Characteristics of major dioxin/furan congeners in melted slag of ash from municipal solid waste incinerators

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in slag of fly ash from three municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators were analyzed to observe any changes in characteristics and distribution of their congeners by melting process. Actual concentration and Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) concentration profiles of 17 major congeners of PCDDs/PCDFs for gas, fly ash and melted slag were compared. The distributions of PCDDs/PCDFs in different streams macroscopically showed similarities with the generally known profiles for emission gas from a municipal waste incinerator. The total concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in off-gas and fly ash have been known to be a function of incineration conditions and of air pollution control device utilization; however, their normalized distributions were independent of such conditions. The concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs in the melted slag of fly ash were not related to the concentrations of PCDDs/PCDFs congeners in fly ash but were rather a function of the melting furnace type and operation. The total amount of PCDDs/PCDFs in the melted slag of fly ash contained almost 150–27,000 times less dioxin than that in fly ash, however, the TEQ of dioxin in the slag was reduced by 435–43,500 times, which could enable them to be utilized as recycled construction materials. In normalized TEQ concentration profiles of 17 congeners of PCDDs/PCDFs, the ratio of PCDFs to PCDDs changed from 1.32 to 2.19 by melting, which showed relatively higher portion of furans left in melted slag than those in fly ash. By comparing reduction ratios of different congeners, PCDDs (dioxins) were relatively easier to destruct than PCDFs (furans) during melting process. The most difficult congener to destruct could be octa-chlorinated dibenzofuran (OCDF) among major congeners. For slag cooling methods, dioxin concentration in TEQ of slow cooled slag by air was four times higher than that of fast cooled slag by water. Thus cooling by water is more appropriate with the added beneficial effect of producing granules/particles, which can be utilized as roadbed materials.     

Assessment of radioecological situation of a site contaminated by technologically enhanced natural radioactivity in Croatia

The paper deals with radioactivity contamination originating from the coal fired power plant and its waste dumps located in a bay of the Adriatic which is due to geographical characteristics sensitive to any kind of pollution including radioactivity. Investigations of coal used in regular plant operation and of solid incombustible ash and slag showed increased concentrations of natural radioactivity which may cause general environmental contamination of the bay as well as contamination of the marine environment of this part of Croatian Adriatic. There are two coal slag and ash piles, one of them was closed and covered by soil and the other is a still operating pile. The location of both piles presents a considerable environmental problem: situated close to the seaside, slag and ash are accumulating in the littoral zone and, in the case of operating pile, are being filled-up directly into the sea. The aim of this study was to determine the radioactivity level at the ash and slag deposits and to assess the risk of increased radioactivity for the inhabitants of the nearby urban area, for the plant workers and general environment of the bay including the marine environment of this part of the Croatian Adriatic.     

Understanding rice hull ash as fillers in polymers: A review

The polymer industry has a newfound interest in fillers from industrial by-products and other waste materials having potential recyclability. This new class of fillers includes fillers from natural sources (e.g., natural fibers), industrial by-products (e.g., saw dust, rice husks) and a recent entry in the form of silica ash – an industrial waste material –obtained by burning rice husks. Rice hulls possess an unusually high percentage of `opaline silica'. Its annual worldwide output is more than 80 million tons, which corresponds to 3.2 million tons of silica. Silanol groups present on the surface of rice hull ash can positively influence its reinforcing character ash as a filler, however, being hydrophilic, it suffers fromfiller-aggregation and moisture absorption. Present article reviews the performance of rice husk ash, or silica ash, in polymeric composites. This paper emphasizes the need for better characterization of silica ash to obtain an in-depth understanding of its behaviour with the view to identifying suitable modifications to improve its performance as a filler. It is emphasized that poor understanding of silica ash as a filler is linked to the lack of surface characterization, since its behaviour is significantly linked to its surface properties. Based on this analysis, a new approach to silica ash modification is proposed.     

Effect of the Water Quenched Slag‐epoxy Resin Composite on Microwave Absorbing Properties

Although in recent years, the ash residues produced from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) in Taiwan have been decreased gradually due to the public awareness of waste classification, it is still necessary to find a suitable landfill site to dispose these wastes safely and economically. For this reason, the plasma melting technology was selected to convert the unwanted ash residues into harmless water quenched slag. More importantly, the effect of the dielectric and magnetic properties of microwave absorber composed of water quenched slag‐epoxy resin composite was studied. The absorbing performance of water quenched slag‐epoxy composites at same sample thickness and at various sample thickness were also studied by measuring complex permittivity, complex permeability and reflection loss in the 2–18 and 18–40 GHz microwave frequency range using the free space method. It was found that the optimum thickness of absorber needed to yield the best reflection loss could be obtained and an absorption frequency range shifting at the frequency range of 2–18 and 18–40 GHz.     

Characteristics of gaseous product from municipal solid waste gasification with hot blast furnace slag

Possibility of combustible gas production from municipal solid waste (MSW) using hot blast furnace (BF) slag has been studied. The objective of this work is to generate combustible gas from MSW using heated BF slag. In this experiment, the thermal stability of the MSW was analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, and effects of temperature, gasifying agent (air, N2, steam) and BF slag on the gas products were investigated at 600-900 ℃. The thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the weight loss of MSW includes four stages: evaporation of the moisture, combustion of volatile materials, burning of carbon residue and burnout of ash. The contents of the combustible gas increase with increasing temperature, and the lower calorific value (LCV) increases rapidly at 600-900 ℃. It is found that volume fraction of CO, H2 and CH4 at different atmospheres increases in the order N2相似文献   

含V和Ni灰高温流动性的调控研究

以三种含V和Ni灰为研究对象,探索通过添加助剂和配煤两种途径来调控含V和Ni灰的流动性,利用XRD、SEMEDX和三元相图等分析方法,探究了两种方法调控含V和Ni灰流动性的机理。结果表明,灰中V和Ni在高温下形成难熔物钒氧矿和单质镍,配煤和添加CaO降低了V和Ni的含量,同时可降低除V和Ni以外灰组成的液相温度,进而降低灰的熔融温度。当灰中V和Ni的总含量低于30%时,配入助熔剂CaO可明显降低灰的熔融温度,但其黏温曲线转变为结晶渣类型。当灰中V和Ni含量高于30%时,需通过配入低熔点煤灰降低熔融温度,在满足气流床排渣要求的煤灰中配入5%的该灰后,其黏温特性仍满足气流床液态排渣的要求,但配比达到10%时,降温过程中析出大量的富钒尖晶石,使灰渣黏温曲线转变为结晶渣类型,其不再适合气流床液态排渣的要求。     

水冷壁气流床气化炉灰渣结构分析

在管式电炉还原性气氛下,对煤灰进行1 300℃和1 400℃的高温热处理。同时,在小型膜式水冷壁气流床气化炉热模装置中进行煤气化实验。利用XRD、SEM和EDS等方法,考察了热处理后灰渣与煤气化所得炉渣的表面形态、内部微观结构、矿物组成等结构特性,并对管式电炉内进行灰渣热处理实验的可行性进行评估。结果表明,热处理温度和灰渣流动温度对灰渣的结构具有重大影响,热处理温度高于灰渣流动温度约10℃时,灰渣中含有大量矿物晶体且表面形态粗糙,内部微观结构凹凸不平,灰渣难于流动;热处理温度高于灰渣流动温度约100℃时,渣中大部分矿物晶体已变成无定形的玻璃体物质,灰渣表面及内部微观结构变得光滑均匀。采用管式电炉模拟气化炉内灰渣氛围,研究气化炉操作温度对灰渣结构的影响,具有一定的可行性。     

用工业固体废料合成沸石分子筛的研究进展

系统总结了以工业固体废料为原料合成沸石分子筛材料的最新研究进展, 讨论了以粉煤灰、 珍珠岩工业废料、 煤矸石、 流体催化裂化(FCC)废催化剂、 锂矿渣、 铝土矿渣、 废瓷料和废弃玻璃等工业固体废料为原料, 合成LTA, FAU, MFI, CHA, GIS, SOD, ANA和KFI沸石分子筛材料的工艺方法, 及其在污水中重金属离子的脱除、 空气中CO₂的捕获、 氮氧化物的选择性还原等实际应用中的性能, 并对未来工业固体废料合成沸石分子筛的发展趋势进行了展望.     

高钙高铁煤灰熔融及黏温特性研究

以金鸡滩煤为原料,沙子为添加剂,研究不同比例添加剂下高钙高铁煤灰熔融及黏温特性变化;通过XRD、高温热台显微镜与扫描电镜-能谱等分析方法研究矿物质转变对其灰熔融及黏温特性影响。结果表明,煤灰熔点随添加剂量的增加先降低后升高,辉石类低温共熔物生成是其降低的主要原因;原煤熔渣黏度波动与钙铝黄长石生成有关,而含铁矿物质析出导致其黏度迅速增加;添加沙子后,煤灰熔渣临界温度显著下降,熔渣由结晶渣向玻璃渣转变。原煤熔渣中Fe、Ca元素分布不均匀,添加沙子后均匀程度明显改善,与黏温曲线测试结果吻合。实验结果表明,沙子是改善高钙高铁煤黏温特性的一种有效添加剂。     

山西典型高铝煤灰熔融及黏温特性改性实验研究

以山西典型高铝煤为研究对象,研究了工业助熔剂石灰石、黏土以及两者的复合助熔剂对其灰熔融特性及黏温特性的影响。结果表明,随着助熔剂含量的增加,煤灰熔融流动温度下降;石灰石的助熔效果优于黏土,复合助熔剂效果优于单一助熔剂。添加石灰石使灰渣临界黏度温度tcv显著降低,添加黏土使其渣型向玻璃渣转变,复合助熔剂较单一助熔剂存在显著协同作用,即能同时实现tcv的降低和渣型的有利转变。对山西典型高铝煤两渡煤,在复合助熔剂添加量为4%(2%石灰石+2%黏土)时,不仅其渣型向玻璃渣转变,且tcv较单独添加石灰石(2%)降低133℃,较单独添加黏土(6%)降低222℃。矿物质分析结果证实了助熔剂的助熔原理。添加复合助熔剂改性的山西高铝煤可达到工业气流床气化对煤种的要求。     

Studies of cementitious systems with new generation by-products from fluidised bed combustion

The rate of heat evolution as well as total heat output are strongly affected by other components of hydrating mixture, apart from neat portland cement, such as slag, fly ash and other industrial by-products; among them the wastes from fluidised bed combustion (FBC) has been taken into account recently. In this study the calorimeter was applied to follow the early hydration of cements produced with these materials. They interact with cement paste in a few ways: as set controlling agent and as active pozzolanic admixtures. Thus the rate of heat evolution/hydration is modified, depending on the composition of clinker and percentage of waste in the mixture. After the series of measurements for clinker-waste mixture hydrated systems also some ‘model’ mixtures were investigated to separate the effects from particular waste components. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Non-Calcined Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as an Alternative Precursor on the Properties of Alkali-Activated Pastes

BFS-MK-based alkali-activated materials are well established as an alternative for sustainable and green construction. This work aims to collaborate and encourage the use of biomass ashes, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), as a precursor in alkali-activated materials (AAM). This ash is a rich source of aluminosilicate, which is a primary requirement for this application. In addition, this waste is still an environmental liability, especially in developing countries, and with a large volume of annual production. Thus, in this research, alkali-activated pastes (AA) were produced using sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) and metakaolin (MK) as precursors. In addition, environmental gains were encouraged with energy savings, with no extra reburn or calcination steps in the SCBA. Thus, the precursors were characterized by laser granulometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The pastes were produced by mixing the precursors with the activator, composed of a mixture of sodium hydroxide 8 mol/L and sodium silicate. Aiming to study the incorporation of SCBA, all samples have a precursor/activator ratio and a BFS/(BFS + MK) ratio constant of 0.6. The compressive strength analysis, FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM and isothermal calorimetry analyses pointed out the occurrence of alkaline activation in all proposed samples for curing times of 7, 28 and 91 days. The sample GM0.6-BA0 (15% SCBA) achieved the highest compressive strength among the samples proposed (117.7 MPa, at 91 days), along with a good development of strength throughout the curing days. Thus, this work presents the properties of alkaline-activated pastes using SCBA as a sustainable and alternative precursor, seeking to encourage the use of raw materials and alternative waste in civil construction.     

利用旋风炉玻璃化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰实验研究

在自行设计的旋风炉实验台上对焚烧飞灰进行玻璃化熔融实验,系统研究了焚烧飞灰熔融前后微观形貌、灰渣中重金属特性和浸出特性。实验结果表明,焚烧飞灰旋风熔融后成黑色的脆硬玻璃态熔渣,表层呈浅黄色。在熔渣中N i、Cr的固溶率最高,均超过95%以上;低熔点重金属多数挥发至熔融烟气和熔融烟道飞灰颗粒中,Cd的固溶率仅有21%,Pb和Zn部分固溶于玻璃态熔渣中,两者固溶率可达42%以上。Cu和As的固溶率分别为37%和18%。熔融后的玻璃态熔渣重金属浸出率明显低于熔融前的焚烧飞灰,且均低于美国EPA的标准限值。     

添加剂对焚烧飞灰旋风熔融特性的影响

采用旋风熔融炉对焚烧飞灰进行熔融试验，分析了CaO、SiO2、MgO等添加剂对熔渣熔融特性的影响。结果表明，CaO添加量在5%时可有效地控制飞灰熔点，熔渣中晶体相的比例较少，稳定性较好；添加SiO2有利于降低飞灰的熔点，随着SiO2添加量的增加，熔渣中玻璃态无定形物质增多，熔渣稳定性就越好；MgO对飞灰中硅酸盐或硅铝酸盐的网状结构有破坏作用，可降低熔融体黏度，MgO的添加可使熔渣中的玻璃态物质增多，晶体相转变为无定形熔渣，MgO添加量大于5%时，可促使试样达到较好的熔融效果。     

配煤灰渣中矿物质在高温中转变的定量分析及其对结渣的影响

利用沉降炉系统对榆林和平朔的配煤进行结渣特性实验,测定不同实验温度下煤的结渣指数,并利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)对灰渣中矿物质组成进行了定量分析。结果表明,灰渣中主要存在四种结晶矿物质分别为氧化铁、钙长石、莫来石、氧化硅,以及无定形的玻璃体。其中,灰中氧化铁含量和灰渣中钙长石、莫来石含量对燃煤的结渣倾向性起显著性影响;灰中氧化铁和灰渣中钙长石含量越高、灰渣中的莫来石含量越低,煤燃烧的结渣倾向性越大。通过配煤可以降低煤灰中的氧化铁含量,并降低灰渣中的钙长石生成量和提高灰渣中的莫来石生成量,从而显著降低神木类煤的结渣倾向性。     

The difference among the effects of high-temperature curing on the early hydration properties of different cementitious systems

The difference among the effects of high-temperature curing on the early hydration properties of the pure cement, the binder containing fly ash, the binder containing GGBS, and the binder containing steel slag was investigated by determining the compressive strength, non-evaporable water content, hydration heat, and Ca(OH)₂ content. Results show that the order of the influence degrees of high-temperature on the early hydration of different binders is the binder containing GGBS > the binder containing steel slag > the binder containing fly ash > the pure cement. In the case of short period of high-temperature curing (only 1 day), the strength growth rate of the concrete containing GGBS is the greatest. Though the influence of increasing high-temperature curing period on the hydration degree of the binder containing fly ash is not the most significant, the strength growth rate of the concrete containing fly ash is the most significant due to the excessive consumption of Ca(OH)₂ by reaction of fly ash. In the case of high-temperature curing, the Ca(OH)₂ content of the paste containing steel slag is much higher than those of the paste containing GGBS and the paste containing fly ash, so though high-temperature curing promotes the hydration of the binder containing steel slag significantly, its influence on the strength growth rate of the concrete containing steel slag is not so significant.     

山西“两高”煤灰分对石灰石助熔机制影响的研究

以山西"两高"煤为研究对象,考察了洗选改变灰分对添加助熔剂Ca CO3的影响。研究发现,随着洗煤灰分的降低,煤灰中二氧化硅含量及硅铝比(Si/Al)降低,煤灰流动温度降低至液态排渣气流床气化所需温度时,Ca CO3的添加比例与洗煤高温下生成的矿物质种类及其含量相关,经过洗选降低灰分后的FH与SH洗煤,通过添加一定比例的助熔剂Ca CO3,高温下煤灰渣类型由结晶渣变为玻璃体渣,排渣温度范围宽,能够很好地满足气流床气化液态排渣的要求,洗选与添加Ca CO3助熔剂配合使用的方式,可以有效调控山西"两高"煤灰流动性质。     

Natural radionuclides content and radon exhalation rate from Brazilian phosphogypsum piles

Phosphogypsum is a waste of the wet-acid process for producing phosphoric acid from phosphate rock. For every ton of phosphoric acid obtained, from the reaction of phosphate rock with sulphuric acid, about four tons of phosphogypsum are produced. The level of radioactivity present in the phosphogypsum, among other impurities, prevents its reuse for a variety of purposes. Large quantities of phosphogypsum have been produced worldwide. In 2006, the annual production was estimated to be about 170 million tons. Brazilian annual production of phosphogypsum reaches 5.5 million tons. Brazil, like other countries that produce phosphate fertilizer, tries to find solutions for the safe applications of phosphogypsum, in order to minimize the impact caused by its disposal. Most of the worldwide phosphogypsum is stockpiled, posing environmental concerns. The monitoring of air and groundwater pollution, radon exhalation rate and direct exposure to gamma radiation for workers should be considered. The aim of this study is to evaluate the natural radionuclides content and the radon exhalation rate from phosphogypsum piles from Ultrafertil and Fosfertil fertilizer industries. Samples of this material were analyzed by gamma ray spectrometry for their radionuclide content. Radon exhalation rate was measured by the activated charcoal collector method. A theoretical model for radon exhalation calculation, suggested by UNSCEAR, was applied in order to corroborate the experimental results.     

Thermal and Sintering Characterization of IGCC Slag

IGCC slag is a vitreous residual product from the new induction gasification combined cycle gasification thermal power plants. In order to characterize this waste as secondary new material for the production of new glasses and glass-ceramics as construction materials; this slag from the Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain power plants has been fully thermally investigated. After controlled heating this waste gives rise to hematite, anorthite, and cristobalite crystallized materials.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Industrial wastes as low-cost potential adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater laden with heavy metals

Industrial wastes, such as, fly ash, blast furnace slag and sludge, black liquor lignin, red mud, and waste slurry, etc. are currently being investigated as potential adsorbents for the removal of the heavy metals from wastewater. It was found that modified industrial wastes showed higher adsorption capacity. The application of low-cost adsorbents obtained from the industrial wastes as a replacement for costly conventional methods of removing heavy metal ions from wastewater has been reviewed. The adsorption mechanism, influencing factors, favorable conditions, and competitive ions etc. on the adsorption of heavy metals have also been discussed in this article. From the review, it is evident that certain industrial waste materials have demonstrated high removal capacities for the heavy metals laden with wastewater. However, it is to be mentioned that adsorption capacities of the adsorbents vary depending on the characteristics of the adsorbents, the extent of chemical modification and the concentration of adsorbates. There are also few issues and drawbacks on the utilization of industrial wastes as low-cost adsorbents that have been addressed. In order to find out the practical utilization of industrial waste as low-cost adsorbents on the commercial scale, more research should be conducted in this direction.