Time—resolved Microwave Conductivity Studies on the Chemical Treatment of the Nanocrystalline Porous TiO2 Films

Effect of Ti(iso-C3H7O)4 treatment on the photoinduced charge carrier kinetics of nanocrystalline porous TiO2 films is studied by time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements. Analysis of the transient photoconductivity decays indicates that Ti(iso-C3H7O)4 treatment leads to an increased concentration of photogenerated charge carriers and a fast interfacial transfer rate of holes via the surface modification of the fleshly growing TiO2 nanocrystallites.     

Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles on the Au(111) surface

The growth of titanium oxide nanoparticles on reconstructed Au(111) was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ti was deposited by physical-vapor deposition at 300 K. Regular arrays of titanium nanoparticles form by preferential nucleation of Ti at the elbow sites of the herringbone reconstruction. The titanium oxide nanoclusters were synthesized by subsequent exposure to O(2) at 300 K. Two-and three-dimensional titanium oxide nanocrystallites form during annealing in the temperature range from 600 to 900 K. At the same time, the Au(111) surface assumes a serrated 110-oriented step-edge morphology suggesting step-edge pinning by titanium oxide nanoparticles. The oxidation state of the titanium oxide nanoparticles varies with annealing temperature. Specifically, annealing to 900 K results in the formation of stoichiometric TiO(2) nanocrystals as judged by the Ti(2p) binding energies measured in the x-ray photoelectron data. The nanodispersed TiO(2) on Au(111) is an ideal system to test the various models proposed for the enhanced catalytic reactivity of supported Au nanoparticles.     

Complex and charge transfer between TiO2 and pyrroloquinoline quinone

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) forms a tridentate complex with coordinatively unsaturated titanium atoms on the surface of approximately 4.5 nm TiO2 particles; an association constant of K = 550 M-1 per Ti(IV)surf has been determined. Low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance was employed in identification of localized charges and consequently produced radicals and in determination of charge-transfer processes. The photoexcitation of the PQQ-TiO2 complex results in the transfer of conduction band electrons from TiO2 to bound PQQ and the formation of the semiquinone radical. Attaching dopamine (DA) as an electron donor and PQQ as an electron acceptor on the surface of TiO2 results in spatial separation of photogenerated charges; the holes localize on dopamine and electrons on PQQ, with higher yields than for each component separately. In this triad-type assembly (PQQ-TiO2/DA) the PQQ that is bound to the particles acts as a sink for electrons allowing their almost complete scavenging even at temperature as low as 4 K.     

Quantum dot solar cells. harvesting light energy with CdSe nanocrystals molecularly linked to mesoscopic TiO2 films

By using bifunctional surface modifiers (SH-R-COOH), CdSe quantum dots (QDs) have been assembled onto mesoscopic TiO(2) films. Upon visible light excitation, CdSe QDs inject electrons into TiO(2) nanocrystallites. Femtosecond transient absorption as well as emission quenching experiments confirm the injection from the excited state of CdSe QDs into TiO(2) nanoparticles. Electron transfer from the thermally relaxed s-state occurs over a wide range of rate constant values between 7.3 x 10(9) and 1.95 x 10(11) s(-1). The injected charge carriers in a CdSe-modified TiO(2) film can be collected at a conducting electrode to generate a photocurrent. The TiO(2)-CdSe composite, when employed as a photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell, exhibits a photon-to-charge carrier generation efficiency of 12%. Significant loss of electrons occurs due to scattering as well as charge recombination at TiO(2)/CdSe interfaces and internal TiO(2) grain boundaries.     

钌-钯掺杂Ti/TiO2阳极电催化降解甲基橙研究

以偶氮染料甲基橙为处理对象, 分别考察了Ru, Pd及Ru-Pd掺杂的Ti/TiO2阳极的光、电催化活性, 并与Ti/RuOx-PdO阳极的电催化活性进行了比较; 利用XPS分析了Ru-Pd掺杂的Ti/TiO2阳极表面Ru, Pd及Ti的化学形态. 实验发现, Ru, Pd及Ru-Pd掺杂的Ti/TiO2阳极的光催化活性都有所降低, 而其电催化活性却都有大幅提升, 特别是Ru-Pd掺杂的Ti/TiO2阳极, 其电催化活性明显地优于Ti/RuOx-PdO阳极. XPS分析表明, Ru-Pd掺杂的Ti/TiO2阳极其光、电催化活性的变化可能与该阳极表面Ru, Pd及Ti的化学形态变化有关.     

Facile synthesis and characterization of functionalized, monocrystalline rutile TiO2 nanorods

Functionalized, monocrystalline rutile TiO2 nanorods were prepared from TiCl4 in aqueous solution under acidic conditions in the presence of dopamine, followed by aging and hydrothermal treatment at 150 degrees C. The surface-bound organic ligand controls the morphology as well as the crystallinity and the phase selection of TiO2. The presence of monocrystalline rutile TiO2 was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and HRTEM investigations. The as-prepared nanorods are soluble in water at pH <3. The surface functionalization was analyzed by IR and 1H NMR, confirming the presence of dopamine on the surface. The surface amine groups can be tailored further with functional molecules such as dyes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to characterize the binding of the fluorescent dye 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD) to the functionalized surface of the TiO2 nanorods.     

Sensitive determination of dopamine in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid using TiO2 nanotubes modified with Pd, Pt and Au nanoparticles

A simple modified TiO(2) nanotubes electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition of Pd, Pt and Au nanoparticles. The TiO(2) nanotubes electrode was prepared using the anodizing method, followed by modifying Pd nanoparticles onto the tubes surface, offering a uniform conductive surface for electrodeposition of Pt and Au. The performance of the modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry methods. The Au/Pt/Pd/TiO(2) NTs modified electrode represented a high sensitivity towards individual detection of dopamine as well as simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid using 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.00) as the base solution. In both case, electro-oxidation peak currents of dopamine were linearly related to accumulated concentration over a wide concentration range of 5.0 × 10(-8) to 3.0 × 10(-5) M. However in the same range of dopamine concentration, the sensitivity had a significant loss at Pt/Pd/TiO(2) NTs electrode, suggesting the necessity for Au nanoparticles in modified electrode. The limit of the detection was determined as 3 × 10(-8) M for dopamine at signal-to-noise ratio equal to 3. Furthermore, the Au/Pt/Pd/TiO(2) NTs modified electrode was able to distinguish the oxidation response of dopamine, uric acid and ascorbic acid in mixture solution of different acidity. It was shown that the modified electrode possessed a very good reproducibility and long-term stability. The method was also successfully applied for determination of DA in human urine samples with satisfactory results.     

Effect of poly (ethylene glycol) on coarsening dynamics of titanium dioxide nanocrystallites in hydrothermal reaction and the application in dye sensitized solar cells

Titanium dioxide sols were synthesized by hydrothermal reactions with addition of poly (ethylene glycol) (Mw=20,000). Using techniques of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy, effect of PEG on the crystallographic properties, particle size, aggregating behavior, and the morphological properties of nanoparticles in the sols were studied. It was found that growth of anatase nanocrystallites was retarded by PEG. Average crystallite size of anatase nanocrystallites first decreased from 20.7 nm to 10.5 nm as the polymer concentration increased from 1 g/L to 3 g/L, and then changed little. Meanwhile, small amount of rutile phases like rutile nanowires, twin crystallites, and the "flowers" appeared continuously when the concentration increased from 3 g/L to 5 g/L. Mono-dispersion was obtained with relatively lower PEG concentration. The observed evolvement was discussed based on the interaction between the polymers and the nanocrystallites with assistance of FTIR. The coverage of polymer chains on surface of nanocrystallites leads to isolated reactors, which benefits the uniform coarsening rate of the nanocrystallites. The synthesized TiO(2) sols were utilized in dye sensitized solar cells. Performance parameters of the solar cells were discussed with assistance of dye desorption experiments. The improved dispersion in sols was found to benefit the photovoltaic performance of the cells.     

STS study of TiO2 film and Pt-deposited TiO2 film in air

Direct investigation of the electronic structure of catalyst surfaces on the near-atomic scale in general has not been impossible in the past. However, with the advent of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the opportunity arises for incorporating the scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) for correlation in-situ surface electronic structure with topography on a sub-nanometer scale. In this paper, we report the STS results of thin film TiO2 and Pt-deposited TiO2 annealed at 450℃. It was found that the TiO2 semiconductor changes from n-type to p-type after Pt deposition.Fig. 1 shows the surface electronic property (Ⅰ-Ⅴ curve) of thin TiO2 film measured in air by STS. A steep descent of the anodic tunneling current at ca.- 1.0 Ⅴ and a rapid ascent of cathodic tunneling current at ca. +2.0V. The zero bias represents the Fermi level (Ef). Ef is situated at the Ecb side indicating that the thin TiO2 film possesses the same band gap as that of bulk TiO2 phase ( Egs =3.0 to 3.2 eV). For the sample of Pt-deposited TiO2 film, Pt/(Pt+Ti+O) atomic ratio≈0.2, which indicates that the surface of TiO2 film is partly covered by Pt particles, and there are two types of Ⅰ-Ⅴ curves to be detected. One of them (Fig.2a)is attributed to the electronic property of TiO2, which has same Egs as that shown in Fig. 1. However, the Ef is transferred to valence side (△≈1eV). This phenomenon hints that TiO2 is doped by an impurity which can introduce h+ into TiO2 lattice.Such a type of defects may be described by Ti1-xPtxO2(h )2x, here Pt+2 as a substitutional site of Ti+4. Fig.2b is the Ⅰ-Ⅴ curve of a Pt particle situated on a TiO2 particle contained Ti1-xPtxO2(h )2x.     

STUDY ON OXID TIVE COUPLING OF METHANE Ⅱ.CATALY TIC PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TiO_2-BASED CATALYSTS

The catalytic performance of Mn/TiO_2,La-Mn/TiO_2,Li-La-Mn/TiO_2 etc for the oxidetive coupling of methane(OCM)was investignted.Thecatalysta were cheracterised with X-ray diffraction(XRD)and X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).The results reveal that catalyst Li-La-Mn/TiO_2 exhibits high activity and C_2 selectivity;Ti in this catalyst exists asTi~( 4) state;Li can promote the formation of lanthanum tituate via theinteraction between La and TiO_2;the formed La_2Ti_2O_7 and La_4Ti_9O_(24) aredistributed in the inner surface layer and Mn exists in outer surface layer in lowvalence states.The high activity and C_2 selectivity of catalyst Li-La-Mn/TiO_2are intimately related to the valence states of Mn,Li,La and theirdistribution on the catulyst surface layer.     

不同基材上TiO2膜的表征和光催化活性评价

 采用溶胶-凝胶法在平行条件下制备了负载于钛、铝、不锈钢和玻璃等不同基材上的TiO2浸渍提拉膜,利用原子力显微镜、俄歇电子能谱、X射线衍射、漫反射紫外-可见光谱和苯甲酰胺光催化降解等手段对TiO2膜进行了表征和催化活性评价. 实验结果表明,基材的种类对TiO2膜的性能有较大影响,各膜样品虽均为锐钛矿晶型,但表面形貌显著不同. TiO2/Ti, TiO2/steel, TiO2/Al和TiO2/glass上TiO2的平均粒径分别是152, 205, 241和477 nm,且前两者的粒径分布较为集中. TiO2/Ti和TiO2/Al样品表面仅有Ti和O元素存在,而TiO2/steel和TiO2/glass表面则分别检测到有Fe和Na,Ca及Si等基材元素渗出. 各膜样品对苯甲酰胺光催化降解的活性次序是:TiO2/Ti＞TiO2/Al＞TiO2/glass＞TiO2/steel. 根据实验结果可以推测,在焙烧阶段各基材上前驱体膜烧结行为的不同以及基材元素的渗出是造成不同基材上的TiO2膜在表面形貌、化学组成、光吸收性能以及光催化活性方面存在明显差异的主要原因.     

Formation of titania nanofibers: a direct sol-gel route in supercritical CO2

In this letter, we present a new method to synthesize titania nanofibers with nanocrystallites via a sol-gel route in supercritical CO2. The nanofibers were formed by the esterification and condensation of titanium alkoxides using acetic acid as the polymerization agent in supercritical CO2 from 40 to 70 degrees C and 2500 to 8000 psia. The TiO2 nanofiber morphology was characterized by means of SEM and HRTEM, which indicated that the diameters ranged from 9 to 100 nm. N2 physisorption, and powder XRD showed that the nanofibers exhibited relatively high surface areas up to 400 m2/g and anatase and/or rutile nanocrystallites were formed after calcination.     

Effects of Carrier on CuO／TiO2 and CuO／Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 Catalysts in the NO＋CO Reaction

Using TiO2 and Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 as carriers, the CuO/TiO2 and CuO/Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method with Cu(NO3)2 as active component. The catalytic activities in NO CO reaction were investigated using a microreactor-GC system, and structure and reducibility of catalysts were characterized by means of physical adsorption, TPR, XRD, NO-TPD technologies. It was found that the activity of CuO/Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 catalyst was higher than that of CuO/TiO2, probably due to the large specific surface area of Ti0.5Zr0.5O2 that played an important role in NO CO reaction.     

Au改性纳米TiO2材料对NPE-10光催化降解的活性

以钛酸四丁酯和氯金酸为原料，通过溶胶凝胶法制备了Au掺杂的纳米TiO2光催化剂粉体，并用 XRD， BET，XPS和固体紫外可见吸收光谱等技术对其晶相结构，比表面积，表面组成及紫外可见光响应范围进行了表征，对其光催化降解非离子表面活性剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPE-10）的活性进行了考察. 结果表明，掺杂的Au在纳米TiO2粉体材料中可能以两种形态存在，即以Au3+离子形式替代Ti4+进入TiO2晶格和以Au原子态形式暴露于粉体表面.前者使TiO2在480～650 nm出现了更强的光吸收，并大大地增强了粉体表面对氧物种的吸附；后者中处于表面原子态的Au又会成为光生电子的受体，有效地避免了光生电子空穴对的复合. 通过对掺杂量及处理温度的优化，在nAu3+/nTi4+=0.005， 500 ℃煅烧的条件下可以制得具有较高的光催化活性的Au/TiO2粉体. 对NPE-10的光催化氧化试验显示，日光照射4小时后降解效率可以达到91.8%；而用未改性的纳米TiO2，在同样条件下，NPE-10的光催化降解效率仅能达到50.2%，商品Degussa P-25也只能达到66%.     

Atomic layer deposition in nanometer-level replication of cellulosic substances and preparation of photocatalytic TiO2/cellulose composites

TiO2 replicas of filter paper with nanometer-level accuracy were prepared by atomic layer deposition of thin conformal TiO2 coating, followed by a removal of the paper by air-anneal at 450 degrees C. Photocatalytic anatase TiO2/cellulose composites were also made by leaving the paper intact. The TiO2 films were deposited from Ti(OMe)4 and H2O at 150-250 degrees C. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2/cellulose composite was verified by photocatalytic reduction of Ag(I) from an aqueous solution to Ag nanoparticles on the TiO2 surface. The TiO2/cellulose composites are mechanically more stable than the free-standing TiO2 replicas and are therefore potentially suitable as lightweight, high surface area photocatalysts.     

Effect of calcination temperature on the structure of a Pt/TiO2 (B) nanofiber and its photocatalytic activity in generating H2

Hydrogen trititanate (H 2Ti 3O 7) nanofibers were prepared by a hydrothermal method in 10 M NaOH at 403 K, followed by acidic rinsing and drying at 383 K. Calcining H 2Ti 3O 7 nanofibers at 573 K led to the formation of TiO 2 (B) nanofibers. Calcination at 673 K improved the crystallinity of the TiO 2 (B) nanofibers and did not cause any change in the morphology and dimensions of the nanofibers. TiO 2 (B) and H 2Ti 3O 7 nanofibers are 10-20 nm in diameter and several micrometers long, but FE-SEM reveals that several of these nanofibers tend to bind tightly to each other, forming a fiber bundle. Calcination at 773 K transformed TiO 2 (B) nanofibers into a TiO 2 (B)/anatase bicrystalline mixture with their fibrous morphology remaining intact. Upon increasing the calcination temperature to 873 K, most of the TiO 2 (B) nanofibers were converted into anatase nanofibers and small anatase particles with smoother surfaces. In the photocatalytic dehydrogenation of neat ethanol, 1% Pt/TiO 2 (B) nanofiber calcined at 673 K was the most active catalyst and generated about the same amount of H 2 as did 1% Pt/P-25. TPR indicated that the calcination of 1% Pt/TiO 2 (B) nanofiber at 573 K produced a poor Pt dispersion and poor activity. Calcination at a temperature higher than 773 K (in ambient air) resulted in an SMSI effect similar to that observed over TiO 2 in the reductive atmosphere. As suggested by XPS, such an SMSI effect decreased the surface concentration of Pt metal and created Pt (delta) sites, preventing Pt particles from functioning as a Schottky barrier and leading to a lower activity. Because of the synergetic effect between TiO 2 (B) and anatase phases, the bicrystalline mixture, produced by calcining at 773 K, was able to counter negative effects such as the reduction in surface area and the SMSI effect and maintained its photocatalytic activity.     

紫外光照下纳米TiO2电极的电化学行为

通过电沉积方法制备了纳米TiO2薄膜电极，应用循环伏安和交流阻抗技术研究了TiO2电极在253.7 nm的紫外光照射下的电化学行为.结果表明, TiO2薄膜电极的循环伏安图在＋0.15 V处出现新的氧化峰,交流阻抗谱的半圆明显减小，电极的开路电位在有光和无光的情况下呈现规律变化.实验证实在紫外光照射下电极表面有新物种Ti3＋生成，但光生Ti3＋不稳定.     

NanoTiO2-CNT复合膜电极在DMF溶液中对糠醛的异相电催化还原

通过在乙醇中电化学溶解Ti金属阳极合成前驱体Ti(OEt)4和溶胶-凝胶法在Ti表面修饰一层纳米TiO2-碳纳米管(nanoTiO2-CNT)复合膜, 采用循环伏安和电解合成法研究了nanoTiO2-CNT复合膜电极在N, N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的氧化还原行为以及对糠醛(furfural)还原的电催化活性. 结果发现, nanoTiO2-CNT电极在阴极扫描时有两对氧化还原峰, 可逆半波电位E r1/2 分别为－1.27 V和－2.44 V(vs SCE, 扫描速度100 mV•s-1), 分别对应于TiO2/Ti2O3氧化还原电对的可逆电极过程和TiO2/Ti(OH)3电对的准可逆电极过程；在DMF电解液中nanoTiO2-CNT复合膜中的Ti(IV)/Ti(III)氧化还原电对作为媒质间接电还原糠醛为糠醇, 反应机理为电化学偶联随后化学催化反应(EC′)机理.     

Ag改性提高TiO_2对Cr(VI)的光催化还原活性机理

在消除了质子缺乏、光生电子-空穴复合对Cr6 光催化还原负效应影响下,比较了TiO2和Ag/TiO2(Ag质量分数1.0％)光催化还原活性.结果表明,相同条件下Ag/TiO2表现出比TiO2更高的催化活性.EPR分析表明,对于Ag/TiO2,UV照射后Ag表面有活性物种O2生成,在TiO2上有活性中心表相Ti3 生成.光生电子通过表相Ti3 向Cr6 传递电子是cr6 光催化还原的速度控制步骤.较多的表相Ti3 参与还原反应是Ag/TiO2表现出较高催化活性的主要原因,担载Ag上积聚光生电子的较强流动性对反应也起到一定促进作用.