以高性价比颗粒硅带为衬底多晶硅薄膜的二次引铝低温制备法

本文报道了在廉价的颗粒硅带上用PECVD法并两次引入铝的工艺制备多晶硅薄膜.第一次引入铝是为了去除薄膜上过多的杂质;第二次引入铝是为了实现低温诱导结晶.通过对薄膜样品的拉曼谱和X射线衍射(XRD)谱分析,我们认为金属低温诱导结晶成功与否跟诱导前薄膜的结构密切相关.采用该工艺成功地制备了结晶度92;左右、可应用于太阳能电池的高纯优质多晶硅薄膜.     

保温层结构对感应加热制备太阳能级多晶硅影响的数值模拟研究

定向凝固技术是制备太阳能级多晶硅的主要制备技术.在该技术路线之中,优化多晶铸锭炉的热场结构和控制硅熔体的对流形态是获得高品质多晶硅的有效途径之一.本文设计了三种热场保温层,通过分析不同保温层下坩埚内硅熔体的热场、流场、固液界面、氧含量等的变化,确定了优化的保温层结构.研究发现,在传统固化碳毡保温层中引入石墨层可以使多晶炉内形成两个“热源”,提高多晶炉的热效率,使其能耗降低了38.5;;在洛伦兹力的作用下硅熔体中仅存在一个上下贯通的涡流,有利于硅中杂质原子的挥发.同时,添加石墨保温层后固液界面的形状由“W”状转变为凹状,其上的氧含量有所降低,并且V/Gn值在整个固液界面范围内均大于临界值,可以有效抑制氧沉淀.可见,在感应加热多晶硅生长系统中,采用固化碳毡+石墨保温层时,有利于降低多晶硅的生产成本并提高多晶硅的品质.     

溶胶凝胶法制备氧化石墨烯/氧化铝复合材料

将不同配比的异丙醇铝(AlIP)和氧化石墨烯(GO)水分散液,通过溶胶凝胶法制备了氧化石墨烯/氧化铝复合材料.通过SEM和TEM分析,氧化石墨烯被纳米颗粒包裹.XRD分析显示纳米颗粒的成分是Al2O3,通过原子力显微镜(AFM)分析,纳米颗粒的平均粒径为50 nm.复合材料的生长机理是:首先GO和AlIP分子结合,AlIP水解后在GO表面生成AlOOH的小颗粒,随着反应的继续进行颗粒逐渐长大,通过高温处理,AlOOH转变为Al2O3.     

基于静电作用制备硅基气凝胶及其性能研究

针对第二类复合材料(基体与增强相间通过化学键连接)增强导致二氧化硅气凝胶密度及导热率升高等不足,利用带负电荷的二氧化硅气凝胶与带正电荷的聚合物间静电吸引作用制备二氧化硅气凝胶/聚合物杂化复合材料,分析基于静电作用的二氧化硅气凝胶的增强、透光与传热性能.研究表明,通过静电吸引作用在二氧化硅气凝胶骨架表面引入聚合物层,可以有效提高气凝胶材料的强度,聚合物的引入使气凝胶内部分微孔转变为中孔,同时由于静电吸引相界面的高透光和高热阻性质,使气凝胶复合材料基本保持原有的透光性能和隔热性能.     

多晶硅晶体生长中固-液界面研究进展

论述了多晶硅晶体生长技术的研究现状,探讨了多晶硅在定向凝固过程中的生长机制,重点阐述了多晶硅定向生长中固-液界面的形貌、杂质分布、数学模型、数值模拟以及外场对界面调控的影响,归纳总结目前国内外多晶硅生长界面的研究现状,展望了多晶硅晶体生长过程中固-液界面调控技术的发展前景.     

成型方法对纳米二氧化硅陶瓷烧结行为及微观结构的影响

以二氧化硅纳米粉为原料通过流延成型和模压成型两种不同成型方法制备纳米二氧化硅陶瓷,用X射线衍射仪对原料粉和陶瓷进行物相分析,用场发射扫描电子显微镜分析陶瓷微观形貌.结果表明,用流延成型坯体颗粒在1050℃时出现熔融现象并且开始形成晶格不完整的α-方石英相;而模压成型坯体颗粒在950℃时出现非常明显的熔融现象,并晶化生成晶格完整的α-方石英相,说明纳米氧化硅的烧结温度不仅远低于传统烧结温度,而且其晶化反应直接生成α-方石英结构,不会出现α-石英和鳞石英.同时用微晶学说解释了纳米氧化硅烧结过程的相变.     

掺Sn对定向凝固多晶硅位错及少子寿命的影响

通过微合金化获取高性能多晶硅,研究了不同Sn掺入量对定向凝固多晶硅位错及少子寿命的影响.将高纯Sn掺入到精炼冶金级硅(UMG-Si)中,定向凝固多晶硅.研究发现,硅锭位错密度沿轴向分布为中间低,底部和顶部高.在晶体硅中掺入Sn后,不影响硅的电学性能,但明显减少硅锭的位错密度.当掺入Sn含量为20 ppmw、50 ppmw和100 ppmw时,硅锭平均少子寿命由未掺Sn硅锭的0.81μs分别增加至1.22 μs、1.47 μs和1.31μs.掺Sn可减少位错密度和增加少子寿命,归因于替代位的Sn原子引入晶格应力,Sn易捕获空位V形成Sn-V对,抑制间隙原子形核.     

AIT玻璃衬底非晶硅薄膜的固相晶化研究

本实验在铝诱导织构的基础上,对以AIT浮法玻璃为衬底沉积非晶硅薄膜固相晶化进行了初步研究.采用拉曼散射、X射线衍射等手段对生成多晶硅薄膜的结构和光学性能进行了表征和分析.研究结果表明:热处理10h,薄膜的晶化率达到80;以上,同时具有良好的(111)择优取向;同平板玻璃衬底对比,AIT玻璃上制备的多晶硅薄膜具有良好的陷光作用.     

Cu对Al-50%Si合金法提纯太阳能级多晶硅过程中初晶硅Al含量影响研究

Al-Si合金法提纯具有生产成本低、除杂效率高、副产物单一等特点,是一种极具潜力的太阳能级多晶硅原料的制备方法。在该工艺路线中,Al作为溶剂不可避免地会对Si产生污染,如何降低初晶硅中Al的含量是亟需解决的问题之一。本文通过向Al-50%Si合金中加入Cu,分析Cu对合金溶液热力学性能的影响,结合Cu的存在方式,探讨Cu对Al污染的抑制作用。结果表明：在Al-50%Si合金中添加10%(质量分数)Cu后,合金中Al的活度系数降低至0.714 8;初晶硅中Al的含量从250.960 mg/kg降低到181.637 mg/kg,比未添加Cu时减少了27.62%,同时,Cu在初晶硅中的残留仅为12.6 mg/kg,低于Cu在Si中的固溶度。可见,在Al-Si合金中引入Cu并未对初晶硅造成二次污染。因此,采用Al-Si-Cu三元合金体系进行提纯制备太阳能级多晶硅能够有效抑制Al对初晶硅的污染。     

纳米Ag颗粒掺杂方式对NaYF4∶Yb3+/Er3+上转换发光材料发光性能的影响

利用水热法制备了Yb3+,Er3+共掺杂NaYF4上转换发光材料.在实验中引入Ag纳米溶胶,研究了Ag纳米颗粒对NaYF4∶ Yb3+/Er3上转换发光材料结构、形貌和光学性质的影响.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及荧光光谱仪对样品的结构、形貌和光学性能进行了研究.结果表明,生成NaYF4∶ Yb3 +/Er3+反应前加入Ag纳米颗粒可使NaYF4∶ Yb3+/Er3+粉末的衍射峰强度增强;生成NaYF4∶Yb3+/Er3+反应后加入Ag纳米颗粒会使六方相样品部分转变成立方相.生成NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+发光材料前引入Ag纳米溶胶可以大大提升晶体的结晶质量;生成NaYF4∶Yb3+ /Er3+发光材料后引入Ag纳米溶胶,原有六棱柱直径变小,产物有新的球状晶体生成.生成NaYF4∶Yb3+/Er3+反应前加入Ag纳米颗粒,可使NaYF4∶ Yb3+/Er3+上转换材料的发光强度显著增强,与未掺杂Ag纳米颗粒相比发光强度增加约36;.     

Synthesis of Pt-containing mesoporous silica using Pt precursor as a pore-forming agent

We synthesized Pt nanoparticle-containing mesoporous silica in a one-pot process using tetraammineplatinum(II) hydroxide (TPH) precursor as a pore-forming agent and silica nanospheres as a silica source. The TPH precursor was added into as-prepared colloidal silica sol with silica nanospheres (SN) of about 8 nm in particle diameter, to obtain the SN–TPH sol. During drying process of the SN–TPH sol, an amorphous SN–TPH nanocomposite was formed via hydrogen-bonding interaction between silanol groups and amine groups of the TPH precursor. The hydrogen-bonding interaction was confirmed by thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA) profiles and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Using the TPH precursor as a pore-forming agent, incorporation of the Pt nanoparticles into the mesoporous silica can be simultaneously achieved with the synthesis of the mesoporous silica in a one-pot process. In addition, Pt nanoparticle size and pore diameter of the mesoporous Pt/silica were simultaneously controlled by simply varying the concentration of the TPH precursor. The pore diameter of the mesoporous silica was easily controlled from 3.2 nm to 6.5 nm with an increase in the TPH concentration.     

高性能刷状ZnO介晶的制备及其对复合树脂性能的增强作用

无机填料作为齿科复合树脂的主要成分,对其性能影响最为显著。本文以阿拉伯胶为结构导向剂,用热水解法合成了多孔、分级结构的刷状ZnO介晶,其厚度和直径分别为1.2 μm和1.0 μm。通过微流控制法在其表面包覆了4~6 nm无定形SiO₂,以利于其表面硅烷化。通过场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、热重分析仪(TGA)等对其进行了表征。对ZnO@SiO₂进行硅烷改性处理后,将其作为辅助填料,与改性纳米SiO₂主填料一起添加到Bis-GMA/TEGDMA树脂体系中,光固化得到齿科复合树脂。力学测试表明,ZnO@SiO₂填充质量分数控制在5%以内时可有效提高复合树脂力学性能。与单一二氧化硅填料的复合树脂相比,添加填充质量分数3% ZnO@SiO₂,复合树脂的力学性能表现最佳,其弯曲强度、弯曲模量和压缩强度分别提高了12.9%、6.6%和3.7%,同时还表现出优良的抗菌活性,对变异链球菌抗菌率达98.7%。此外,添加了ZnO@SiO₂介晶填料的复合树脂还具备更好的耐磨性。     

Preparation, characterization and catalytic properties of singly and doubly titanium-modified mesoporous silica gel

A series of titanium-modified mesoporous silica gel have been synthesized using tetrabutyl titanate. The samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, as well as by solid state diffuse reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy. Physicochemical characterization of the materials showed that Ti atoms were part of the framework of silica gel, and it was probably in a tetrahedral coordination for low Ti contents. The resulting titania modified the inner walls of the mesoporous silica gel after hydrolysis and calcination. Actually, the titanium precursor reacted and condensed with the active silanol groups on silica gel via Si-O-Ti bonds. In addition, the titanium-modified mesoporous silica gel showed distinct activity behavior in the catalytic oxidation of cyclohexene and styrene with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant.     

酰胺功能化修饰琼脂糖/硅胶复合材料的制备及吸附性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以氧化琼脂糖和四甲氧基硅烷为前驱体,通过水解、缩聚反应制得琼脂糖/硅胶复合材料,进一步利用开环、"巯-烯"点击和酰胺化反应对复合材料实现酰胺基团功能化修饰.借助红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对所制备复合材料进行结构、组成和微观形貌表征.以制备的酰胺功能化修饰琼脂糖/硅胶复合材料为吸附剂,探讨其对莱克多巴胺的吸附过程,实验考察了溶剂、吸附时间、莱克多巴胺的初始浓度等对吸附的影响.结果表明:经过修饰反应酰胺基团成功接枝到琼脂糖/硅胶复合材料,该材料颗粒呈球形,粒径在2～3μm之间;复合材料对莱克多巴胺表现出良好的吸附性能,吸附过程50 min达到平衡,适合准二级动力学特征,属化学吸附,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型;复合材料经过6次吸附解析,再生后对莱克多巴胺的吸附率仅有小幅下降,表明具有较好的循环再生吸附能力.     

Microstructural evolution in silica aerogel

Microstructural evolution in silica aerogel has been observed in samples produced by the hydrolysis and polycondenzation of tetramethylorthosilicate that was acid catalyzed. Drying of the silica gel was performed by replacing its liquid phase with liquid carbon dioxide, which was removed under high pressure and low temperature conditions in a critical point dryer. Different stages of microstructural evolution have been observed through a thermal process from room temperature to 1500 °C in a conventional furnace. In addition, microstructural characterization has been performed using nitrogen adsorption, helium pycnometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetrical analysis. The primary goal of this work is to fully understand the microstructural evolution of silica gel so it may be used more extensively in developing ceramic materials with novel, designed microstructures.     

A novel approach for the synthesis of monodispersed porous silica microspheres with high surface area

Monodispersed porous silica microspheres are synthesized by the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in a water–ethanol mixed solution containing 1-alkylamine as a template and hydrolysis catalyst. The as-prepared products were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nitrogen adsorption, respectively. It was found that the alkyl chain length of 1-alkylamine and calcination temperature have an obvious influence on the particle size, morphology, specific surface area and pore structure of the as-prepared silica powder. The specific surface area, porosity and pore volume increased with increasing calcination temperature. Further observation showed that at 600 °C, with increasing the alkyl chain length of template from C₁₂ to C₁₈, the specific surface area decreased and the pore size, porosity and pore volume increased. This research may provide new insight into the control of morphology and pore structures of oxide materials.     

白云石制备似立方体状方解石型碳酸钙晶体及其机理研究

以轻烧白云石粉、氯化铵和二氧化碳为原料,在未使用晶型控制剂的情况下,通过蒸氨-沉钙过程制备出了似立方体状碳酸钙。研究了反应温度、溶液中钙离子浓度、通气速率、搅拌速度以及陈化时间对碳酸钙中方解石相含量以及晶体形貌的影响,并探索了沉钙反应的晶型控制机理。结果表明,在反应温度40 ℃、钙离子浓度0.05 mol/L、通碳速率100 mL/min、搅拌速度400 r/min和陈化时间2 h的条件下,制备出形貌规整、粒径分布均匀的似立方体状碳酸钙,平均粒径为5~10 μm。该研究为提升白云石的使用价值、生产高附加价值的碳酸钙产品,以及提高白云石资源的利用率提供理论基础。     

Ultralow density silica aerogels prepared with PEDS

This paper deals with the synthesis of ultralow density silica aerogels using polyethoxydisiloxanes (PEDS) as the precursor via sol-gel process followed by supercritical drying using ethanol solvent extraction. Ultralow density silica aerogels with 5 mg/cc of density were made for the molar ratio by this method. A remarkable reduction in the gelation time was observed by the effect of the catalyst NH₄OH at room temperature. The microstructure and morphology of the ultralow density silica aerogels were characterized by the specific surface area, S_BET, SEM, TEM and the pore size distribution techniques. The results show that the diameter of the silica particles is about 13 nm and the pore size of the silica aerogels is about several nm. The specific surface area of the silica aerogel is 339 m²/g and the specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter decrease with increasing density of the silica aerogel.     

Synthesis of Submicron Silicalite‐1 Crystals from Clear Solutions

Discrete and monodisperse submicron crystals of silicalite‐1 with a mean size of 0.3 μ m were synthesized from clear crystallization solutions. The effects of silica content, alkalinity of batch and the nature of silica source on the product yield, crystal morphology and particle size distribution were investigated. The crystal shape was sphere‐like or hexagonal twinned disks when silicic acid was the silica source. Change of silica source to sodium silicate solution leads to the formation of rounded‐edged‐hexahedron crystals. Silica content of batch does not influence crystal morphology. Alkalinity of clear crystallization solution has a strong effect both on the particle size distribution and yield of product. Increase of alkalinity caused bimodal particle size distribution and decrease of yield.     

Phase separation in the solution of water glass and poly(vinyl alcohol)

Silica gel samples with macropores were prepared from solutions of silicate and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), where macropores were formed by fixing a transitional structure of phase separation. Among the silica sources tested, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), colloidal silica and water glass, only the system with water glass shows phase separation and forms macroporous silica gel. In the system with TEOS, ethanol formed during hydrolysis of TEOS becomes good solution and stabilizes the system not to induce phase separation. In the system with colloidal silica, dense structure of silica is probably not suitable for controlling phase separation and gelation. In the system with water glass, driving force of phase separation is considered to be a repulsive interaction between solvent molecules and PVA interacting with silica surface and the solution separates into a phase rich in solvent and that rich in silica and PVA. One of the features in the water glass-PVA system is insensitivity of macropore size against compositional change in the solution, i.e. macroporous morphology in the resultant silica gel hardly changes by changing the composition ratio in the solution. This would be an advantage in the preparation of well-defined macroporous silica from water glass, whose composition varies among the product lot number, because reproducibility in macroporous morphology is ensured regardless of the lot number of the water glass.