高温气化条件下煤直接液化残渣中矿物质演化行为的研究

利用XRD和FT-IR分析了高温(1 100~1 500 ℃)气化条件下液化残渣中矿物质的演变行为,并利用穆斯堡尔谱仪对残渣灰中的含铁相及铁的价态铁进行了定量分析。结果表明,煤直接液化残渣中的主要矿物质为石英、硫酸钙、紫铝铁矾、磁黄铁矿、高岭石和方解石。高温气化条件下残渣灰中主要矿物质为钙长石、钙黄长石、磁赤铁矿和磁铁矿。由于钙长石、钙黄长石等含钙化合物低温共熔作用,使得残渣灰具有较低的熔融温度。残渣灰中的含铁相主要为磁赤铁矿、磁铁矿、铁橄榄石和玻璃体,并且随温度的升高,玻璃体中的铁含量逐渐增加。同时,残渣灰中Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺出现先增加后降低再增加的变化趋势。当温度由1 100 ℃升高至1 200 ℃时,由于磁赤铁矿的还原,Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺由1.08升高至2.39;1 200 ℃以上Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺的变化不明显。另外,玻璃体中铁含量的增加是引起残渣灰液相含量随温度升高而增加的重要原因,铁含量高是导致残渣灰熔融温度低的主要原因。     

高温弱还原气氛下煤中矿物质变化的研究

利用XRD、SEM-EDX 分析了神府煤中矿物质在高温下的变化,并针对不同停留时间对矿物质变化的影响作了考察。结果表明,高温下煤中矿物质在弱还原气氛中的变化基本与CaO-SiO2-Al2O3三元相图相符,矿物质的变化主要由钙质硅铝酸盐控制。 停留时间的变化主要影响玻璃体和晶体相对含量的变化和含铁矿物质的类型。非晶态物质的含量与共熔体生成有密切关系,与共熔体体系的稳定性有关。FeS-FeO体系的性质及变化对矿物质体系有重要的影响,利用SEM-EDX对FeS和FeO的分布和变化进行了考察。     

Catalytic properties of molybdena-alumina catalysts pretreated at high temperatures

The dependence of the catalytic properties of molybdena-alumina catalysts reduced in hydrogen on the degree of reduction were followed in a model catalytic reaction of deuterium exchange in benzene. The reaction rate constant and the multiplicity factor decrease as the degree of reduction and the degree of dehydroxylation of the catalyst's surface increase.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 7, pp. 1204–1207, July, 1994.     

高温弱还原气氛下煤灰中矿物质的定量研究

利用X射线衍射(XRD)研究了1 100-1 500℃条件下弱还原性气氛下胜利褐煤和高平无烟煤煤灰中矿物质的变化,利用Siroquant定量软件计算了高温灰样中矿物质和无定形相的含量,结合化学成分分析,利用差减法计算了煤灰中无定形相的化学组成。结果表明,利用XRD、Siroquant软件并结合化学成分分析,可以对煤灰中的矿物质及无定形相进行定量分析,并可获得不同温度下无定形相的化学组成变化。不同温度范围内煤灰中无定形相的形态不同,当温度低于1 100℃时,煤灰中无定形相主要是未结晶或结晶度较差的氧化物,而随着温度的升高,矿物质发生熔融并形成了玻璃态物质,此时的无定形相则是以熔融的硅酸盐和硅铝酸盐为主。煤灰的硅铝比越低,高温下越容易生成莫来石。     

高温弱还原气氛下高硅铝比煤灰变化行为的研究

利用XRD和FT-IR考察了两种高硅铝比煤(小龙潭褐煤、府谷烟煤)灰中矿物质在高温(1 100~1 500 ℃)弱还原气氛下的演变行为。通过FACT sage对煤中矿物质主要组分在高温下的变化进行了计算,并与XRD和FT-IR结果进行了比较和验证。结果表明,两种高硅铝比煤中矿物质在高温下的演变行为具有很大的差异,高温下,氧化钙含量较高的煤灰主要生成钙镁黄长石和钙长石等长石类矿物质,氧化钙含量较低的煤灰主要生成铝硅酸盐和少量的钙长石、拉长石等。氧化铁对晶体组成影响不明显;二氧化硅的含量随着温度的升高逐渐减少;低温共熔体系的存在降低了高硅铝比煤灰的灰熔点,同时,增加了高温煤灰中非晶体的含量。FACT sage热力学计算结果与XRD、FT-IR分析结果一致。     

RP-3航空煤油高温骨架机理构建及验证

依据RP-3航空煤油的成分,考虑平均分子量及碳氢摩尔比等性质,本文提出其三组分替代燃料模型,其中正癸烷74.24%、1,3,5-三甲基环己烷14.11%和正丙基苯11.65%(质量分数)。采用机理生成程序ReaxGen得到详细化学反应机理;采用机理简化程序ReaxRed,运用直接关系图法与主成分分析法获得高温骨架机理(79物种,311反应)。该机理针对多个工况进行了点火延迟时间与层流火焰速度的验证,能较好地预测实验结果。路径分析结果表明高温下替代燃料通过氢提取反应、单分子裂解反应及β-断键反应消耗。敏感性分析表明高温点火过程由多种小分子自由基(H、CHO、C₂H₃等)的氧化及分解反应和大分子燃料的氢提取反应控制;影响火焰传播过程的关键反应来源于C0-C3的小分子核心机理。本文所提出的这个尺寸较小但精度较高的骨架机理可用于发动机燃烧过程的高保真数值模拟。     

Energetics of mechanism of OH-propene reaction at low pressures in inert atmosphere

MP2 calculations with full geometry optimizations were performed with a double- and a triple-zeta basis set to obtain the energy profile for reactions of propene+OH and ethene+OH at low pressures. In these conditions, the β-hydroxyalkyl radicals formed after OH addition to the alkene double bond may go through a rearrangement reaction to form easily identifiable aldehydes and ketones. The theoretical results obtained reproduce the available experimental data well and shed light on the mechanism of reactions characterized by negative activation energies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 811–819, 1998     

Theory and mechanism of electron transfer in a condensed medium at high temperatures with allowance for change in vibrational frequencies

An expression for electron transfer rate has been obtained through the solution of a time wave equation by the variational method by defining the wave function as a linear combination of functions corresponding to electron localization on the donor and on the acceptor. A dependence of electron transfer on temperature, on the electronic and vibrational characteristics of the system has been derived. An activation energy temperature-variation effect has been obtained. It has been proved that many-electron transfers are impossible.     

Thermo-oxidation behaviour of composite materials at high temperatures: A review of research activities carried out within the COMEDI program

The present paper presents a review of the main activities carried out within the context of the COMEDI research program, a joint collaboration involving three research teams focusing on the thermo-oxidation behaviour of composite materials at high temperatures.The scientific aim of the COMEDI research program was to better identify the link between the physical mechanisms involved in thermo-oxidation phenomena: oxygen reaction-diffusion, chemical shrinkage strain/stress, degradation at different scales and to provide tools for predicting the thermo-oxidation behaviour of composite materials under thermo-oxidative environments including damage onset.This aim was accomplished by investigating experimentally the thermo-oxidation behaviour of pure resin samples - both industrial and “model” materials - and by interpreting the results by a coupled reaction-diffusion-mechanics multiphysics model.A dedicated numerical model tool has been developed and implemented into the ABAQUS^® finite element commercial software. This tool was employed to simulate the thermo-oxidative behaviour of a fibre-matrix microscopic representative composite cell.Finally, the model predictions for the composite have been validated by comparing the experimental and the simulated local matrix shrinkage displacements and the mass loss of composite specimens.     

The influence of short chain branch on formation of shish‐kebab crystals in bimodal polyethylene under shear at high temperatures

Formation of shish‐kebab crystals due to the coil–stretch transition under shear in the molten state using a bimodal polyethylene system with high molecular weight (HMW) fraction having different branch content was investigated. In specific, in situ small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) techniques were used to study the structure evolution of shish‐kebab crystals at high temperatures under simple shear. The SAXS results revealed that with the increase of branch content, shish‐kebab crystals became more stable at high temperatures (e.g., 139 °C). However, the shish length of the bimodal PE containing 0.11% branch was shorter than that with no branch. The WAXD results showed that the degree of crystallization for bimodal PE with HMW fraction having 0.11% branch increased with time but reached a plateau value of 1%, while that with no branch increased continuously till 11%. Furthermore, the crystal orientation of bimodal PE with HMW fraction having 0.11% branch was above 0.9 and maintained at a constant value, while that with no branch decreased from 0.9 to 0.1 upon relaxation. This study indicates that even though the crystallizability of the HMW fraction with branch content decreased, they could effectively stabilize the shear‐induced crystalline structure with shorter shish‐kebab crystals. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018 , 56, 786–794     

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of carbon in helium and nitrogen at high pressure

This work is devoted to the study of the gas pressure effect on the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy signal intensity of carbon. Experiments are performed, using a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser, with carbon solid samples placed inside a high pressure chamber filled with helium or nitrogen, the gas pressure varying from 1 to 80 atm. The signal intensity of the carbon line (247.86 nm) decreases with increasing pressure. As the plasma size strongly decreases with pressure, two collection optical setups are used, showing different raw results. To take into account the plasma size evolution with pressure, calculated corrections are applied to the collected light intensity. Carbon line emission is measured and corrected as a function of pressure in both gases. At 1 atm, the emission line is found to be greater in helium than in nitrogen by a factor of approximately 3, whereas the intensities in the two gases become close to each other at 80 atm.     

MnαTi1-α催化剂NH3选择性催化还原NO的中低温活性及机理研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同MnO_x负载量的SCR催化剂,检测其在中低温下的脱硝活性和抗SO_2中毒性能,并分析影响Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂中低温活性的机理。采用BET、XRD、XPS、NH_3-TPD和H_2-TPR对催化剂表征。研究表明,随着MnO_x负载量的增加,Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂最高脱硝活性温度区间向低温区移动,Mn_(0.1)Ti_(0.9)催化剂在200-385℃脱硝效率达80%以上。SO_2会造成Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂脱硝活性显著下降,且不可逆。当MnO_x负载量增加时,催化剂比表面积先增大后略微减小、H_2-TPR中Mn~(4+)峰面积增大、表面化学吸附氧增加,有利于NH_3-SCR反应在低温下的进行。Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂的酸性位点随MnO_x含量增加而增多,H_2还原峰出现温度较低,表明Mn_αTi_(1-α)催化剂具有良好的中低温氧化还原性。     

Cu－Al－MCM－41的Si／Al比对贫燃条件下NO选择性催化还原的影响

 采用连续流动固定床石英反应器，在反应气体为0．1％NO，0．1％C3H6，2％O2，流量为500ml／min以及催化剂装量为0．1g的条件下，考察了Cu－Al－MCM－41的Si／Al比值对贫燃条件下NO选择性还原活性的影响．结果表明，当Cu交换度低于100％时，随Si／Al比值的增加，NO的最大转化率增加．TPD和TPR的研究结果表明，不同的Si／Al比值，改变了Cu在分子筛结构中的化学微环境，使活性中心Cu2＋的浓度和性质发生变化，从而影响其对NO的转化效率．     

Conductance of salts at moderate and high concentrations in propylene carbonate-dimethoxyethane mixtures at temperatures from −45°C to 25°C

The specific conductances of LiClO₄, KSCN, KPF₆, and Et₄NPF₆ in propylene carbonate-dimethoxyethane mixtures are reported for moderate to high concentrations at temperatures between –45°C to 25°C. The data analysis was established on the base of an empirical conductance equation permitting equally well adapted fits for all electrolyte solutions irrespective of temperature, electrolyte compound and solvent composition. The effects on the conductance resulting from ion-ion, ion-solvent interactions and solvent viscosity are rationalized in terms of the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic parameters characterizing the behaviour of electrolytes in dilute solutions. Some basic aspects are discussed for optimizing the conductance of battery electrolytes, especially those of high energy density batteries.     

Analysis of corrosion scales formed on steel at high temperatures in hydrocarbons containing model naphthenic acids and sulfur compounds

Corrosive naphthenic acids and sulfur compounds in crude oils present a major challenge for refineries from a corrosion perspective. Although it is accepted that some sulfur compounds may form protective FeS scales on the metal surface and deter corrosion, attempting to correlate the characteristics of FeS scale with its protective properties has not been successful. Given the complex chemical compositions of real crudes, model sulfur compound and model naphthenic acids were used to mimic the corrosion by crude fractions in the present study. The iron sulfide scale formed by the model sulfur/acid compounds was challenged by naphthenic acids under high‐velocity conditions to examine its protectiveness against corrosion. Moreover, the scale was analyzed with transmission electron microscope/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy technique, and a layer of iron oxide formed on the 5Cr steel was found when naphthenic acids were present in the solution. The iron oxide layer appeared to be important for maintaining protection against naphthenic acid corrosion, and further analysis revealed that it was composed of magnetite. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Some peculiarities of interactions in the Hf2Fe−H2 system at low temperatures and high pressures

Hydride formation was studied in the Hf₂Fe−H₂ system at hydrogen pressure of up to 2000 atm in a temperature range from 195 to 295 K. Hydride phases of different compositions were studied by the X-ray diffraction method. The hydrogenation reaction in the system can take two pathways to form two stable hydride phases depending on the conditions of initial hydrogenation. Absorption of hydrogens at a pressure of about 2000 atm yields a hydride which contains two H atoms per metal atom. Models of the arrangement of hydrogen atoms in the crystal lattice of hydride phases were suggested. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 33–36, January, 1997.