the system using DCF and that using CFBGs is demonstrated, too.