A six-dimensional approach to microtexture analysis

A mathematical framework is presented for microtexture derivation and analysis. A six-dimensional space is introduced, defined as the product of direct space (x, y, z) and orientation space, parametrized by the Rodrigues vector (r ₁, r ₂, r ₃). The framework is adapted to diffraction experiments, where orientation information from many grains or deformation microstructures is recorded in parallel, with the prime aim of allowing fast measurements and thus the ability to study microstructure dynamics. Assuming the use of a monochromatic beam the geometry of the projection surfaces is deduced. The derivation of the microtexture is formulated as an inverse problem similar to reconstruction problems in absorption or emission tomography. The applicability of the two major types of reconstruction algorithm, namely transform methods and algebraic methods, is discussed. An explicit solution in terms of the iterative algebraic reconstruction technique algorithm is given. The choice of basis function is discussed. Furthermore, the framework is applied to a number of important simplifying cases. These include grain-by-grain reconstruction, classical pole figure inversion and the generation of three-dimensional maps of non-deformed grains.     

Analysis of the 3-dimensional electron distribution in silicon using directional Compton profile measurements

A method of reconstructing the electron momentum density (p), and its Fourier transform,B(t), from a series of directional Compton profiles is described. It is based on a double Fourier inversion technique and an expansion in lattice harmonic functions. The effect of random errors has been analysed, and the implications for the data collection discussed. We have used the reconstruction technique to obtain (p) andB(t) for silicon from six directional Compton profiles measured with 412 KeV gamma-radiation. The experimental result is in good agreement with earlier measurements and with available solid state theories. A recent Wannier function calculation for silicon using orthogonalised bond orbitals provides a useful tool for identifying the physical origins of the observed anisotropies. A comparison between the information presented in position and momentum space shows that the ease of interpretation depends upon the degree to which the various interactions give rise to localised features in each representation.     

Inverse problems of the nonlinear electrodynamics of high-T c superconductors

A method is developed for reconstructing the dependence of the surface impedance of Z _s (H) of high-T _c superconductors (HTSCs) on the amplitude of an ac magnetic field from measurements of the nonlinear radiophysical characteristics of microwave HTSC resonators. It is shown that the nonuniformity of the structure of the electromagnetic field in a resonator lead to integral equations for Z _s (H). The corresponding integral equations are obtained for certain types of resonators. The errors of the conventional methods employing algebraic relations for Z _s (H) are analyzed. The Tikhonov regularization method, developed in the theory of ill-posed inverse problems, is used to reconstruct the functions Z _s (H) from the integral equations. Numerical experiments on the reconstruction of Z _s (H) were performed, and the requirements for the accuracies and other characteristics of the experimental data were determined from them. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 78–86 (August 1998)     

从流场分解角度改进Q矢量分析方法及其在暴雨动力识别中的应用

依据水平风场分解思路,运用调和-余弦算法,准确分解有限区域Q矢量.根据已有的关于Q矢量散度和新发展的Q矢量涡度与天气系统对应关系的研究,运用分解得到的Q矢量旋转分量场和辐散分量场,改进传统Q矢量分析方法中单纯依靠Q矢量水平散度场进行的诊断分析.通过对一次暴雨个例的比较研究表明,在雨带形势和暴雨中心位置的动力识别方面,改进的Q关键词： 矢量分析 调和-余弦算法 暴雨 动力识别     

Stereochemical Elucidation of Norbornene Derivatives Synthesized as Leukotriene D4 Receptor Antagonists

The complete ¹H and ¹³C NMR assignment and stereochemical elucidation of four norbornene derivatives (1–4) are presented. These derivatives were obtained by an asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction of a chiral dienophile, from D‐glucose, as leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists. NOE measurements of the four products between H‐7b and H‐5 readily allowed discrimination between exo‐ (2, 4) and endo‐ (1, 3) diastereomers with respect to methyl carboxylate and tetrahydrofuro[1,3]dioxolyl groups. Further discrimination and subsequent absolute configuration determination of the two endo‐ and two exo‐ products were performed by NOE peak measurements and molecular modeling calculations of relative interproton distances of the most stable conformations of each isomer.     

Measurement of the antineutrino escape asymmetry with respect to the spin of the decaying neutron

The result of a new run of measurements of the antineutrino escape asymmetry with respect to the spin of the decaying neutron is presented. The asymmetry coefficient is B=0.9821±0.0040, which is consistent with the prediction of the standard model of weak interactions. The prospects for increasing the accuracy of the measurements are discussed. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 113, 1963–1978 (June 1998)     

Study of phase behavior in a system of linear hydrogen-bonded carboxylic acid homologues

The system of hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals formed from binary mixtures p-n-heptyloxybenzoic (I) acid and p-n-undecloxybenzoic (II) acid has been investigated by polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scattering and dielectric measurements. The T–X phase diagram was obtained for this system. All mixtures show enantiotropic smectic and nematic phases. The crystalline phase represents a (α, β) solid solution. At the 2:1 ratio of I to II, an intermediate phase – co-crystal γ – is formed. The co-crystal γ possesses a much wider mesophase range than the corresponding initial components. In contrast to mixtures based on the solid solutions having a positive anisotropy, the co-crystal shows a negative dielectric anisotropy in the mesophase.     

Magnetic phases in quasi-binary (Fe1−x Cox)Ge2 intermetallic compounds

Magnetic neutron diffractometry revealed the existence in (Fe_1−x Co_x)Ge₂ solid solutions (x<0.5) with C16 structure of only two magnetic phases, namely, low-temperature (AFI) and high-temperature (AFII). A third magnetic phase, AFIII, suggested by earlier magnetic measurements, has not been found. The AFI and AFII phases have a commensurate and an incommensurate antiferromagnetic structure with the wave vectors k ₀=2π/a (1,0,0) and k=k ₀+δ k, respectively. The regions of their existence are shown in the magnetic phase diagram. Neutron diffraction measurements yielded the concentration dependence of the average magnetic moment per atom in the antiferromagnetic sublattice of a 3d metal, which, similarly to the dependence of the Néel point on x, was found to be nonlinear. An analysis of these dependences suggests that substitution of cobalt for iron is accompanied, on the one hand, by a decrease of the local spin density on the iron atoms in the nearest environment of a cobalt atom and, on the other hand, by an increase of the effective exchange integral between the nearest-neighbor iron atoms located along the tetragonal axis. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 41, 283–289 (February 1999)     

Towards accelerated quantitative sodium MRI at 7 T in the skeletal muscle: Comparison of anisotropic acquisition- and compressed sensing techniques

PurposeTo compare three anisotropic acquisition schemes and three compressed sensing (CS) approaches for accelerated tissue sodium concentration (TSC) quantification using ²³Na MRI at 7 T.Materials and methodsThree anisotropic 3D-radial acquisition sequences were evaluated using simulations, phantom- and in vivo TSC measurements: An anisotropic density-adapted 3D-radial sequence (3DPR-C), a 3D acquisition-weighted density-adapted stack-of-stars sampling scheme (SOS) and a SOS approach with golden-ratio rotation (SOS-GR). Eight healthy volunteers were examined at a 7 Tesla MRI system. TSC measurements of the calf were conducted with a nominal spatial resolution of Δx = (3.0 × 3.0 × 15.0) mm³ and a field of view of (156.0 × 156.0 × 240.0) mm³ for multiple undersampling factors (USF). Three CS reconstructions were evaluated: Total variation CS (TV-CS), 3D dictionary-learning compressed sensing (3D-DLCS) and TV-CS with a block matching prior (TV-BL-CS). Results of the simulations and measurements were compared to a simulated ground truth (GT) or a fully sampled reference measurement (FS), respectively. The deviation of the mean TSC evaluated in multiple ROI (mE_GT/FS) and the normalized root-mean-squared error (NRMSE) for simulations were evaluated for CS and NUFFT reconstructions.ResultsIn simulations, the SOS-GR yielded the lowest NRMSE and mE_GT (< 4%) with NUFFT for an acquisition time (TA) of less than 2 min. CS further improved the results. In simulations and measurements, the best TSC quantification results were obtained with 3D-DLCS and SOS-GR (lowest NRMSE, mE_GT < 2.6% in simulations, mE_GT < 10.7% for phantom measurements and mE_FS < 6% in vivo) with an USF = 4.1 (TA < 2 min). TV-CS showed no or only slight improvements to NUFFT. The results of TV-BL-CS were similar to 3D-DLCS.DiscussionThe TA for TSC measurements could be reduced to less than 2 min by using adapted sequences such as SOS-GR and CS reconstruction approaches such as 3D-DLCS or TV-BL-CS, while the quantitative accuracy stays comparable to a fully sampled NUFFT reconstruction (approx. 8 min TA). In future, the lower TA could improve clinical applicability of TSC measurements.     

Summary on high <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis></Subscript> probes

Results on high-p _T probes shown at the Hard Probes 2008 Conference are summarized, with an appreciation of the improvements in precision of the measurements and experimental techniques since the beginning of RHIC operation. Particular attention is given to the latest measurements of the nuclear modification factor of identified particles, photon-hadron correlation measurements, and full jet reconstruction.     

Investigation of the axisymmetric buckling of round plates

The stress-strain behavior of a round plate during thermal cycling through the range for martensitic phase transformations is investigated. It is shown that the plate loses stability and recovers its original shape with a clap when a certain temperature A _in<T _ls⩽A _fin is reached. The results of measurements of the impact and reactive forces are presented. The conditions for the occurrence of a clap are determined. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 118–120 (June 1997)     

Scaling of global momentum transport in Taylor-Couette and pipe flow

We interpret measurements of the Reynolds number dependence of the torque in Taylor-Couette flow by Lewis and Swinney [Phys. Rev. E 59, 5457 (1999)] and of the pressure drop in pipe flow by Smits and Zagarola [Phys. Fluids 10, 1045 (1998)] within the scaling theory of Grossmann and Lohse [J. Fluid Mech. 407, 27 (2000)], developed in the context of thermal convection. The main idea is to split the energy dissipation into contributions from a boundary layer and the turbulent bulk. This ansatz can account for the observed scaling in both cases if it is assumed that the internal wind velocity introduced through the rotational or pressure forcing is related to the external (imposed) velocity U, by with and for the Taylor-Couette (U inner cylinder velocity) and pipe flow (U mean flow velocity) case, respectively. In contrast to the Rayleigh-Bénard case the scaling exponents cannot (yet) be derived from the dynamical equations. Received 9 September 2000     

Excitation of the 5p<Superscript>5</Superscript>7p levels of xenon by electron impact

We have used our relativistic distorted-wave method to calculate cross sections for the electron-impact excitation of the ground state of xenon to all the 5p ⁵7p fine-structure levels. The results are compared with the recent experimental measurements of Jung et al. [Phys. Rev. A 80, 062708 (2009)]. Analytic fits to our cross sections are also provided for use in plasma modeling studies.     

A revised many-body potential energy function for the description of the H3O+(H2O)n clusters

A revised potential energy function that has been fitted to the latest set of Kebarle and coworkers [1982, J. Am. chem. Soc, 104, 1462] entropy and enthalpy measurements at T = 300 K is presented. The model assumes a rigid hydronium unit and accounts for all orders of many-body interactions explicitly. The difference with the older function that had been based on earlier measurements by Kebarle and co-workers [1972, J. Am. chem. Soc, 94, 7627; 1967, J. Am. chem. Soc, 89, 6393] is that more compact clusters are generated. We have studied the structural properties of water clusters in the size range 5–80 at T = 250 K within the framework of the (μPT) Grand Canonical ensemble. Clusters with sizes less than about 10 water molecules consist of a four-coordinated first shell, where the fourth water molecule is hydrogen bonded to the oxygen atom of the hydronium ion. The hydration number goes through a minimum value ～1.6, for a cluster size around 50, and it starts increasing again with further cluster growth, to ～2.5 for a cluster size of 250 water molecules, which is the largest cluster examined. On the other hand the water molecule coordination number shows a monotonic increase with cluster size. In small clusters, less than 10, water molecules prefer to be arranged in a chain-like fashion; at sizes around 50, tri-coordinated clathrate-like structures dominate whereas with further size increase the coordination number eventually levels off to the experimental bulk value, at 4.6.     

Determination of the diffusion length from defect contrast by SEM-EBIC

Abstract

The diffusion length (L) of minority carriers was determined from contrast of linear defects. Dislocation contrast was measured by EBIC at room temperature versus bias of a Schottky diode. It was shown for the first time that the slope of the contrast curves depends on L. The requirement to the SEM regime and EBIC geometry were formulated in a way to avoid influence of surface recombination on the measurements and diminish the role of other side effects as well.     

Elastic moduli of single-crystal C60

The matrix of elastic constants of the fcc phase of solid C₆₀ has been determined experimentally from measurements of the the velocity of 5 MHz ultrasound in single-crystal samples with different crystallographic orientations. The following values were obtained for the elastic moduli: C ₁₁=14.9±0.9 GPa, C ₁₂=8.8±1.0 GPa, and C ₄₄=6.6±0.18 GPa. The results are compared with theoretical estimates of the elastic moduli and data obtained in previous measurements of the elastic characteristics of solid C₆₀. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 40, 173–175 (January 1998)     

Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of NBT-BT systems

ABSTRACT

The (1-x)Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃- xBaTiO₃ ceramics (x = 0.1, 0.135 and 0.17) were fabricated by a conventional solid phase sintering process. The bulk density of the obtained samples exceeded 95% of the theoretical relative density as determined by Archimedes method. Dielectric and ferroelectric measurements of these ceramics were performed. Measurements of the ferroelectric properties show that, above the depolarization temperature T_d, the shape of the hysteresis loops approaches that of linear dielectrics. The dielectric study results correlate with the hysteresis loops measurements. The relaxor-like behavior of the investigated materials was revealed.     

The static Debye-Waller factor of defect-induced lattice displacements

The attenuation of Bragg scattering intensities due to static displacements is discussed for interstitially dissolved point-defects. It is shown that in the single defect approximation the static Debye-Waller factor (DWF) exp (–2L) decreases linearly with the defect concentrationc and quadratically with the scattering-vectorK (for smallK andc). From a model calculation of the displacements around H in Nb the static DWF is shown to be primarily due to the displacements closest to the impurity. Therefore the measurement of the static DWF can be used as a method to determine these displacements. From X-ray measurements of the integrated Bragg intensities of NbH _x single crystals we obtained the displacements of the four nearest neighbours around a tetrahedral interstitial site to beu ₁=0.1Å. This is in good agreement with the results of our model calculation.     

Direct Measurements of E×B Flow and Its Impact on Edge Turbulence in the CASTOR Tokamak Using an Optimized Gundestrup Probe

New experimental evidence of the correlation between edge sheared E×B flow and reduction of turbulence has been measured in the CASTOR tokamak (R = 0.4 m, a = 0.085 m, B _T = 1 T). A biasing electrode is placed at the separatrix in a configuration which has demonstrated strongly sheared electric fields and consequent improvement of the global particle confinement. A set of movable electrostatic probes (rake, Langmuir, Gundestrup, and rotating Mach) provide redundant, simultaneous measurements of poloidal flow, toroidal flow, electron temperature, density, and radial electric field with high temporal resolution and at the same poloidal location. Particular effort has been made in the optimization of the Gundestrup probe collector geometry in order to reduce the relative uncertainty of Mach number measurements in plasmas with weak flow (M , M < 0.1). The measurements from the rake, Gundestrup, and rotating Mach probes give three independent radial profiles of E×B shear in ohmic and biased modes. Good agreement is obtained both for the profile shape and its absolute magnitude. The plasma flows, especially the poloidal E×B drift velocity, are strongly modified in the sheared region, reaching Mach numbers as high as half the sound speed. The corresponding shear rates (5×10⁶ s^-1) derived from both the flow and electric field profiles are in excellent agreement and are at least an order of magnitude higher than the growth rate of unstable turbulent modes as estimated from fluctuation measurements. In addition, we compare the measured E×B ion mass flow with the phase velocity of fluctuations moving poloidally across the Gundestrup collectors. Given the poloidal separation of the collecting plates and the sampling frequency (5 MHz), the maximum detectable phase velocity turns out to be rather modest compared to the measured bulk poloidal flow speed. Therefore the two quantities are only compared when the poloidal speed is low; in that case, they show similar behaviour in response to the applied bias.     

New features from transparent thin films of EuTiO3

ABSTRACT

The almost multiferroic perovskite EuTiO₃ (ETO) has been prepared as films on substrates of SrTiO₃. For all prepared film thicknesses highly transparent insulating films with atomically flat surfaces and excellent orientation have been grown. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility and birefringence measurements and found to exhibit bulk properties, namely an antiferromagnetic transition at T_N = 5.1 K and a structural transition at T_S = 282 K. The latter could only be identified due to the high transparency of the samples since the optical band gap is of the order of 4.5 eV and larger than observed before for any bulk and thin film samples.