强约束球形装药反应裂纹传播和反应烈度表征实验

炸药燃烧的高温高压气体产物可以进入基体裂纹中引发炸药表面热传导燃烧,形成所谓的对流燃烧。在一定约束条件下,不断上升的气体压力反过来又使炸药基体产生更多的裂纹,为对流燃烧提供更多的通道和燃烧表面积,快速生成大量产物气体导致高烈度反应现象的产生。本文中设计了一种新型强约束球形装药中心点火实验,针对一种HMX为基的PBX炸药,对高烈度反应条件下燃烧裂纹传播和反应增长过程进行了观测,实验中采用测得的反应压力和壳体速度历程对反应烈度进行了量化表征。在带窗口结构中,早期炸药中的燃烧裂纹不可见;中期燃烧裂纹扩展到药球表面时,先形成4条沿经线方向近似对称的主裂纹,随后环向贯通并扩展到整个药球表面;最后的剧烈反应造成强烈发光。上述反应演化经历低压增长阶段约为100 μs,之后伴随着壳体变形膨胀产生剧烈的反应,此时产物压力在约10 μs时间内超过1 GPa,并形成约20%相对于裸炸药爆轰的超压输出。在全钢结构中,20 mm厚的壳体膨胀速度最大可达到500 m/s,此时壳体完全破裂。

     

网格法及其在大变形测量中的应用

网格法具有操作简单、测量范围大、易于自动处理等特点。本文首先介绍了网格法测量的基本原理,其次用仿真的实验对网格法进行了检验,最后用皮革材料进行了拉伸实验。由于对镜头误差得到了修正、变形前后的网格点得到了自动匹配,从而实现了大变形的自动高精度测量。     

The displacement discontinuity method in the analysis of open cracks

The application of the displacement discontinuity numerical technique to the solution of some problems of fracture mechanics is demonstrated in the hypothesis of homogeneous and elastic material. The fracture is supposed to be free from traction and is represented by a set of constant displacement discontinuity elements, except for two parabolic elements, located at each crack tip, in order to simulate the singularity of the solution near the crack tips. On the basis of the stress and displacement field determined by the displacement discontinuity method, the stress intensity factors for mode I and II are computed according to the method of the displacements. Three examples are provided to verify the validity of the formulation.

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Sommario Lo scopo del presente lavore è di illustrare l'applicazione del metodo numerico della Displacement Discontinuity alla soluzione di alcuni problemi di meccanica della frattura, nell'ipotesi di materiale omogeneo ed elastico. La frattura è supposta aperta ed è rappresentata da una linea di elementi a discontinuità di spostamento costante, con l'eccezione di due speciali elementi parabolici, ubicati agli apici, al fine di simulare la singolarita' del campo tensionale. Sulla base del campo degli sforzi e degli spostamenti cosi determinati, vengono ricavati i fattori di concentrazione degli sforzi in modo I e II mediante il metodo degli spostamenti. Vengono inoltre riportati tre esempi di calcolo, effettuati al fine di verificare la validità del procedimento proposto.

     

A new method of analyzing surface cracks

The authors have developed a new line-spring boundary element method in thepresent paper,which combines the advantage of the line-spring model with that of theboundary element method.This method reduces the three-dimension problem of thesurface cracks into a quasi-one-dimension problem and can be used to analyze thesurface cracked plate under various loading conditions.In this paper theoreticalanalyses and numerical verifications are carried out.The calculated results arereported,which indicate that the present method is efficient and can be used to analyzethe surface crack problem on a personal computer.     

Multi-interface cracks in a piezoelectric layer bonded to two half-piezoelectric spaces under anti-plane shear loading

The behavior of four parallel symmetry permeable interface cracks in a piezoelectric layer bonded to two half-piezoelectric spaces under anti-plane shear loading is investigated. By using the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with the help of two pairs of triple integral equations. These equations are solved by the Schmidt method. This process is quite different from that papers adopted previously. The normalized stress and electrical displacement intensity factors are determined for different geometric and property parameters for permeable crack surface conditions. Numerical examples are provided to show the effect of the geometry of the interacting cracks, the thickness and the materials constants of the piezoelectric layer upon the stress and electric displacement intensity factors of the cracks. It is found that the electric displacement intensity factors for the permeable crack surface conditions are much smaller than the results for the impermeable crack surface conditions.     

插值矩阵法分析与复合材料界面相交的平面裂纹奇异应力场

提出了用插值矩阵法分析与各向异性材料界面相交的平面裂纹应力奇异性。基于V形切口尖端附近区域位移场渐近展开,将位移场的渐近展开式的典型项代入线弹性力学基本方程,得到关于平面内与复合材料界面相交的裂纹应力奇异性指数的一组非线性常微分方程的特征值问题,运用插值矩阵法求解,获得了平面内各向异性结合材料中与界面以任意角相交的裂纹尖端的应力奇异性指数随裂纹角的变化规律,数值计算结果与已有结果比较表明,本文方法具有很高的精度和效率。     

自动网格法在轮胎橡胶力学行为测试中的应用

本文利用自动网格法光学测量技术的非接触、高精度以及可以获得全场变形信息等优点，建立了一套包含图像采集功能的载荷－变形同步测试,实验轮胎橡胶单向拉伸较大变形力学行为的测试。试验结果表明自动网格法适用于轮胎橡胶等软试件较大变形力学行为的测试，同时也验证了加和卸载过程中，胎面碳黑填充橡胶（以下简称胎面胶）具有明显的迟滞效应、Mullins效应以及残余变形；而纵横向平均应变的数据则有力的证明了在单向拉伸的较大变形范围内，胎面胶是可压缩的，且体积比随轴向拉伸应变增大而逐渐增大。     

压电压磁材料中正n边形孔边裂纹分析

基于电磁复合材料力学,运用Stroh型公式和复变函数方法,针对压电压磁材料中含正n边形孔边裂纹反平面问题进行了研究。利用Schwarz-Christoffel变换技术,结合Cauchy积分公式和留数定理,导出了磁电全非渗透型边界条件下任意正n边形裂纹尖端场强度因子和能量释放率的解析解。当缺失磁场时,所得解退化为已有结果,以此验证方法的有效性。通过数值算例,对比分析了n=3,n=4和n=5三种特殊情形对应的孔口边长、裂纹长度和受到的力、电和磁载荷对等效场强度因子和无量纲能量释放率的影响规律。研究结果发现,正n边形孔洞的尺寸和裂纹长度均会促进裂纹扩展,且前者的影响更显著一些;正n边形边的数量增加会阻止裂纹的扩展;在磁电全非渗透型边界条件下,机械载荷始终促进裂纹的扩展,电位移载荷可以促进或抑制裂纹的扩展,磁载荷对裂纹的扩展贡献较少。本研究结果适用于任意正n边形孔边裂纹求解问题,为压电压磁材料元器件的优化设计和断裂特性分析提供了新思路。     

The cut-and-try method in determining the saturate spacing of transverse cracks of composite laminates

In this paper, the saturate spacing of transverse cracks of the 90° ply is originally calculated by the 3-D finite element method. Thus, a new approach is put forward for predicting the saturate spacing of transverse cracks.     

An investigation on two cracks perpen-dicular to the interfaces in a piezolectric layer bonded to two half spaces by the schmidt method

The behavior of two collinear anti-plane shear cracks in'a piezoelectric layer bonded to two half spaces is investigated by the Schmidt method. The cracks are vertically to the interfaces of the piezoelectric layer. By using the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with two pairs of triple integral equations. These equations are solved using the Schmidt method. This process is quite different from that adopted previously. Numerical examples are provided to show the effect of the geometry of the interacting cracks and the piezoelectric constants of the material upon the stress intensity factor of the cracks. Project supported by the Post Doctoral Science Foundation of Heilongijang Province, the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjing Province and the Science Research Foundation of Harbin Institute of Technology(HIT. 2000. 30).     

两点应变测量法在SHPB测量技术上的运用

介绍了两点应变测量法在分离式Hopkinson压杆 (SHPB)测量技术上的运用。该方法通过测量一根压杆两个不同地方的应变 ,利用一个简单的反复过程将压杆中相对传播并叠加在一起的右行波与左行波分离 ,从而利用输入杆对试件的多次加载来研究软材料的动态力学性能。利用该方法计算所得的最大应变比利用传统SHPB测量技术得到的最大应变增大了 2～ 3倍。     

Analysis of multiple interfacial cracks in three-dimensional bimaterials using hypersingular integro-differential equation method

By using the concept of finite-part integral, a set of hypersingular integro-differential equations for multiple interracial cracks in a three-dimensional infinite bimaterial subjected to arbitrary loads is derived. In the numerical analysis, unknown displacement discontinuities are approximated with the products of the fundamental density functions and power series. The fundamental functions are chosen to express a two-dimensional interface crack rigorously. As illustrative examples, the stress intensity factors for two rectangular interface cracks are calculated for various spacing, crack shape and elastic constants. It is shown that the stress intensity factors decrease with the crack spacing.     

Singular integral equations and boundary element method of cracks in thermally stressed planar solids

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Level set方法在自适应Cartesian网格上的应用

采用基于自适应Cartesian网格的level set方法对多介质流动问题进行数值模拟。采用基于四叉树的方法来生成自适应Cartesian网格。采用有限体积法求解Euler方程,控制面通量的计算采用HLLC（Hartern, Lax, van Leer, Contact）近似黎曼解方法。level set方程也采用有限体积法求解,采用Lax-Friedchs方法计算通量,通过窄带方法来减少计算量,界面的处理采用ghost fluid方法。Runge-Kutta显式时间推进,时间、空间都是二阶精度。对两种不同比热比介质激波管问题进行数值模拟,其结果和精确解吻合;对空气/氦气泡相互作用等问题进行模拟,取得令人满意的结果。     

网栅后湍流流动沿流程衰减特性的实验研究

应用ＬＤＶ测试技术对垂直方管内三种不同栅距的网所形成的湍流流动做了详细测量,网栅栅距Ｍ分别为１４ｍｍ,１０ｍｍ,６ｍｍ实验给出了管内不同位置湍流流动的各种参数沿流动方向的衰减规律,并就三种网栅进行比较分析,以探讨这种网栅流动所具有共同规律和在不同栅距对湍流结构及脉动大小的不同特点,从而对这种网栅所形成的湍流流结构较为清晰的了解。     

Exact solutions of two semi-infinite collinear cracks in piezoelectric strip

Using the complex variable function method and the conformal mapping technique,the fracture problem of two semi-infinite collinear cracks in a piezoelectric strip is studied under the anti-plane shear stress and the in-plane electric load on the partial crack surface.Analytic solutions of the field intensity factors and the mechanical strain energy release rate are derived under the assumption that the surfaces of the crack are electrically impermeable.The results can be reduced to the well-known solutio...     

平板网架结构分析的超级条元法

本文针对复杂杆系结构提出一种超级有限条的分析方法。这种方法基于半连续半离散思想将各杆件结点自由度归结为整体结构自由度；进一步又将整体自由度简化为少数结线自由度上机计算。这将为复杂结构体系开拓一条简便、实用的工程分析途径。     

The scattering of harmonic elastic anti-plane shear waves by two collinear cracks in the piezoelectric plate by using the non-local theory

In this paper, the dynamic interaction between two collinear cracks in a piezoelectric material plate under anti-plane shear waves is investigated by using the non-local theory for impermeable crack surface conditions. By using the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with the help of two pairs of triple integral equations. These equations are solved using the Schmidt method. This method is more reasonable and more appropriate. Unlike the classical elasticity solution, it is found that no stress and electric displacement singularity is present at the crack tip. The non-local dynamic elastic solutions yield a finite hoop stress at the crack tip, thus allowing for a fracture criterion based on the maximum dynamic stress hypothesis. The project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10172030, 50232030)     

A closed form solution for stress intensity factors of shear modes for 3-D finite bodies with cracks by energy release rate method

In this paper, a new analytical-engineering method of closed form solution for stress intensity factors of shear modes for 3-D finite bodies with cracks is derived by the time saving energy release rate method. Hence a complete series of useful results of stress intensity factorsK _II andK _III can be obtained. And the results provided by this method are in good agreement with some obtained by other methods.     

Investigation of the dynamic behavior of two collinear anti-plane shear cracks in a piezoelectric layer bonded to two half spaces by a new method

The dynamic behavior of two collinear anti-plane shear cracks in a piezoelectric layer bonded to two half spaces subjected to the harmonic waves is investigated by a new method. The cracks are parallel to the interfaces in the mid-plane of the piezoelectric layer. By using the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with two pairs of triple integral equations. These equations are solved by using Schmidt’s method. This process is quite different from that adopted previously. Numerical examples are provided to show the effect of the geometry of cracks, the frequency of the incident wave, the thickness of the piezoelectric layer and the constants of the materials upon the dynamic stress intensity factor of cracks.