Complexometric Determination of Mercury(II) Using 2-Mercaptopropionylglycine as a Selective Masking Reagent

 A selective complexometric method for the determination of mercury(II) in the presence of associated metal ions is reported, based on the selective masking ability of 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPGH₂) towards mercury. Mercury, along with other associated metal ions, is first complexed with excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is back titrated at pH 5–6 (hexamine buffer) with standard zinc sulfate solution using xylenol orange as indicator. An aqueous 1% solution of MPGH₂ is then added to displace EDTA selectively from the Hg-EDTA complex and the released EDTA is titrated with the same standard zinc sulfate solution. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained for 4–85 mg of mercury with a relative error of ≤ 0.26% and coefficient of variation not exceeding 0.42%. The interferences of various cations and anions are studied. The method is used for the analysis of mercury in its complexes and alloy samples. Received August 30, 2000. Revision January 15, 2001.     

Complexometric Determination of Zinc(II) Using 2,2′-Bipyridyl as Selective Masking Agent

 An indirect complexometric method is described for the determination of zinc(II) using 2,2′-bipyridyl as masking agent. Zinc(II) in a given sample solution is initially complexed with an excess of EDTA and surplus EDTA is titrated with lead nitrate solution at pH 5.0–6.0 (hexamine), using xylenol orange as indicator. An excess of 2,2′-bipyridyl is then added, the mixture shaken well and the EDTA released from the Zn-EDTA complex is titrated with standard lead nitrate solution. Results are obtained for 3–39 mg of Zn with relative errors ≤ 0.5% and standard deviations ± 0.06 mg. The interference of various ions are studied. The method is applied for the determination of zinc in its alloys and ores. Received October 27, 1998. Revision June 10, 1999.     

Indirect Complexometric Determination of Mercury(II) Using Potassium Bromide as Selective Masking Agent

 A complexometric method for the determination of mercury in presence of other metal ions based on the selective masking ability of potassium bromide towards mercury is described. Mercury(II) present in a given sample solution is first complexed with a known excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is titrated against zinc sulfate solution at pH 5–6 using xylenol orange as the indicator. A known excess of 10% solution of potassium bromide is then added and the EDTA released from Hg-EDTA complex is titrated against standard zinc sulfate solution. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained for 8 mg to 250 mg of mercury(II) with a relative error ± 0.28% and standard deviations ≤0.5 mg. The interference of various ions is studied. This method was applied to the determination of mercury(II) in its alloys. Received April 18, 2001 Revision October 10, 2001     

Direct complexometric determination of aluminium in "alzinoy"

A simple and precise method for the complexometric determination of aluminium in "Alzinoy" (a binary alloy of aluminium and zinc) is described. After dissolution of the sample in hydrochloric acid, aluminium, zinc and any lead and iron are complexed with excess of EDTA. The excess of EDTA is titrated with lead solution, with Xylenol Orange as indicator. Ammonium fluoride is then added to decompose the Al-EDTA complex, and the EDTA liberated is titrated with lead solution. Four samples can be analysed in about 45 min.     

Complexometric determination of aluminium in iron ore,sinter, concentrates and agglomerates

A method for the complexometric determination of aluminium in iron ore, sinter, concentrates and agglomerates encountered in international trade is described. The sample is fused in a zirconium crucible with a mixed flux of sodium carbonate and sodium peroxide. The fused mass is completely soluble in hydrochloric acid. The R₂O₃ oxides are then precipitated with ammonia and redissolved in hydrochloric acid. Elements such as iron, titanium and zirconium are separated from aluminium by solvent extraction with cupferron and chloroform. After removal of traces of organic matter from the aqueous phase, the solution is treated with an excess of EDTA, which is then back-titrated with zinc solution (Xylenol Orange as indicator). Addition of ammonium fluoride then releases EDTA equivalent to the aluminium and this is titrated with zinc solution. The method is rapid. The precision and accuracy are excellent, and the results comparable with those obtained by the referee method.     

Design and characteristics of tin (II) optode based on immobilization of dithizone on a triacetylcellulose membrane and its application in canned foods

Abstract  

The characterization of an optical sensor membrane is described for the determination of tin (II) based on the immobilization of dithizone on a triacetylcellulose membrane. The membrane responds to tin (II) ions by changing color reversibly from green to red in buffer solution at pH 6 and wavelength 611 nm. This optode has a linear range of 0.3–6.33 μg cm⁻³ (2.52–53.32 μmol dm⁻³) of Sn²⁺ ions with a limit of detection of 0.15 μg cm⁻³ (1.26 μmol dm⁻³). The response time of the optode was about 8–10 min depending on the concentration of Sn²⁺ ions. The selectivity of the optode to tin (II) ions at pH 6 was good. The sensor can be readily regenerated by exposure with EDTA solution. The color is fully reversible, and the optical sensor could be fully regenerated. Experimental results showed that the optode could be used as an effective tool in analyzing the tin content in canned foods.     

Synthesis and characterization of novel thermally stable aromatic and semiaromatic polyamides derived from thiourea-based flexible diacid dichlorides

Abstract  

New diacid dichlorides bearing phenyl thiourea groups were prepared by a facile synthetic approach and characterized using spectroscopic and elemental analyses. A series of novel aromatic and semiaromatic polyamides were prepared via a condensation route from the synthesized diacid dichlorides with 4,4′-oxydianiline. The polymers were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and their physical properties, including their solution viscosities, solubilities and thermal properties, were studied too. Polyamides with phenyl thiourea moieties in the backbone showed good solubilities in amide solvents such as DMAc, DMF, DMSO, and NMP. All of the synthesized polymers had η _inh values of 0.042–0.053 dm³/g, and were obtained in quantitative yield. GPC measurements of the synthesized polyamides indicated M _w values of 64,759–86,172. The crystallinity of the polymers was evaluated via their X-ray diffraction patterns. Their glass transition temperatures were found to be 218–229 °C. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the polymers were thermally stable in the range 300–398 °C in a N₂ atmosphere.     

Indirect Complexometric Determination of Bismuth Using 2-Mercaptoethanol as Masking Agent

 A new method for the complexometric determination of Bi in the presence of co-ions using 2-mercaptoethanol as selective masking agent has been proposed. Bismuth along with other ions in a given sample solution are initially complexed with excess of EDTA. The pH of the solution is adjusted to 5.0–6.0 using solid hexamine (10 ± 2 g) and the remaining uncomplexed EDTA is titrated with lead-nitrate solution using xylenol orange indicator. A known excess of 2-mercaptoethanol solution (5% alcoholic) is then added, the mixture is shaken well and the released EDTA from the Bi(III)-EDTA complex is titrated against standard lead-nitrate solution. The method is applied to the determination of bismuth in Wood’s alloy. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained for 2–40 mg of bismuth with relative errors ≤ 0.5% and standard deviations ≤ 0.04 mg. Received January 15, 1999. Revision March 29, 1999.     

Ternary complexes in the spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of silver(I) and cadmium(II)

The reaction of silver(I) and cadmium(II) with 1,10-phenanthroline (PHEN) and Eosin (2,4,5,7-tetrabromofluorescein) gives coloured association complexes. The solution spectra of the mixed-ligand complexes are characterised by high intensity (∈ ≈ 10⁴) metal-to-ligand charge-transfer bands at 540–555nm. The optimum conditions for the spectrophotometric determination of Ag(I) or Cd(II) have been established. A simple, sensitive and selective method was proposed for the determination of traces of the metal ions either in aqueous or organic media. In the presence of EDTA only aluminium and cyanide interfere.     

Comparative determination of uranium in rock phosphates and columbite by ICP-OES,alpha &; gamma spectrometry

During this work selective separation of uranium from rock phosphate and columbite mineral was done before its quantitative estimation by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometery (ICP-OES). Uranium from the rock phosphate and columubite was extracted by sodium peroxide fusion followed by leaching in 2 M HNO₃. To avoid spectral interference in the estimation of uranium by ICP-OES, the selective separation of uranium from the leachate was carried out by using two different extractants, 30% Tributyl Phophates (TBP) in CCl₄ and a equi-volume mixture of Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) & TBP in petrofin. Uranium was stripped from the organic phase by using 1 M ammonium carbonate solution. Determination of uranium by ICP-OES was done after dissolving the residue left after evaporation of ammonium carbonate solution in 4% HNO₃. The concentration of the uranium observed in the rock phosphates samples was 40–200 μg g⁻¹ whereas in columbite samples the concentration range was 100–600 μg g⁻¹. Uranium concentration evaluated by ICP-OES was complimented by gamma & alpha spectrometry. Concentration of uranium evaluated by gamma spectrometry in case of rock phosphate and coulmbite was in close agreement with the uranium content obtained by ICP-OES. Uranium determination by alpha spectrometry showed only minor deviation (1–2%) from the results obtained by ICP-OES in case of rock phosphates whereas in case of coulmbites results are off by 20–30%.     

Complexometric determination of copper(II) in ores,alloys and complexes using 2-mercaptoethanol as indirect masking reagent

A complexo-titrimetric method for the determination of copper(II) in the presence of other metal ions is described, based on the selective masking ability of 2-mercaptoethanol towards copper(II). Copper and other ions in a given sample solution are initially complexed with an excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is titrated with zinc sulfate solution at pH 5.0–6.0 (hexamine), using xylenol orange as indicator. A known excess of 2-mercaptoethanol solution (10%) is then added, the mixture is shaken well and the released EDTA from the Cu-EDTA complex is titrated against standard zinc sulfate solution. The interferences of various ions are studied and the method is applied to the determination of copper in its ores, alloys and complexes. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained for 2.5–40 mg of Cu with relative errors 0.4% and standard deviations 0.04 mg.     

Indirect complexometric determination of palladium(II) using sodium nitrite as a selective masking reagent

A selective complexometric method is described for the determination of palladium, sodium nitrite being used as masking reagent. Palladium(II) in a given sample solution is initially cornplexed with an excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is titrated with zinc sulfate solution at pH 4.5–5.5 (acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer), using xylenol orange as indicator. An excess of sodium nitrite is then added, the mixture is shaken well and the EDTA released from the Pd-EDTA complex is titrated with a standard zinc sulfate solution. Results are obtained for 2.5–27.5 mg of Pd with relative errors 0.5% and standard deviations 0.05 mg. The interferences of various ions are studied. The method is applied for the determination of palladium(II) in alloys and complexes.     

Study of dehalogenation of halogenoanilines using Raney Al–Ni alloy in aqueous medium at room temperature

Abstract  

Dehalogenation of halogenated anilines by action of powdered aluminium–nickel alloy in aqueous alkaline solution at room temperature has been studied. The reaction course was monitored by means of ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The rates of dehalogenation of 4-bromo-, 4-chloro-, 4-fluoro- and 3-chloroaniline were compared under conditions of minimum necessary excess of Al–Ni alloy as reducing agent in edetane buffer medium at pH 10.9. The dehalogenation rates of halogenated anilines decreased in the following order: 3-chloroaniline > 4-bromoaniline ≥ 4-chloroaniline > 4-fluoroaniline. On the basis of the results obtained in buffers, the dehalogenation method of aqueous solutions of halogenoanilines was verified using NaOH as the base.     

Novel water based cerium acetate precursor solution for the deposition of epitaxial cerium oxide films as HTSC buffers

A novel water based precursor solution using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (H₄EDTA) as a complexant and acetic acid and ethylenediamine (EDA) as additional components to obtain CeO₂ buffer layers on Ni (5%W) tapes is described in detail. The influence of complexation behavior in the formation of transparent and homogenous sols and gels by the combination of cerium acetate, acetic acid and H₄EDTA has been studied. The optimal growth conditions for cerium oxide were Ar-5% H₂ gas processing atmosphere, solution concentration levels of 0.2–0.4 M, a dwell time of 60 min at 900 °C and 5–30 min at 1,050 °C. X-ray diffraction, SEM, spectroscopic ellipsometry and pole figures were used to characterize the CeO₂ films. Highly textured CeO₂ layers were obtained.     

Ni2+ cation and imidazole as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in sulfuric acid solutions

Abstract  

The effect of Ni²⁺ cation, imidazole, and mixtures of them on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution was studied by using galvanostatic polarization, potentiodynamic anodic polarization, and weight-loss techniques. Ni²⁺ cation, imidazole, and mixtures of them provide a good protection to carbon steel against pitting corrosion in chloride-containing solutions. The inhibiting solutions were analyzed by using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The inhibition was explained on the basis of formation of a complex between the two components. The inhibition mechanism was discussed in terms of the results derived from corrosion and UV–Vis spectrophotometric measurements as well as conductometric investigations.     

Selective complexometric determination of mercury with sulphite as indirect masking reagent

A complexo-titrimetric method for the determination of mercury(II) in the presence of other metal ions is described, based on the selective masking ability of sulphite ion towards Hg(II). Mercury in a given sample solution is initially complexed with a known excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA titrated with zinc sulphate solution at pH 5.0–6.0 (hexamine), using xylenol orange (or methylthymol blue) as indicator. An excess of solid sodium sulphite is then added to decompose the Hg(II)-EDTA complex and the released EDTA is titrated with standard zinc sulphate solution. Reproducible and accurate results are obtained for 9.9–99 mg Hg with relative errors < 0.35% and standard deviations < 0.05 mg. The effects of various cations and anions are studied.     

Influence of B<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> on the structure and crystallization of soil active glasses

Glasses of the SiO₂–P₂O₅–K₂O–MgO–CaO–B₂O₃ system acting as nutrients carriers in the soil environment were synthesised by the melt-quenching technique. Thermal properties were studied using DTA/DSC methods and the influence of B₂O₃ and P₂O₅ content on thermal stability and crystallization process of these glasses was examined. The structure of the glass network was characterized by FTIR, ³¹P, and ¹¹B MAS NMR. The chemical activity of the glasses in the 2 mass% citric acid solution was measured by the ICP-AES method. The analysis indicated that the formation of P–O–B units with chemically stable tetrahedral borate groups decreases the glass solubility in conditions simulating the soil environment.     

Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of two zinc(II) halide complexes with the symmetrical bidentate Schiff-base ligand (3,4-MeO-ba)2en

Abstract  

In this study two zinc(II) halide complexes with the Schiff-base ligand (3,4-MeO-ba)₂en [N,N′-bis(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)ethane-1,2-diamine] have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses (CHN), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The metal-to-ligand ratio was found to be 1:1 within the formula ZnX₂((3,4-MeO-ba)₂en) (X = Br, I). Crystal structure analysis reveals that the coordination geometry around the zinc(II) ions in the two isotypic complexes is distorted tetrahedral. The Schiff-base ligand (3,4-MeO-ba)₂en acts as a chelating ligand and coordinates via two N atoms to the metal center and adopts an (E,E) conformation. The coordination spheres of the metal atoms are completed by the two halide atoms, which are also involved in weak non-classical hydrogen-bonding interactions of the type C–H···X–Zn.     

Selective complexometric determination of mercury using sodium nitrite as masking agent

A complexo-titrimetric method for the determination of mercury(II) in the presence of other metal ions is described based on the selective masking ability of sodium nitrite. Mercury and other ions are initially complexed with an excess of EDTA and the surplus EDTA is titrated with Pb(NO₃)₂ solution at pH 5.0–6.0 using xylenol orange as indicator. An excess of solid NaNO₂ is then added to decompose the Hg(II)-EDTA complex and the released EDTA is titrated with standard Pb(NO₃)₂ solution. Accurate results were obtained for 10–65 mg of mercury with relative errors <0.3% and standard deviations < 0.03 mg. Sn(IV) and Pd(II) interfere but can be easily masked. The method is applied for the determination of Hg(II) in its alloy compositions and complexes.     

Inhibition of aluminium and mild steel corrosion in acidic medium using Gum Arabic

The corrosion behaviour of mild steel and aluminium exposed to H₂SO₄ solution and their inhibition in H₂SO₄ containing 0.1–0.5 g/L Gum Arabic (GA) used as inhibitor was studied at temperature range of 30–60 °C using weight loss and thermometric techniques. Corrosion rate increased both in the absence and presence of inhibitor with increase in temperature. Corrosion rate was also found to decrease in the presence of inhibitor compared to the free acid solution. Inhibition efficiency increases with increase in concentration of the inhibitor reaching a maximum of 37.88% at 60 °C for mild steel and 79.69% at 30 °C for aluminium at 0.5 g/L concentration of GA. The inhibitor, GA was found to obey Temkin and El-Awady et al. thermodynamic kinetic adsorption isotherm for mild steel and aluminium respectively from the fit of the experimental data at all concentrations and temperatures studied. The phenomenon of chemical adsorption is proposed for mild steel corrosion, while physical adsorption mechanism is proposed for aluminium corrosion. Results obtained for the kinetic/thermodynamic studies indicate that the adsorption of GA onto the metals surface was spontaneous. GA is a better corrosion inhibitor for aluminium than for mild steel.