Charge distribution and mobility of lithium ions in Li<Subscript>2</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> from <Superscript>6,7</Superscript>Li NMR data

A comparative analysis of ^6,7Li NMR spectra is performed for the samples of monoclinic lithium titanate obtained at different synthesis temperatures. In the ⁷Li NMR spectra three lines are found, which differ in quadrupole splitting frequencies v _Q and according to ab initio EFG calculations are assigned to three crystallographic sites of lithium: Li1 (v _Q ～ 27 kHz); Li2 (v _Q ～ 59 kHz); Li3 (v _Q ～ 6 kHz). The dynamics of lithium ions is studied in a wide temperature range from 300 K to 900 K. It is found that the narrowing of ⁷Li NMR spectra as a result of thermally activated diffusion of lithium ions in the low-temperature Li₂TiO₃ sample is observed at a higher temperature in comparison with a sample of high-temperature lithium titanate. Based on the analysis of ⁶Li NMR spectra it is assumed that there is mixed occupancy of lithium and titanium sites in the corresponding layers of the crystal structure of low-temperature lithium titanate, which hinders lithium ion transfer over regular crystallographic sites.     

Enhanced lithium-ion intercalation and conduction of transparent tantalum oxide films by lithium addition with an atmospheric pressure plasma jet

An investigation is conducted on enhancing lithium-ion intercalation and conduction performance of transparent organo tantalum oxide (TaO _y C _z ) films, by addition of lithium via a fast co-synthesis onto 40 Ω/□ flexible polyethylene terephthalate/indium tin oxide substrates at the short exposed durations of 33–34 s, using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) at various mixed concentrations of tantalum ethoxide [Ta(OC₂H₅)₅] and lithium tert-butoxide [(CH₃)₃COLi] precursors. Transparent organo-lithiated tantalum oxide (Li _x TaO _y C _z ) films expose noteworthy Li⁺ ion intercalation and conduction performance for 200 cycles of reversible Li⁺ ion intercalation and deintercalation in a 1 M LiClO₄-propylene carbonate electrolyte, by switching measurements with a potential sweep from ?1.25 to 1.25 V at a scan rate of 50 mV/s and a potential step at ?1.25 and 1.25 V, even after being bent 360° around a 2.5-cm diameter rod for 1000 cycles. The Li⁺ ionic diffusion coefficient and conductivity of 6.2?×?10^?10 cm²/s and 6.0?×?10^?11 S/cm for TaO _y C _z films are greatly progressed of up to 9.6?×?10^?10 cm²/s and 7.8?×?10^?9 S/cm for Li _x TaO _y C _z films by co-synthesis with an APPJ.     

Crystal structures of a family of layered coordination polymers containing divalent metal ions (Mn<Superscript>2+</Superscript>, Co<Superscript>2+</Superscript>, Ni<Superscript>2+</Superscript> and Zn<Superscript>2+</Superscript>) and the 3-amino 4-methyl benzoate ion

The syntheses and crystal structures of the layered coordination polymers M(C₈H₈NO₂)₂ [M = Mn (1), Co (2), Ni (3) and Zn (4)] are described. These isostructural compounds contain centrosymmetric trans-MN₂O₄ octahedra as parts of infinite sheets; the ligand bonds to three adjacent metal ions in μ³-N,O,O′ mode from both its carboxylate O atoms and its amine N atom. In each case, weak intra-sheet N–H?O and C–H?O hydrogen bonds may help to consolidate the structure. Crystal data: 1, C₁₆H₁₆MnN₂O₄, M _r = 355.25, monoclinic, P2₁/c (No. 14), a = 10.6534(2) Å, b = 4.3990(1) Å, c = 15.5733(5) Å, β = 95.1827(10)°, V = 726.85(3) ų, Z = 2, R(F) = 0.026, wR(F ²) = 0.067. 2, C₁₆H₁₆CoN₂O₄, M _r = 359.24, monoclinic, P2₁/c (No. 14), a = 10.6131(10) Å, b = 4.3374(4) Å, c = 15.3556(17) Å, β = 95.473(4)°, V = 703.65(12) ų, Z = 2, R(F) = 0.041, wR(F ²) = 0.091. 3, C₁₆H₁₆N₂NiO₄, M _r = 359.02, monoclinic, P2₁/c (No. 14), a = 10.6374(4) Å, b = 4.2964(2) Å, c = 15.2827(8) Å, β = 95.9744(14)°, V = 694.66(6) ų, Z = 2, R(F) = 0.028, wR(F ²) = 0.070. 4, C₁₆H₁₆N₂O₄Zn, M _r = 365.68, monoclinic, P2₁/c (No. 14), a = 10.6385(5) Å, b = 4.2967(3) Å, c = 15.2844(8) Å, β = 95.941(3)°, V = 694.89(7) ų, Z = 2, R(F) = 0.038, wR(F ²) = 0.107.     

Modeling of half-Heusler crystals with the chalcopyrite structure: Li<Subscript>2</Subscript>MgZn<Emphasis Type="Italic">X</Emphasis><Subscript>2</Subscript> (X = N,P, As,Sb)

A model of Li₂MgZnX ₂ half-Heusler compounds with the chalcopyrite structure is considered. The electronic structure is studied from first principles, showing that Li₂MgZnX ₂ are direct-gap crystals, except for pseudo-direct-gap Li₂MgZnP₂, with a band gap of 2.7 eV, 2.2 eV, 3.3 eV, and 2.5 eV for X = N, P, As, and Sb, respectively. The band structure and chemical bonding in the model crystals are found to be similar to those in LiMgX and LiZnX half-Heusler crystals. Total electron density and deformation electron density distributions are obtained. It is found that Mg–X and Zn–X ionic-covalent bonds are stronger than Li–X ionic bonds in Li₂MgZnX ₂ crystals, which allows Li atoms to move in the space between MgX ₄ and ZnX ₄ cation tetrahedra.     

Reaction of transsilylation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methyl-<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-trimethylsilylacetamide with silanes ClCH<Subscript>2</Subscript>SiR<Superscript>1</Superscript>R<Superscript>2</Superscript>Cl

The reaction of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide with silanes ClCH₂SiR¹R²Cl (R¹, R² = H, Me; H, Ph; Ph₂) leads to the formation of (O→Si) chelate compounds with pentacoordinate silicon: N-[chloro(methyl)-silyl]methyl-, N-[chloro(phenyl)silyl]methyl-, and N-[chloro(diphenyl)silyl]methyl-N-methylacetamides. From the data of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, the intermediates of the reaction of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide with ClCH₂SiPhHCl and ClCH₂SiPh²Cl are stable in CDCl₃ solution at room temperature during several days and slowly rearrange to the final (O–Si) chelate compounds.     

X-ray diffraction and thermodynamic characteristics for tellurite of the composition Li<Subscript>2</Subscript>CeTeO<Subscript>5</Subscript>

Tellurite of the composition Li₂CeTeO₅ is synthesized by solid-phase method from cerium(IV) and tellurium(IV) oxides and lithium carbonate. The type of syngony, the unit cell parameters, and the compound’s X-ray and pycnometry densities are determined via X-ray diffraction analysis. The isobaric heat capacity of lithium–cerium tellurite is studied by means of dynamic calorimetry in the temperature range of 298.15–673 K; the results serve as the basis for deriving C _p ^° ~ f(T) dependency equations and determining the compound’s thermodynamic functions. λ-shaped anomalous effects, due probably to Type II phase transitions, are found on the C _p ^° ~ f(T) dependence.     

Theoretical study of V<Subscript>20</Subscript>O<Subscript>50</Subscript> oxovanadate cluster compounds with alkali metal atoms

The energies and structural and spectroscopic characteristics of model М _n V₂₀O₅₀ systems corresponding to compounds of the V₂₀O₅₀ oxovanadate cluster with alkali metal atoms (M = Li, K; n = 1–20) have been calculated by the density functional theory method (B3LYP). It has been demonstrated that, in the K _n V₂₀O₅₀ compounds, all the metal atoms are coordinated in the outer sphere to the edges of the hollow dodecahedral V₂₀O₅₀ cage to form three-center O_t?K?O_t bridges with terminal oxygen atoms. In the Li _n V₂₀O₅₀ compounds, the metal atoms can be coordinated both outside and inside the V₂₀O₅₀ cage. At n = 4, the most favorable isomer is endohedral Li₄O₄@V₂₀O₄₆ in the quintet state (S = 5), in which the four Li atoms are located in the inner cavity of the inverted O₄@V₂₀O₄₆ isomer of the oxovanadate cluster with four O atoms oriented to the cage center and form with them a corrugated eight-membered ring Li₄O₄. The decrease in energy caused by the formation of the endohedral isomer (4Li + V₂₀O₄₅₀ → Li₄O₄@V₂₀O₄₆) is estimated at ~377 kcal/mol. The exohedral isomer 4Li ? V₂₀O₅₀ (S = 5), in which the Li atoms are coordinated to the outside of the V₂₀O₅₀ cage, is ~23 kcal/mol less favorable. For the other members of the Li series with n from 4 to 20, the endohedral isomers with the inner Li₄O₄ ring remain preferable. At n > 4, the extra Li atoms fill the outer sphere of the cage, being coordinated to its edges to form three-center O_t?Li?O_t bridges with terminal oxygen atoms. The specific energy of formation of Li _n V₂₀O₅₀ (by the scheme nLi + V₂₀O₄₅₀ → Li₄O₄@V₂₀O₄₆Li_n-4) per Li atom monotonically decrease from ~98 (n = 2) to ~80 kcal/mol (n = 20). For K _n V₂₀O₅₀, these energies are ~20?25 kcal/mol lower than for the lithium analogues and decrease from ~80 (n = 2) to ~64 kcal/mol (n = 12). The atoms of both alkali metals in the M _n V₂₀O₅₀ systems have large positive effective charges (0.85e?0.92e for K and 0.65e?0.78e for Li), which also monotonically decrease with increasing n. The addition of each alkali metal atom is accompanied by its ionization (М → М⁺) along with the reduction of one of the neighboring pentavalent vanadium atoms to the tetravalent state (V^V → V^IV) and localization of the unpaired electron in its 3d shell. For all Li _n V₂₀O₅₀ complexes, the states with maximal multiplicity and parallel spins are the most preferable.     

Crystal Chemistry of Lithium Intermetallic Compounds: A Survey

The structural chemistry of lithium intermetallic compounds that are formed in Li–М binary systems where М = Ca, Sr, Ba, Mg, Zn, Cd, and Hg is surveyed. It is for the first time that the crystal structures of intermetallic compounds are classified in terms of polyhedral precursor metal clusters (in the program package ToposPro). The precursor metal clusters of crystal structures are identified using the algorithms of partitioning structural graphs into cluster structures and via the design of the basal 3D network of the structure in the form of a graph whose nodes correspond to the positions of the centers of precursor clusters. Tetrahedral precursor metal clusters M₄ are identified for the crystal structures LiZn₃-oC4, LiMg₃-hP2, LiCd₃-hP2, LiHg₃-hP8, (LiMg₃)(Li₂Mg₂)-tI16, Li₂Zn₂-cF16, Li₂Cd₂-cF16, Li₂Hg₂-cP2, Li₃Cd-cF4, and Li₃Hg-cF16; tetrahedral metal clusters M₄ are found for the framework structures with spacer atoms Sr(Li₂Sr₂)-tP20, Ca₂(Li₄)-cF24, and Ca₂(Li₄)-cP12; tetrahedral metal clusters M₄ and rings M₆, for framework structures Ba₃Li₂(Li₁₀)-hP30 and Ba₃Li₂(Li₄In₆)-hP30; icosahedral metal clusters M13 for the framework structure Li(Zn₁₃)-cF112; bilayer tetrahedral metal clusters 0@М₄@M₂₂ for the framework structure Li₂₃Sr₆-cF116; and deltahedra М₁₇ and deltahedra М₃₀, for framework structures Sr₄Li₁₄ [Sr(Sr₄Li₁₂)] [(Sr₂ (Sr₈Li₁₈)]-tI252 and Ba₄Li₁₄ [Ba(Ba₄Li₁₂)][(Ba₂ (Ba₈Li₁₈)]-tI252. The scenario of crystal structure self-assembly from precursor metal clusters S₃⁰ in intermetallic compounds is reconstituted as: primary chain S₃¹→ microlayer S₃²→ microframework S₃³.     

Isomorphism in the KTaWO<Subscript>6</Subscript>-RbTaWO<Subscript>6</Subscript>-CsTaWO<Subscript>6</Subscript> system

Synthetic procedures have been developed and compounds of composition K _x Rb _y Cs _z TaWO₆ (x + y + z = 1) have been obtained. Their structure has been investigated by X-ray diffractometry. It has been shown that a continuous series of solid solutions is formed in the ternary system under study. Thermal decomposition of A^ITaWO₆ compounds (A^I = K, Rb, Cs) has been investigated by high-temperature X-ray diffractometry.     

The effect of curvature of Li-doped polycyclic hydrocarbon on its interaction energy with H<Subscript>2</Subscript> and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O: DF-SAPT (DFT) calculation

In this work, the interaction of three Li⁺-doped polycyclic hydrocarbons (Li⁺-DPH) with H₂ and H₂O was calculated to investigate the effect of curvature of substrate on the interaction energy (E_int). For this purpose, the E_int and its decomposed energy components (electrostatic (E_elec), exchange (E_exch), induction (E_ind), and dispersion energy (E_disp)) were calculated using DF-SAPT (DFT) methodology for the selected systems (Li⁺-(3,3) carbon nanotube (Li⁺-CNT33), Li⁺-(6,6) carbon nanotube (Li⁺-CNT66), and Li⁺-graphene). According to the results, E_int does not change significantly with curvature for the interaction between both H₂ and H₂O gases and the selected Li⁺-DPH. Since the variation of the E_int with the curvature of Li⁺-DPH is not significant, the selection of a planar Li⁺-DPH is a trustworthy model to develop a general force field for describing the interaction between a Li⁺-DPH and adsorbed gases. The results reveal that, in the case of the H₂, the components E_elect, E_exch, E_ind, and E_disp have shown a decreasing trend with Li⁺-DPH’s curvature decrement. However, for the H₂O, E_elect, E_exch, and E_ind decrease from the Li⁺-CNT33 to the Li⁺-CNT66 while they increase from the Li⁺-CNT66 to the Li⁺-graphene. In this case, the E_disp increases with a decrease of the curvature of Li⁺-DPH. Finally, it can be seen that although the variation of the E_int with the curvature of Li⁺-DPH is not significant, the variation trend of the interaction energy components and the amount of variation depend on the gas molecule and in some cases are not negligible.     

Theoretical prediction of the new high-density lithium boride LiB<Subscript>11</Subscript> with polymorphism and pseudoplasticity

We predict the possibility of existence of the new lithium boride LiB₁₁ with polymorphism. For energy reasons, the preferred type is α′-LiB₁₁ (trigonal space group R3m, a _h = 0.4982 nm, c _h = 1.1123 nm, z _h = 3, ρ = 2.63 g/cm³), with a framework built of tetrahedra and one-capped octahedra. α′-LiB₁₁ is pseudoplastic because of twinning via the high-symmetry state of α-LiB₁₁ (cubic space group \(F\bar 43m\), a = 0.6810 nm, z = 4, ρ = 2.65 g/cm³) and a bipolaron semiconductor. α → α′ transition is accompanied by the 0.0627-nm displacement of 1/11 B atoms. The β′ polymorph (tetragonal space group \(I\bar 4m2\), a = 0.4404 nm, c = 0.7708 nm, ρ = 2.80 g/cm³) is transformation hardened because of the transition to the α′ phase. We infer that LiB₁₁ formation is possible under high pressure.     

Theoretical prediction of a new noncluster lithium boride Li<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>B<Subscript>9</Subscript> with one-dimensional ionic and two-dimensional electronic conductivity in mutually perpendicular directions

Based on the features of the structure of B₅H₁₁ and other known boranes, the possibility of the existence of a new structure type—LiB₉ (hexagonal, space group P6₃ cm, a = 0.565 nm, c = 0.504 nm, Z = 2, d = 2.49 g/cm³)—was predicted. The basal plane contains perforated deltahedral layers of boron atoms with delocalized electrons combined into a framework by fixed 3c2e bonds. Discrete, almost cylindrical channels accommodating Li⁺ cations are perpendicular to the layers. Thermal or electrochemical removal of part of lithium should be favorable for the appearance or buildup of the cationic conductivity with the possible intermediate formation of lithium incommensurate phase. Valence-scheme analysis of boride layers revealed low-barrier hole bipolaron conductivity within the layers and considerable hindrance to interlayer electron transport.     

Microbial Transformation of Curcumin to Its Derivatives with a Novel <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pichia kudriavzevii</Emphasis> ZJPH0802 Strain

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound, has shown a wide range of pharmacological activities and has been widely used as a food additive. However, the clinical use of curcumin is limited to some extent because of its poor water solubility and low bioavailability. To overcome these problems, many approaches have been attempted and structural modification of curcumin by microbial transformation has been proven to be an alternative. In this study, we isolated a novel yeast strain Pichia kudriavzevii ZJPH0802 from a soil sample, which is capable of converting curcumin to its derivatives. The transformed products by this strain were evaluated by HPLC, (+) electrospray ionization (ESI)-MSⁿ, and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Compared with controls, two new peaks of the transformed broth appeared at retention times of 26 min (I) and 62 min (II) by HPLC analysis. The two transformed products were then further identified by (+) ESI-MSⁿ. The spectrum showed that compound I had an accurate [M+H+NH₃]⁺ ion at m/z 392, [M+H]⁺ ion at m/z 375, [M+H–H₂O]⁺ ion at m/z 357, and (+) ESI-MS³ spectrum showed that ion at m/z 357 could further form fragment ions at m/z 339, 177, and 163; compound II had an accurate [M+H]⁺ ion at m/z 373, [M+H–H₂O]⁺ ion at m/z 355, and (+) ESI-MS³ spectrum showed that ion at m/z 355 could further form fragment ions at m/z 219, 179, 177, 163, and 137. These two transformed products thereby were confirmed as hexahydrocurcumin (I) and tetrahydrocurcumin (II).     

Synthesis and crystal structure of EnH<Superscript>2</Superscript>[IrCl<Superscript>6</Superscript>]

The preparation of EnH²[IrCl⁶] is described. Crystal data for C₂H₁₀Cl₆IrN₂ are: a = 6.8972(11) Å, b = 6.9435(16) Å, c = 7.3354(11) Å; α = 88.269(3)°, β = 65.495(2)°, γ = 60.305(2)°, V = 270.76(9) ų, space group P1, Z = 1, d_calc = 2.864 g/cm³. Crystal chemical analysis of the general motif of the structure was performed by the translation sublattice identification technique. It has been found that complex anions [IrCl₆]^2? follow the nodes of a rather regular rhombohedral subcell with the parameters a_c = 7.1 Å, α_c = 64°.     

Crystal structures of two one-dimensional coordination polymers constructed from Mn<Superscript>2+</Superscript> ions,chelating hexafluoro-acetylacetonate anions,and flexible bipyridyl bridging ligands

The syntheses and crystal structures of two one-dimensional coordination polymers, [Mn(C₅HO₂F₆)₂(C₁₆H₂₀N₂)] _n (1) and [Mn(C₅HO₂F₆)₂(C₂₀H₂₀N₂)] _n (2), are described, where C₅HO₂F₆ ^? is the hexafluoro acetylacetonate anion, C₁₆H₂₀N₂ is 1,6-bis(4-pyridyl)-hexane, and C₂₀H₂₀N₂ is 1,4-bis[2-(3-pyridyl)ethyl]-benzene. In both phases, the metal ion lies on a crystallographic twofold axis and is coordinated by two chelating C₅HO₂F₆ ^? anions and two bridging bipyridyl ligands to generate a cis-MnN₂O₄ octahedron. The bridging ligands, which are completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry in both compounds, connect the metal nodes into zigzag [20 1 ] chains in 1 and contorted [001] chains in 2. Intrachain C–H???O interactions occur in 1 but not in 2, which may be correlated with the relative orientations of the ligands. Crystal data: 1, C₂₆H₂₂F₁₂MnN₂O₄, M _r = 709.40, monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), a = 9.3475(2) Å, b = 16.6547(3) Å, c = 18.3649(4) Å, β = 91.1135(8)°, V = 2858.50(10) ų, Z = 4, R(F) = 0.030, w R(F ²) = 0.075. 2, C₃₀H₂₂F₁₂MnN₂O₄, M _r = 757.44, monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), a = 19.9198(2) Å, b = 10.6459(2) Å, c = 16.8185(3) Å, β = 119.8344(8)°, V = 3093.91(9) Å3, Z = 4, R(F) = 0.032, w R(F ²) = 0.078.     

Splitting of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis><Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis></Superscript> atomic states in icosahedral 3<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis> metal endofullerenes M@C<Subscript>60</Subscript>

Group-theoretical and quantum-chemical investigations of the spectrum of low-lying excited states have been performed by the ROHF and FCI-RAS (Full CI in Restricted Active Space) methods for 3d metal endofullerenes (MEFs) M@C₆₀ (M =Mn, Cr, and Fe) in different charged states. The major purpose of this study is quantum-chemical verification of the anomalous (“non-Bethe’s”) character of splitting of the d ^N atomic states in an electrostatic field with icosahedral symmetry, predicted previously within the theory of integral invariants theory. The interrelation between the integral invariants theory and the quantumchemical methods applied in this work is considered in detail. Our calculations suggest that the d ^N atomic states in the icosahedral field generated by fullerene C60 (I _h ) on a metal atom (ion) remain non-split for different charged states of the metal and C₆₀. Reasons for this phenomenon and other possible approaches to verification of the prediction are discussed. It is demonstrated that the d ^N states of the encapsulated metal are split in icosahedral 3d MEFs only under very strong compression of these structures.     

Formation of mononuclear rhodium(III) sulfates: <Superscript>103</Superscript>Rh and <Superscript>17</Superscript>O NMR study

It was shown that the monomeric rhodium sulfate complexes [Rh(H₂O)₄(SO₄)]⁺, trans-[Rh(H₂O)₂(SO₄)₂]^?, cis-[Rh(H₂O)₂(SO₄)₂]^?, and [Rh(SO₄)₃]^3? were not predominant forms in aqueous solutions. The ¹⁰³Rh NMR chemical shifts of the complexes were assigned, and the conditions for their formation in solutions, concentration parameters, and acidity at which the fraction of the monomers was maximal were determined. The constants of formation of the complexes and ion pair (IP) were estimated: K _IP = 8 ± 3.5, K ₁ ≈ 8, K _2trans ≈ 1, K _2cis ≈ 1, and K ₃ ≈ 2.     

Structural features of monomeric octahedral <Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis><Superscript>2</Superscript>-rhenium(V) monooxo complexes with oxygen atoms of bidentate-chelating neutral and acidic ligands (O,P)

The structural features of 38 mononuclear d ²-Re(V) octahedral monooxo complexes (I–XXXVIII) with oxygen atoms of bidentate-chelating (O, P) ligands (L ⁿ ) are considered. The atoms O(L ⁿ ) are mostly in trans positions to O(oxo) ligands. In three compounds of general formula [ReO(L_mono)(L ⁿ )₂] (XXXVI–XXXVIII), the O atoms of two L ⁿ ligands occupy both trans and cis positions to oxo ligands. In one complex, namely, in [ReO(L ⁿ )(L _tri ¹¹ )], n = 3 (XXXV), the atom O(L³) is in the cis position to the oxo ligand; the trans position to O(oxo) is occupied by the atom O(L _tri ¹¹ ).     

<Superscript>13</Superscript>C-<Superscript>13</Superscript>C spin-spin coupling constants in structural studies: XL. Conformational analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-vinylpyrroles

Conformational analysis of ten N-vinylpyrroles was performed on the basis of experimental ¹³C-¹H and ¹³C-¹³C coupling constants and those calculated by high-level quantum-chemical methods, and principal relations between J _CC and J _CH values and stereochemical structure of these compounds were revealed.     

Death kinetics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> in goat milk and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus licheniformis</Emphasis> in cloudberry jam treated by ohmic heating

The influence of ohmic heating on the death kinetic parameters of Escherichia coli ATCC® 25922 in goat milk and spores of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC® 14580 in cloudberry jam was investigated and compared with that of conventional heating. Ohmic treatment of goat milk shortened the decimal reduction time D in comparison with the D values obtained at conventional treatment. Similarly, the z value, increase of temperature required for a ten-fold reduction of D, was also lower at ohmic treatment. The death kinetics of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC® 14580 spores in cloudberry jam was also studied employing both types of heat treatment. Similar conclusions were obtained for the D values as in the case of goat milk. However, the differences between the z values obtained for ohmic and conventional heating were not significant.