Magnetic dipole excitation mode according to the collective model with separate neutron and proton deformations

The collective model with separate neutron and proton deformations is developed. The collective motion of individual neutron and proton surfaces is reduced to the motion of the mass surface and the neutron skin. The strong coupling scheme of the neutron skin vibrations to the mass-surface motion is applied for well-deformed nuclei. The magnetic dipole excitation mode, which was discovered experimentally, is explained as theK = 1 one-phonon neutron skin vibration in a deformed nucleus. Some estimates of parameters of the model are performed. Finally, the model is confronted with the two-rotor model and the interacting boson model (IBM-2).     

Nuclear symmetry energy effects in finite nuclei and neutron star

Within a relativistic mean-field model with nonlinear isoscalar–isovector coupling, we explore the possibility of constraining the density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy from a systematic study of the neutron skin thickness of finite nuclei and neutron star properties. We find the present skin data supports a rather stiff symmetry energy at subsaturation densities that corresponds to a soft symmetry energy at supranormal densities. Correlation between the skin of ²⁰⁸Pb and the neutron star masses and radii with kaon condensation has been studied. We find that ²⁰⁸Pb skin estimate suggest star radii that reveals considerable model dependence. Thus precise measurements of neutron star radii in conjunction with skin thickness of heavy nuclei could provide significant constraint on the density dependence of symmetry energy.     

一个奇异中子分布结构存在的判据

通过小液滴模型的中子皮厚度计算出的中子、质子均方根半径之差与实验的比较发现,实验提取的正常核的均方根半径之差与小液滴模型计算基本一致;有奇异中子分布结构(皮或晕)核的均方根半径之差的实验结果比小液滴模型的计算结果有异常增大.提出了一个与分离能相关的有效中子皮厚度,它能很好地反映有奇异中子分布结构核的中子皮厚度的反常增加,建议把它作为奇异中子分布结构存在的判据.     

Soft Giant Dipole Modes in Ca Isotopes in the Relativistic RPA

The isovector giant dipole resonance in Ca isotopes is investigated in the framework of the fully consistent relativistic random phase approximation.The calculations are performed in an effective Lagrangian with a parameter set NL3,which was proposed for satisfactorily describing nuclear ground state properties.It is found that a soft isovector dipole mode for Ca isotopes near drip lines exists at energy around 6-7MeV.The soft dipole states are mainly due to the excitation of the weakly bound and pure neutron (proton)states near Fermi surface as well as the correlation of isoscalar and isovector operators.For nuclei with the extreme value of N/Z,the contributions of isoscalar mesons in the isovector mode play a non-negligible role.     

Nature of low-energy dipole strength in nuclei: the case of a resonance at particle threshold in 208Pb

A high-resolution (gamma,gamma') study of the electric dipole response in 208Pb at the S-DALINAC reveals a resonance structure centered around the neutron emission threshold. Microscopic quasiparticle phonon model calculations in realistic model spaces including the coupling to complex configurations are able to describe the data in great detail. The resonance is shown to result from surface density oscillations of the neutron skin relative to an approximately isospin-saturated core. It also forms an integral part of a toroidal E1 mode representing an example of vortex collective motion in nuclei.     

The Nuclear Spin Scissors Mode—Theory and Experiment

A new type of nuclear collective motion—the spin scissors mode—was predicted seven years ago. Promising signs of its existence in ²³²Th were found. We perform a systematic analysis of experimental data on M1 excitations in rare earth nuclei to find traces of the spin scissors mode in this area. Obvious signs of its existence will be demonstrated. We propose new criteria to attribute the observed 1⁺ states to the scissors mode, entailing that the agreement of the experimental data with the results of our calculations and with the sum rules is improved substantially.     

The orbital g-factor and related sum rules

The renormalization of the orbital g-factor in nuclei is discussed on the basis of gauge invariance.The relation of the orbital g-factor to the integrated E1 photoabsorption cross section is reviewed,and its relation to the M1 sum rule for the scissors mode of deformed nuclei is examined.     

A possible experimental observable for the determination of neutron skin thickness

The dependence between neutron skin thickness and neutron abrasion cross section （σnabr） for neutron-rich nuclei is investigated within the framework of the statistical abrasion ablation model. Assuming that the density distributions for proton and neutron are of Fermi-type, and adjusting the diffuseness parameter of neutron density distribution in the droplet model, we find out the good linear correlation between the neutron skin thickness and the abrasion cross section σnabr for neutron-rich nuclei. The uncertainty of neutron skin thickness determined from σnabr is very small. It is suggested that σnabr can be used as a new experimental observable to extract the neutron skin thickness for neutronrich nucleus. The scaling behaviours between neutron skin thickness and σnabr, separately, for isotopes of ^26-35Na, ^44-56Ar, ^48-60Ca, ^67-78Ni are also investigated.     

A～130过渡区核的高自旋态研究

评述了Ａ～１３０过渡区Ｉ、Ｘｅ、Ｃｓ和Ｂａ核的高自旋核结构研究．在这些核中观测到的极为丰富的核结构现象,如质子中子转排竞争、形状共存、带终结、带交叉延迟、Ｓｉｇｎａｔｕｒｅ反转和八极关联等与这些核的价质子、价中子都位于ｈ１１／２支壳及这些核易产生γ形变有关. The studies of high spins states of A ～130 transitional I,Xe,Cs and Ba nuclei are reviewed. The variety of nuclear structure, such as proton neutron alignment competition, shape coexistance, band termination, crossing delay, signature inversion, octupole correlation, etc. observed in these nuclei is closely related to that both the valence proton and neutron of these nuclei are located in the h 11/2 subsell and the nuclei are soft against the γ deformation.     

Neutron Skin Thickness of Nuclei and Effective Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions

The Skyrme energy density functional is applied to study the ground state properties of a series of finite nuclei. The charge rms radii, neutron rms radii, and the neutron skin thickness for some nuclei are calculated and compared with the experimental data. The constraint on the effective interactions, especially, the density dependence of the isospin-dependent. part of Skyrme interactions is extracted by the data of neutron skin thicknesses of ^208Pb and isotopes of Sn.     

Ground-state properties of light kaonic nuclei signaling symmetry energy at high densities

A sensitive correlation between the ground-state properties of light kaonic nuclei and the symmetry energy at high densities is constructed under the framework of relativistic mean-field theory. Taking oxygen isotopes as an example, we see that a high-density core is produced in kaonic oxygen nuclei, due to the strongly attractive antikaonnucleon interaction. It is found that the 1 S_(1/2) state energy in the high-density core of kaonic nuclei can directly probe the variation of the symmetry energy at supranormal nuclear density, and a sensitive correlation between the neutron skin thickness and the symmetry energy at supranormal density is established directly. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of the neutron skin thickness to the low-density slope of the symmetry energy is greatly increased in the corresponding kaonic nuclei. These sensitive relationships are established upon the fact that the isovector potential in the central region of kaonic nuclei becomes very sensitive to the variation of the symmetry energy. These findings might provide another perspective to constrain high-density symmetry energy, and await experimental verification in the future.     

Nuclear structure at the drip lines

This paper gives examples of gross nuclear structure and properties across the nuclear chart and especially near the drip lines for protons and neutrons. New measurements of spins and transition multipolarities in beta decay could greatly enhance our understanding in a number of ways, for example by providing a more quantitative understanding of isospin mixing. The neutron-rich nuclei show novel structural features near the neutron drip line, where the combined effect of low neutron binding and the short range of the nuclear forces leads to the appearance of a neutron distribution extending far beyond the nuclear core (a “halo”). With this is associated a soft electric dipole mode that leads to large cross-sections for Coulomb dissociation and to short E` lifetimes.     

Structure of nuclei far from stability

The structure of neutron-rich unstable nuclei is discussed by focusing on three different subjects; (i) a superdeformed halo nucleus ¹¹Be studied by a deformed Woods-Saxon potential, (ii) retarded β decay due to neutron halo in ¹¹Li, and (iii) giant neutron excitations in nuclei with neutron skin.     

A new probe of neutron skin thickness

The correlation between neutron-to-proton yield ratio (R<,n p>) and neutron skin thickness (δ<,n p>) in neutron-rich projectile induced reactions is investigated within the framework of the Isospin-Dependent Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD) model. The density distribution of the Droplet model is embedded in the initialization of the neutron and proton densities in the present IQMD model. By adjusting the diffuseness parameter of neutron density in the Droplet model for the projectile, the relationship between the neutron skin thickness and the corresponding R<,n p> is obtained. The results show strong linear correlation between R<,n p> and δ<,n p> for neutron-rich Ca and Ni isotopes. It is suggested that R<,n p> may be used as an experimental observable to extract δ<,n p> for neutron-rich nuclei, which is very interesting in the study of the nuclear structure of exotic nuclei, the equation of state (EOS) of asymmetric nuclear matter and neutron-rich matter in astrophysics, etc.     

Nuclear structure near the drip line studied by RNB

The use of radioactive nuclear beams (RNB) has provided an opportunity to study nuclei far from the stability line. Reaction studies using intermediate and high-energy (30–1000 AMeV) radioactive beams have revealed new structures of nuclei that are not seen in nuclei near to the stability line [1]. One such new structure is the neutron halo, a long low-density tail of the neutron distribution [2]. It has been observed in neutron drip-line nuclei, such as⁶He,¹¹Li and¹¹Be. The neutron halo has put light on many new structure problems. Among those, recent studies of a softE1 mode, a low-frequency oscillation of halo neutrons against the core, are discussed in the following section in connection with a recent (p, p′) reaction measurement [3]. Also, the effect of changes in single-particle orbitals on halo formation is discussed [4]. Another new finding is the formation of neutron skins in neutron-rich unstable nuclei [5]. The relation between the equation-of-state (EOS) of asymmetric nuclear matter and the neutron-skin thickness as well as the density distribution of nuclei far from the stability line is discussed in the last section.     

Isospin asymmetry in nuclei, neutron stars and heavy-ion collisions

The roles of isospin asymmetry in nuclei and neutron stars are investigated using a range of potential and field-theoretical models of nucleonic matter. The parameters of these models are fixed by fitting the properties of homogeneous bulk matter and closed-shell nuclei. We discuss and unravel the causes of correlations among the neutron skin thickness in heavy nuclei, the pressure of beta-equilibrated matter at a density of 0.1 fm^?3, and the radii of moderate mass neutron stars. The influence of symmetry energy on observables in heavy-ion collisions is summarized.     

Exploring nuclear symmetry energy with isospin dependence in neutron skin thickness of nuclei

We propose an alternative way to constrain the density dependence of the symmetry energy from the neutron skin thickness of nuclei which shows a linear relation to both the isospin asymmetry and the nuclear charge with a form of Z^2/3. The relation of the neutron skin thickness to the nuclear charge and isospin asymmetry is systematically studied with the data from antiprotonic atom measurement, and with the extended Thomas-Fermi approach incorporating the Skyrme energy density functional. An obviously linear relationship between the slope parameter L of the nuclear symmetry energy and the isospin asymmetry dependent parameter of the neutron skin thickness can be found, by adopting 70 Skyrme interactions in the calculations. Combining the available experimental data, the constraint of -20 MeV L 82 MeV on the slope parameter of the symmetry energy is obtained. The Skyrme interactions satisfying the constraint are selected.     

放射性束装置给核结构研究带来的新机遇

利用放射性束装置所提供的高强度和高分辨率的短寿命核束流可达到核中质比的极端值 ,新的现象 ,如中子晕、质子晕、中子皮、质子皮、壳的减弱或消失 ,以及在滴线附近对力的重要性和核物质中质子 -中子对的新超导相的可能存在等不断涌现 .对这些现象进行研究和理解 ,然后回到实验上较易达到的稳定区核去检验人们的理解 ,会对进一步研究核结构、核合成、核天文和自然界基本对称性提供新的机遇 .By making use of the facility for radioactive beams which would be able to supply intense high resolution beams of short lived (radioactive) nuclei, the neutron proton ratio can be extended to extreme values, where some new phenomena such as neutron halo, proton halo, neutron skin, proton skin, growing evidence of the fragility or disappearance of shell structure far from stability, the importance of pairing correlation near drip line, and the possible existence of new superconducting phases of...     

Disentangling the Effects of Thickness of the Neutron Skin and Symmetry Potential in Nucleon Induced Reactions on Sn Isotopes

The effects of density dependence of symmetry energy and the thickness of the neutron skin in proton （neutron） induced reactions on Sn isotopes are investigated by means of the improved molecular dynamics model. The investigation shows that the target size dependence of the reaction cross sections for proton induced reactions on Sn isotopes is sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy and less sensitive to the thickness of the neutron skin of the target nuclei, but that, for neutron induced reactions on Sn isotopes, it is less sensitive to the density dependence of the symmetry energy and sensitive to the thickness of the neutron skin of the target nucleus.     

Low-lying magnetic dipole strength distribution in the γ-soft even-even 130-136Ba

In this study the scissors mode 1⁺ states are systematically investigated within the rotational invariant Quasiparticle Random Phase Approximation (QRPA) for ^130-136Ba isotopes. We consider the 1⁺ vibrations generated by the isovector spin-spin interactions and the isoscalar and isovector quadrupole-type separable forces restoring the broken symmetry by a deformed mean field according to A.A. Kuliev et al. (Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 9, 249 (2000)). It has been shown that the restoration of the broken rotational symmetry of the Hamiltonian essentially decreases the B(M1) value of the low-lying 1⁺ states and increases the collectivization of the scissors mode excitations in the spectroscopic energy region. The agreement between the calculated mean excitation energies as well as the summed B(M1) value of the scissors mode excitations and the available experimental data of ¹³⁴Ba and ¹³⁶Ba is rather good. A destructive interference between the orbit and spin part of the M1 strength has been found for barium isotopes near the shell closer. For all the nuclei under investigation, the low-lying M1 transitions have ΔK = 1 character as it is the case for the well-deformed nuclei.